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Fig. 4. Neocranaus albiconspersus Roewer, 1913 in Peering beyond the monotypic veil: taxonomy and notes on the parental care of Neocranaus (Opiliones: Gonyleptoidea: Cranaidae)
Fig. 4. Neocranaus albiconspersus Roewer, 1913, ♂ (MUSENUV-Ar 2121). Penis: apical portion in dorsal (A, D), ventral (B, E) and lateral view (C, F).
Fig. 7 in Peering beyond the monotypic veil: taxonomy and notes on the parental care of Neocranaus (Opiliones: Gonyleptoidea: Cranaidae)
Fig. 7. Neocranaus gladius Villarreal & Kury sp. nov., holotype, ♂ (ICN-Ao-837). A. Dorsal view. B. Lateral view. C. Right leg IV, femur distal portion in dorsal view. D. Right leg IV, tibia in dorsal view. Scale bars = 1 mm.
Fig. 8 in Peering beyond the monotypic veil: taxonomy and notes on the parental care of Neocranaus (Opiliones: Gonyleptoidea: Cranaidae)
Fig. 8. Neocranaus gladius Villarreal & Kury sp. nov., holotype, ♂ (ICN-Ao-837). Penis: apical portion in dorsal (A), lateral (B) and lateral panoramic view (C).
Fig. 11 in Peering beyond the monotypic veil: taxonomy and notes on the parental care of Neocranaus (Opiliones: Gonyleptoidea: Cranaidae)
Fig. 11. Neocranaus pectinitibialis (Roewer, 1915) comb. nov. (MUSENUV-Ar 2123). Penis: apical portion in dorsal (A), ventral (B) and lateral views (C).
Fig. 3. Neocranaus albiconspersus Roewer, 1913 in Peering beyond the monotypic veil: taxonomy and notes on the parental care of Neocranaus (Opiliones: Gonyleptoidea: Cranaidae)
Fig. 3. Neocranaus albiconspersus Roewer, 1913, ♂ (MUSENUV-Ar 2121). A. Dorsal view. B. Lateral view. C. Right leg IV, femur in dorsal view. D. Right leg IV, femur in ventral view. E. Right leg IV, tibia in dorsal view. Scale bars = 1 mm.
Fig. 9 in Peering beyond the monotypic veil: taxonomy and notes on the parental care of Neocranaus (Opiliones: Gonyleptoidea: Cranaidae)
Fig. 9. Neocranaus pectinitibialis (Roewer, 1915) comb. nov., male from Tolima (MUSENUV-Ar 2123). A. Dorsal view. B. Lateral view. C. Ventral view. D. Posterior view. E. Left pedipalp, ectal view. F. Left pedipalp, mesal view. G. Right leg IV, femur in dorsal view. H. Right leg IV, femur in ventral view. I. Right leg IV, patella and tibia in dorsal view. Scale bars = 1 mm.
Fig. 2. Neocranaus albiconspersus Roewer, 1913 in Peering beyond the monotypic veil: taxonomy and notes on the parental care of Neocranaus (Opiliones: Gonyleptoidea: Cranaidae)
Fig. 2. Neocranaus albiconspersus Roewer, 1913, ♂ (MUSENUV-Ar 2121). A. Dorsal view. B. Lateral view. C. Ventral view. D. Posterior view. E. Right pedipalp, ectal view. F. Right pedipalp, mesal view. G. Right leg IV, femur in dorsal view. H. Right leg IV, femur in ventral view. I. Right leg IV, tibia in dorsal view. Scale bars = 1 mm.
Supplementary material for "Food availability affects parental anti-predator behaviour in red kites"
<p><strong>Abstract</strong></p> <p>Parental investment theory proposes two non-mutually exclusive hypotheses to explain variation in anti-predator behaviour in relation to the age of offspring: the “reproductive value of offspring” hypothesis and the “harm to offspring” hypothesis. The relative importance of the two factors underlying the hypotheses, reproductive value and harm, may change depending on environmental conditions such as food availability. To test the relative importance of the two hypotheses under different food conditions, we conducted a supplementary feeding experiment in red kite (<em>Milvus milvus</em>) breeding pairs and used a live eagle owl (<em>Bubo bubo</em>) as decoy nest predator to trigger anti-predator behaviour. We used time-to-capture in mist nets mounted next to the decoy predator as proxy for mobbing intensity. Under natural food conditions we found a nearly constant mobbing intensity throughout the entire nestling period. However, under food-enhanced conditions mobbing intensity was reduced in parents with young nestlings and increased in parents with old nestlings. These results suggest greater importance of the “reproductive value of offspring” hypothesis in situations of favourable food availability. Moreover, mobbing intensity depended on brood size and weather conditions. The results suggest that parental anti-predator investment increases with the reproductive value of the brood under favourable breeding conditions, but that this pattern is adjusted to the current context, including the vulnerability of the brood and environmental conditions.</p>
Resource allocation underlies parental decision-making during incubation in the Manx shearwater
<p>Examining resource allocation is fundamental to understanding the relationships between a species' behaviour and its life history. Furthermore, for biparentally-caring animals, examining the relative investment decisions made by members of a breeding pair can give insight into the extent and nature of cooperative care. As a key measure of resource availability, examining body mass changes can help elucidate the ways in which parents balance their allocation. In birds, these trade-offs become particularly stark during incubation, as maintaining constant egg warming usually requires one parent to fast. This period therefore represents a key opportunity to investigate investment decisions. We took daily measurements of body mass from breeding Manx shearwaters, a biparentally-caring seabird, during incubation, and related this to measures of nest attendance and behaviour collected using field observations and miniaturised biologgers. We investigated how changes in body mass related to the decisions made at the nest and at sea, whether this differed between the sexes, and whether pair experience influenced incubation behaviour. We found that while body mass predicted the probability that incubating birds would choose to temporarily desert the nest, incubation shift duration was ultimately set by return of the foraging bird. The trip durations of foraging birds in turn were primarily dictated by their body mass reserves on departure from the nest. However, foragers appeared to account for the condition of the incubating partner, returning from sea earlier when their partner was in poor condition. Our results contribute to understanding the mechanisms by which individuals regulate both their own and their partner's incubation behaviour, with implications for interacting with fine-scale resource availability.</p> <p> </p>
A Double-Edged Sword: Parental care increases risk of offspring infection by a maternally-vectored parasite
<p>Parental care can protect offspring from predators but can also create opportunities for parents to vector parasites to their offspring. We hypothesized that the risk of infection by maternally-vectored parasites would increase with the frequency of mother-offspring contact. Ammophila spp. wasps (Hymenoptera: Sphecidae) build nests in which they rear single offspring. Ammophila species exhibit varied offspring provisioning behaviors: some species enter the nest once to provision a single, large caterpillar, whereas others enter the nest repeatedly to provision with many smaller caterpillars. We hypothesized that each nest visit increases the risk of offspring parasitism by Paraxenos lugubris (Strepsiptera: Xenidae), whose infectious stages ride on the mother wasp (phoresy) to reach the vulnerable Ammophila offspring. We quantified parasitism risk by external examination of museum-curated Ammophila specimens—the anterior portion of P. lugubris protrudes between the adult host's abdominal sclerites and reflects infection during the larval stage. As predicted, Ammophila species that receive larger numbers of provisions incur greater risks of parasitism, with nest provisioning behavior explaining ca. 90% of the interspecific variation in mean parasitism. These findings demonstrate that parental care can augment, rather than reduce, risk of parasite transmission to offspring.</p>
Effects of season length and uniparental care efficiency on the evolution of parental care
<p>Parental care patterns differ enormously among and even within species. In Chinese penduline tits (<em>Remiz pendulinus</em>), for example, biparental care, female-only care, male-only care, and biparental desertion all occur in the same population; moreover, the distribution of care patterns differs systematically between populations. By means of an individual-based model, we show that such diversity can readily evolve. We report five main findings. First, under a broad range of parameters, different care patterns (e.g. male care and biparental care) coexist at equilibrium. Second, for many parameters, alternative evolutionary outcomes are possible; this can explain differences in care patterns across populations. Third, rapid evolutionary transitions can occur between alternative equilibria; this can explain the often-reported evolutionary lability of parental care patterns. Fourth, season length has a strong but non-monotonic effect on the evolved care patterns. Fifth, when uniparental care efficiency is low, biparental care tends to evolve; however, in many scenarios uniparental care is still common at equilibrium. Our study sheds new light on Triver's hypothesis that the sex with the highest pre-zygotic investment is predestined to invest a lot post-zygotically as well. We also discuss the implications of climate change, which simultaneously affects season length and efficiency of parental care.</p>
CUPID: Parental preferences for unscheduled paediatric healthcare: A Discrete Choice Experiment
<p>Unscheduled healthcare is a key component of healthcare delivery and makes up a significant proportion of healthcare access with children being particularly high users of unscheduled healthcare. Understanding the relative importance of factors that influence this behaviour and decision making is fundamental to ensuring the system is best designed to meet the needs of users, and the appropriate cost-effective usage of health system resources.</p> <p>A discrete choice experiment (DCE) was developed to identify the preferences of parents accessing unscheduled healthcare for their children. Data was collected from parents in Ireland (N = 458) to elicit preferences across five attributes: timeliness, appointment type, healthcare professional attended, telephone guidance prior to attending, and cost. Using mixed logit models, all attributes were statistically significant, with same-day or next-day access, coupled with care by their own GP, identified as the strongest preferences of parents accessing unscheduled healthcare for their children. The results have implications for policy development and implementation initiatives that seek to improve unscheduled health services as understanding how parents use these services can maximise their effectiveness. </p> <p>Files explained:</p> <p>1. Parent_Decision_Making_DCE_Survey.docx details the survey.</p> <p>2. Final Parent DCE design.ngd: Ngene™ file used to set-up the DCE. A Bayesian efficient design, based on minimising the Bayesian D-error criterion, was used to develop the choice sets and the alternatives using Ngene<sup>TM </sup>software. In total, 24 choice sets were created, and a blocked design split the choice sets into two blocks of twelve to minimise the burden on respondents.</p> <p>3. Data from Survey 23 Feb 2021.xlsx is the source file detailing responses to the survey.</p> <p>4. Stata Data Formatted for DCE.dta is the file formatted for the DCE for analysis.</p>
Parents' Evaluation of Interaction between Robots and Children with Neurodevelopmental Disorders
<p>This presentation concerns the paper:</p> <p>Andreeva, A., Lekova, A., Simonska, M., Tanev, T. (2022). Parents’ Evaluation of Interaction Between Robots and Children with Neurodevelopmental Disorders. In: Uskov, V.L., Howlett, R.J., Jain, L.C. (eds) Smart Education and e-Learning - Smart Pedagogy. SEEL-22 2022. Smart Innovation, Systems and Technologies, vol 305. Springer.</p> <p>It presents the evaluation of child-robot interaction in play-like structured speech and language therapy for children with neurodevelopmental disorders. It is organized like a group session. Participants are a speech and language therapist, a child and two robots that assist the therapeutic session: the humanoid robot NAO and its “friend” the emotion-expressive robot EMOSAN. Two engineers who developed and deployed the technical scenarios observe the process and control the robots. Researchers developed an online questionnaire for evaluation of interaction between the child and the robots. Parents of involved children with neurodevelopmental disorders stay in the room and they observe the robot-assisted session. Results show that children are interested in playing and learning with robots. There is a correlation between the type of children’s neurodevelopmental disorder and the use of verbal communication in interaction. According to parents’ answers of the questionnaire, most of the children liked to interact with robots during the play-like structured activities in the speech and language therapy session.</p>
Parent-of-origin detection and chromosome-scale haplotyping using long-read DNA methylation sequencing and Strand-seq
<p>Hundreds of loci in human genomes have alleles that are methylated differentially according to their parent of origin. These imprinted loci generally show little variation across tissues, individuals, and populations. We show that such loci can be used to distinguish the maternal and paternal homologs for all autosomes, without the need for the parental DNA. We integrate methylation-detecting nanopore sequencing with the long-range phase information in Strand-seq data to determine the parent of origin of chromosome-length haplotypes for both DNA sequence and DNA methylation in five trios with diverse genetic backgrounds.</p>
Data from: Sex-dependent effects of parental age on offspring fitness in a cooperatively breeding bird
<p>Parental age can have considerable effects on offspring phenotypes and health. However, intergenerational effects may also have longer-term effects on offspring fitness. Few studies have investigated parental age effects on offspring fitness in natural populations while also testing for sex- and environment-specific effects. Further, longitudinal parental age effects may be masked by population-level processes such as the selective disappearance of poor-quality individuals. Here, we used multi-generational data collected on individually marked Seychelles warblers (<em>Acrocephalus</em> <em>sechellensis</em>) to investigate the impact of maternal and paternal age on offspring lifespan and lifetime reproductive success. We found negative effects of maternal age on female offspring lifespan and lifetime reproductive success, which were driven by within-mother effects. There was no difference in annual reproductive output of females born to older versus younger mothers, suggesting that the differences in offspring lifetime reproductive success were driven by effects on offspring lifespan. In contrast, there was no association between paternal age and female offspring lifespan or either maternal or paternal age and male offspring lifespan. Lifetime reproductive success, but not annual reproductive success, of male offspring increased with maternal age, but this was driven by between-mother effects. No paternal age effects were found on female offspring's lifetime reproductive success but there was a positive between-father effect on male offspring's lifetime reproductive success. We did not find strong evidence for environment-dependent parental age effects. Our study provides evidence for parental age effects on the lifetime fitness of offspring and shows that such effects can be sex-dependent. These results add to the growing literature indicating the importance of intergenerational effects on long-term offspring performance and highlight that these effects can be an important driver of variation in longevity and fitness in the wild.</p>
Modelling the influence of parental effects on gene network evolution : Data and Program
<p>The C++ software "Simevolv" is a population genetics tool able to simulate the evolution of complex genetic architectures.</p> <p>This version is a development version from which the results of the manuscript "Modelling the influence of parental effects on gene network evolution" (in prep) have been obtained.</p> <p>The "Data" file corresponds to the simulation results used in the above mentioned article.</p>
Data for: Selection on the joint action of pairs leads to divergent adaptation and coadaptation of care-giving parents during pre-hatching care
<p>The joint actions of animals in partnerships or social groups evolve under both natural selection, from the wider environment, and social selection, imposed by other members of the pair or group. We used experimental evolution to investigate how jointly expressed actions evolve upon exposure to a new environmental challenge. Our work focused on the evolution of carrion nest preparation by pairs of burying beetles <em>Nicrophorus vespilloides</em>, a joint activity undertaken by the pair but typically led by the male. In previous work, we found that carrion nest preparation evolved to be faster in experimental populations without post-hatching care (No Care lines) than with post-hatching care (Full Care lines). Here we investigate how this joint activity evolved. After 15 generations of experimental evolution, we created heterotypic pairs (No Care females with Full Care males, and No Care males with Full Care females) and compared their carrion nest making with homotypic No Care and Full Care pairs. We found that pairs with No Care males prepared the nest more rapidly than pairs with Full Care males, regardless of the female's line of origin. We discuss how social coadaptations within pairs or groups could act as a post-mating barrier to gene flow.</p>
Figure 1 in Monitoring the feeding and parental care behavior of a pair of free-living owls (Tyto furcata) in the nest during the reproductive period in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
Figure 1. Couple of Tyto furcata image captured by the security camera positioned opposite from the nest.Campos dos Goytacazes, RJ.
Figure 5 in Monitoring the feeding and parental care behavior of a pair of free-living owls (Tyto furcata) in the nest during the reproductive period in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
Figure 5. Day frequency that the Tyto furcata family brought food to the nest. Campos dos Goytacazes, RJ.
Figure 4 in Monitoring the feeding and parental care behavior of a pair of free-living owls (Tyto furcata) in the nest during the reproductive period in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
Figure 4. Frequency that the Tyto furcata parents bring the chicks near themselves (July and August, 2017). Campos dos Goytacazes, RJ.
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Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
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DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.