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1,253 results for “pastures”
Barn Swallow (Hirundo rustica) fledglings use crop habitat more frequently in relation to its availability than pasture and other habitat types
Populations of birds that forage on aerial insects have been declining across North America for several decades, but the main causes of and reasons for geographical variation in these declines remains unclear. We examined the habitat use and survival of post-fledging Barn Swallows (Hirundo rustica), near Vancouver, BC, Canada using VHF radio telemetry. We predicted that fledgling Barn Swallows hatched in higher quality natal habitat (pasture) would fledge at higher quality, stay closest to the nest, disproportionately use higher-quality habitat during the post-fledge stage and have higher survival rates in the region. Contrary to our predictions, we found that natal habitat (crop, pasture or non-agriculture) had no effect on fledgling quality or movement distance. Barn Swallow fledglings used crop habitat more frequently in relation to its availability than other habitat types, including pasture. Barn Swallows had low post-fledging survival rates (0.44; 95% CI: 0.35-0.57), which could negatively influence the population trend of the species in this region. While natal habitat had only minor effects, crop habitat appears to be important for fledgling Barn Swallows and therefore a decline in this habitat type could have further negative implications for an already declining species.
Data from: Agricultural pastures challenge the attractiveness of natural saltmarsh for a migratory goose
1. Broad-scale land conversions and fertilizer use have dramatically altered the available staging area for herbivorous long-distance migrants. Instead of natural land, these birds rely increasingly on pastures for migratory fuelling and stopover, often conflicting with farming practices. To be able to predict and manage birds' future habitat use, the relative advantages and disadvantages of natural (e.g. saltmarsh, intertidal) versus anthropogenic staging sites for foraging need to be understood. 2. We compared the migratory staging of brent geese on saltmarsh and pasture sites in spring. Food quality (nitrogen and fibre content), intra-specific antagonistic behaviour, and body weight were quantified at nearby sites in simultaneous seasons. Individuals were tracked with high-resolution GPS and accelerometers to compare timing of migration and time-budgets during fuelling. 3. On pastures, birds rested more and experienced higher ingestion rates, similar or superior food quality and reduced antagonistic interactions than on saltmarsh. 4. Brent geese using fertilized grasslands advanced their fuelling and migration schedules compared to those using saltmarsh. Pasture birds reached heavy weights earlier, departed sooner, and arrived in the Arctic earlier. 5. Intertidal mudflats were frequently visited by saltmarsh birds during the day, and available food there (algae, some seagrass) was of higher quality than terrestrial resources. Availability of intertidal resources was an important factor balancing the otherwise more favourable conditions on pastures relative to saltmarsh. 6. Policy implications: Disadvantages of longer foraging effort, more antagonistic interactions and delayed fuelling schedules on traditional saltmarshes may cause a trend of geese exchanging this traditional niche in favour of pastures, especially in a warming climate that requires advancement of migratory schedules. However, the high quality of intertidal forage allows it to complement terrestrial foraging, potentially removing the incentive for habitat switches to pastures. The relatively high quality of green algae and seagrass, and birds' remarkable preference for these resources when available, provides a key for managers to create landscapes that can sustain this specialist's intertidal lifestyle. To keep natural habitats attractive to staging geese with the purpose to prevent conflicts with farming practices, management actions should focus on conservation and restoration of saltmarsh and especially intertidal habitat.
Fig. 2 in A Pasture Of Big Ungulate Animals As Key Ecological Factor Influencing On The Fluctuation Of Natural Habitat Of Steppe Herbivorous Mammals
Fig. 2. The steppe marmot quantity dynamics in the 20–21th century (cattle vs the steppe marmot).
Abandoned pastures and restored savannahs have distinct patterns of plant-soil feedback and nutrient cycling compared with native Brazilian savannahs.
<p>Around 40% of the original Brazilian savannah territory is occupied by pastures dominated by fast-growing exotic C4 grasses, which impact ecosystem nutrient cycling. The restoration of these areas depends on the re-establishment of soil processes. We assessed how restoration of abandoned pastures through direct seeding of native species and land-management practices (burning and ploughing) affect soil nutrient cycling dynamics compared to native savannahs. We compared the activity of soil enzymes related to carbon (C), nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) cycling, as well as soil microbial biomass and soil chemical properties, such as pH and the concentration of N, P, potassium (K) and soil organic matter, among abandoned pastures, native savannah and restored areas. Abandoned pastures had faster nutrient turnover than native savannah, dominated by slow-growing native species. This pattern was evident from the overall higher biomass-specific enzyme activity in abandoned pastures than in native savannah. Compared with native savannah, restored areas had similar levels of soil enzyme activity, but lower microbial biomass and soil organic matter. Synthesis and application: The low enzyme activity in restored areas was likely related to a reduced soil organic carbon concentration due to practices such as burning and ploughing, rather than plant-soil feedback. The lower immobilization of nutrients in microbial biomass and lower retention of nutrients in restored areas, compared with native savannah, is expected to favour the re-establishment of fast-growing exotic species. Furthermore, the modifications of soil chemical and microbial properties related to abandonment of pastures did not influence restoration outcomes, because land-management practices applied prior to direct seedling had a major impact on the soil microbial community and soil fertility. Therefore, restoration of abandoned pastures should consider a greater focus on restoring soil carbon and nutrient cycling.</p>
Landscape conservation as a strategy for recovering biodiversity: lessons from a long-term program of pasture restoration in the southern Atlantic Forest
<p class="MsoNoSpacing"><span>Although ecological restoration has entered the global agenda to reverse different anthropogenic disturbances, we still know little about how this solution interacts with other conservation strategies, to avoid the progressive loss of species and ecosystem services. </span></p> <p class="MsoNoSpacing"><span>Here we evaluate one of the pioneering restoration programs in the southern Brazilian Atlantic Forest, where the combination of conservation and restoration efforts have been carried out for 20 years. Specifically, we tested how landscape characteristics, restoration strategies <span class="msoDel"> </span>and environmental characteristics affect the results of the restoration of pastures. </span></p> <p class="MsoNoSpacing"><span>We established 65 circular plots (total 4.0 ha) along restoration areas (3-10 years) and sampled trees and shrubs composing the canopy (DBH <u>></u> 5cm) and understory (DBH< 5cm, height > 1.3m). We analyzed the landscape metrics (proportion of old-growth forests in 200 m, 500m and 1000m buffers around each plot; and area and distance of the nearest-neighboring old-growth forests). We explored the multiple effects of landscape, restoration strategy (reforestation, natural regeneration) and environmental variables (soil, pasture grass types) on the species composition and multiple diversity metrics of restoration areas. </span></p> <p class="MsoNoSpacing"><span>The species composition was very similar among restoration ages and restoration strategies. We found positive and strong effects of old-growth forest (200 m buffer) proportion on the species richness and Shannon diversity (canopy and understory), aboveground biomass (canopy) and functional diversity (understory) of restoration areas. The restoration strategies affected forest structure, and, in general, the reforestation strategy increased aboveground biomass, Shannon, functional and phylogenetic diversities (in canopy), and percentage of endemic species and biomass (understory), when compared to natural regeneration. </span></p> <p class="MsoNoSpacing"><span>The 20 year-experience in the southern Atlantic Forest showed that programs focused on landscape conservation associated with a mixture of restoration strategies (i.e. natural regeneration in larger areas and active restoration in more disturbed sites)<span class="msoDel"> </span>, can be an efficient strategy to ensure biodiversity and ecosystem services in tropical landscapes.</span></p> <p><span>Synthesis and applications</span><span>: To manage degraded tropical lands and achieve global targets for biodiversity and ecosystem services, it is necessary to first ensure the conservation of natural remnants and then use multiple restoration strategies in less resilient areas.</span></p>
Impacts of pastures and forestry plantations on herpetofauna: a global meta-analysis
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst"><span>1.</span><span> </span><span>The establishment of pastures and forestry plantations has increased globally to meet growing demands for meat and wood products. <a name="_Hlk108096120"></a>Pasture and plantation expansion often drives deforestation, which causes homogenization of biotic communities and is a major driver of the global extinction crisis. A core question is how the severity of losses varies between pastures and plantations, and in turn, how geographical location and plantation management characteristics moderate these impacts.</span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle">2.<span> </span><span>Focusing on herpetofauna (amphibians and reptiles) as the most endangered vertebrate group, we performed a global synthesis using 41 scientific articles that reported species richness or abundance in pastures and forestry plantations relative to natural forest in 191 case studies among 19 countries. </span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle">3.<span> </span><span>We found a severe negative effect of pasture and a less negative effect of forestry plantations on species richness and abundance of herpetofauna.</span> <span>Within plantations, species richness and total abundance were more negatively impacted in amphibians than reptiles, in the tropics, when planting exotic tree species, monocultures, large or commercial plantations, and when clearing understory vegetation. Yet mixed, old, small, or </span>conservation plantations and those permitting recovery of understory vegetation had no negative impacts relative to the reference natural forest.</p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast">4.<span> </span><em><span>Synthesis and applications</span></em><span>. The loss of herpetofauna species richness and abundance underscores the importance of h</span>alting ongoing tropical deforestation for pasture and intensive forestry plantations. The potential for <span>a</span>ppropriately managed f<span>orestry plantations to support biodiversity in regions lacking forest cover, including via replacement of anthropogenic pastures, </span>suggests that such plantations have an important role <span>under global reforestation agendas.</span></p> <p> </p>
Annual pasture management around Novo Progresso, Para, Brazil from 2013 - 2015
<p>This dataset contains the three maps produced from a dense Landsat time series using the clear observation sequence approach described in Jakimow, B., Griffiths, P., van der Linden, S. and Hostert, P. (2017) Mapping pasture management in the Brazilian Amazon from dense Landsat time series. <em>Remote Sensing of Environment</em>. DOI: 10.1016/j.rse.2017.10.009. The maps summarize the annual pasture management in the Novo Progresso region, Pará, Brazil between 2013 and 2015.</p>
Evaluation of seed-dispersal services by ants at a temperate pasture: Results of direct observations in an ant suppression experiment
<p><em>Ant dispersal</em></p> <p>Ants disperse seeds of many plant species adapted to myrmecochory. While advantages of this ant–plant mutualism for myrmecochorous plants (myrmecochores) have been previously studied in temperate region mostly in forests, our study system was a pasture. Moreover, we used a unique combination of observing the effect of ant‐activity suppression on ant dispersal and comparison of the contribution of ant and unassisted dispersal to the distance from mother plant. We established plots without and with ant‐activity suppression (enclosures). We offered diaspores of a myrmecochorous (<em>Knautia arvensis</em>), and a non‐myrmecochorous (<em>Plantago lanceolata</em>) species in a choice test and followed ants carrying diaspores during days and nights (focus of previous studies was on diurnal dispersal). We measured frequency and distances of ant dispersal and compared them with unassisted dispersal recorded using sticky trap method. The dispersal frequency was lower in enclosures (3.16 times). Ants strongly preferred diaspores of the myrmecochore to non‐myrmecochore with 586 and 42 dispersal events, respectively (out of 6400 diaspores of each species offered). Ant dispersal resulted in more even and on average longer distances (maximum almost tenfold longer, 994 cm) in comparison to unassisted dispersal. Ant dispersal altered the distribution of distances of the myrmecochore from roughly symmetric for unassisted dispersal to positively skewed. Ants dispersed heavier diaspores farther. Ants dropped the majority of diaspores during the dispersal (which reduces clustering of seeds), while several (11%) were carried into anthills. Anthills are disturbed microsites presumably favorable for germination in competitive habitats. Ants provided non‐negligible dispersal services to myrmecochorous <em>K. arvensis</em> but also, to a lesser extent, of non‐myrmecochorous <em>P. lanceolata</em>.</p> <p><em>Unassisted dispersal</em></p> <p>A sticky trap of the same size as the experimental plots of the cafeteria experiment (3 m × 3 m) was used to record unassisted dispersal (i.e., without any biotic dispersal agent, mostly by gravity and additionally wind). We used linoleum covered with insect glue to trap the falling diaspores. Five full‐sized individuals (with majority of infructescences with mature seeds) of <em>K. arvensis</em> were fixed in a water container in the center of the plot for approximately 10 days. The procedure was repeated five times during July and August. The distances of trapped diaspores were measured in the same manner as in the case of ant dispersal, thus the dispersal by ants and unassisted dispersal can be compared.</p>
Fig. 6 in Large Herbivore Abundance, Distribution And Winter Pasture Quality In Two Game Farms In North Kazakhstan
Fig. 6. Siberian roe deer wintering concentration places in "Zerenda" game farm.
Fig. 1 in Large Herbivore Abundance, Distribution And Winter Pasture Quality In Two Game Farms In North Kazakhstan
Fig. 1. Moose wintering concentration places in "Bulandy" game farm.
Fig.4 in Large Herbivore Abundance, Distribution And Winter Pasture Quality In Two Game Farms In North Kazakhstan
Fig.4. Moose wintering concentration places in "Zerenda" game farm.
Soil bacterial biodiversity is driven by long-term pasture management, poultry litter, and cattle manure inputs
<p>These raw data is used as the supplementary information for the manuscript "Soil bacterial biodiversity is driven by long-term pasture management, poultry litter, and cattle manure inputs". </p>
Data from: Native palms and trees mediate drought impacts on dry neotropical pastures
<p>This dataset includes the original database and scripts used for filtering and splitting the original databased into different datasets for each analysis. It also includes the scripts for generating the graphs and tables of the manuscript.</p> <p>It contains two .zip files:</p> <p>-Data_files.zip: Contains all the datasets used for each figure, as well as the original database in full.</p> <p>-R scripts.zip: Contains all the R scripts created to generated each of the datasets and graphs of the figures and tables. </p>
Seaweed supplementation to organic dairy cows may reduce climate impact of manure in pasture soils during a laboratory incubation
<p>The attached dataset is the data used in the laboratory incubation titled "Seaweed supplementation to organic dairy cows may reduce climate impact of manure in pasture soils during a laboratory incubation" accepted for publication in Journal of Sustainable Agriculture and Environment.</p>
Leaf-cutting ants negatively impact the regeneration of the Caatinga dry forest across abandoned pastures
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Data from: Effects of pasture and forest microclimatic conditions on the foraging activity of leaf-cutting ants
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Argentine stem weevil larval populations in irrigated pasture
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Data from: Sámi knowledge and ecosystem-based adaptation strategies for managing pastures under threat from multiple land uses
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Barn Swallow (Hirundo rustica) fledglings use crop habitat more frequently in relation to its availability than pasture and other habitat types
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Heterogeneity of locked-pasture snow conditions modulate habitat and movement choices of a facultative migrant, data archive
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