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Fig. 2 in The dual impact of Ostreopsis cf. ovata on Mytilus galloprovincialis and Paracentrotus lividus: Toxin accumulation and pathological aspects Abstract

Fig. 2: Feeding of Mytilus galloprovincialis on Ostreopsis cf. ovata in a 72 h experiment. Weight-normalised ingested cells (avg±SDV) at different time intervals. Fresh microalgal cultures (2.17±0.23·103 cells ml-1) were provided every 24 h. Of the 10 animals of each replicate, 7-8 died at the beginning of the second day while the survivors were toxic (Table 1).

Fig. 5 in The dual impact of Ostreopsis cf. ovata on Mytilus galloprovincialis and Paracentrotus lividus: Toxin accumulation and pathological aspects Abstract

Fig. 5: Sea urchin health status (avg±SDV, n = 4) upon exposure to entire or sonicated Ostreopsis cf. ovata cultures (strain D483) of the same initial cell density.

Fig. 3 in The dual impact of Ostreopsis cf. ovata on Mytilus galloprovincialis and Paracentrotus lividus: Toxin accumulation and pathological aspects Abstract

Fig. 3: Feeding of Paracentrotus lividus (avg±SDV, n = 15) on Ostreopsis cf. ovata epiphytic on the red alga Asparagopsis taxiformis in five experiments lasting five days each. Experiment 4b was performed with the same animals as 4a, which were given a second stock of seaweeds after a two- day interval. Macroalgae (55-131 g) were completely eaten in all cases. Four additional experiments at low epiphytic cell density (<3.4·103 cells g-1) are not represented. Asterisks indicate the experiments in which sea urchins were weakly toxic at the mouse bioassay (Supplementary Material, Table S2).

Fig. 1 in The dual impact of Ostreopsis cf. ovata on Mytilus galloprovincialis and Paracentrotus lividus: Toxin accumulation and pathological aspects Abstract

Fig. 1: Feeding of Mytilus galloprovincialis in six 24 h experiments with animals of different sizes exposed to different Ostreopsis cf. ovata cell concentrations. A) Mussel wet weight (WW) and O. cf. ovata cell density at the beginning of each experiment (avg±SDV). B) Weight-normalised ingested cells (avg±SDV). The asterisks indicate experiments in which some or all replicates were toxic to the mouse bioassay (Supplementary Material, Table S1).

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Fig. 3 in Description, molecular identification and pathological lesions of Huffmanela persica sp. nov. (Nematoda: Trichosomoididae: Huffmanelinae) from the daggertooth pike conger Muraenesox cinereus

Fig. 3 General morphology and surface ornamentation pattern of eggs of Huffmanela persica sp. nov. in various stages of development. A–H Photomicrographs and a–h corresponding line drawings of individual eggs at different stages of development (scale bars: 20 µm). A, a Eggs in stage I at very early stage, probably meiosis I, with a spherical nucleus in granular cytoplasm and incompletely developed chitinous layer and polar plugs (note early appearance of superficial projections of UL already apparent). B, b Eggs in stage II at later stage of development (probably meiosis II); chitin deposition appears to be complete. C, c Two-celled mitotic stage of early embryonic development (embryonated). D, d Later multicellular stage of embryonic development; chitinous layer still uniformly translucent with no apparent division into outer and inner chitinous layers. E, e Eggs in stage III with bean-like embryo and chitinous layer appearing two-layered under bright-field (light) microscopy with darker inner layer. F, f Tadpole-like embryos with UL appearing to have been partially dislodged from chitinous layer. G, g Eggs in stage IV with darker-brown shell; embryo now vermiform (larvated) and in-folded three times (pretzel stage). H, h Later stage IV egg with chitinous layer very dark brown; larva nearing final development and folded 5–6 times. I–T Photomicrographs of less developed (I–L), moderately developed (M–P) and fully developed (Q–T) eggs, where the first set of images (I, M, Q) represents overview of these variously advanced eggs, and the second (J, N, R), third (K, O, S) and fourth (L, P, T) series of images focus on the pattern of their surface ornamentation by adjusting the focal plane. Black and yellow arrows represent illusions of superficial ridges (well demonstrated in less developed eggs; occasionally appearing as interconnecting ridges, blue arrowhead) and sculptures on the egg surface, respectively. Green arrowheads exhibit irregular protuberances on the eggshell surface. Red arrowheads indicate an illusory spinous appearance in fully developed eggs

Fig. 5. A in Non-destructive analysis of pathological belemnite rostra by micro-CT techniques

Fig. 5. A. Rostrum of belemnite Gonioteuthis sp., RUB-Pal 11301, Campanian, Höver (NW-Germany) with forma aegra clavata (coll. L. Kaecke). Surface images showing no irregularities except for silification rings (A1–A3). Longitudinal section showing a homogenous internal rostrum with a dark layer along its outer margin (silica) (A4). Volume rendering image shows a darker centre due to the maximum thickness of the structure but no additional features (A5). Detail of the rostrum surface showing silification rings (A6). Cross section with a homogeneous centre and a dark margin (A7). B. Rostrum of belemnite Hibolithes jaculoides Swinnerton, 1937, RUB-Pal 11303, Hauterivian, Resse (NW-Germany) with forma aegra clavata (coll. U. Frerichs). Surface images showing the overall irregular rostrum morphology and the blunt and hollow apex in lateral (B1, B2), ventral (B3), and dorsal (B4), apical (B7) views. Longitudinal sections (central, subcentral) showing the broken juvenile rostrum, parts of the preserved phragmocone, and notable the lack of the apical line after the injury took place, note the irregular outline of the hollow central canal (B5, B6). Cross section with the juvenile rostrum, and subsequently deposited homogeneous material, white areas indicate the presence of pyrite (B8).

Fig. 3. A in Non-destructive analysis of pathological belemnite rostra by micro-CT techniques

Fig. 3. A. Rostrum of belemnite Neoclavibelus subclavatus (Voltz, 1830), SNSB-BSPG-83264, Toarcian, Mistelgau (SW-Germany) with forma aegra bullata (coll. H. Keupp). Surface images showing the bump-shaped irregular rostrum growth (A1–A4); longitudinal sections showing presence of sediment (diffuse grey) and pyrite (white) within the rostrum, and increasing irregular growth increments (A5, A6). B. Rostrum of belemnite Belemnitella sp., RE 551.763.333 A 5238, Late Cretaceous, NW-Germany with forma aegra bullata (coll. Baschin). Surface images showing the bump-shaped irregular rostrum growth and imprints of an organic network on the rostrum surface in dorsolateral (B1, B2) and ventrolateral (B3, B4) views; longitudinal sections (B5, B6), and cross section (B7). B5–B7 showing silification (black) along the rostrum surface but also along the malformed area.

Fig. 7. A in Non-destructive analysis of pathological belemnite rostra by micro-CT techniques

Fig. 7. A. Rostrum of belemnite Gonioteuthis sp., SNSB-BSPG-83370, Campanian, Höver (NW-Germany) with forma aegra hamata (coll. H. Keupp, leg. C. Spaeth). Surface images showing the knee-like strongly bent and irregular morphology of the rostrum (A1–A4). Median section showing the irregular internal silification of the rostrum indicating poorly mineralized areas, growth and apical line partially visible (A5). Volume rendering image with the darkest areas represented by the thickest or densest areas (A6). B. Rostrum of belemnite Pseudobelus sp., RUB-Pal 3196, Valanginian, Barret-Meouge (France) with forma aegra hamata (coll. M.-C. Picollier). Surface images showing the strongly bent and irregular morphology of the rostrum with the apex growth in anterior direction (B3–B6). Median section overview and close up showing growth increments and the presence of pyrite along the apical line (white) (B1, B7, B8). Cross section showing four growth center representing a temporal sequence (B2).

Fig. 6 in Non-destructive analysis of pathological belemnite rostra by micro-CT techniques

Fig. 6. Rostra of belemnite Gonioteuthis spp. A. RUB-Pal 11302, Campanian, Höver (NW-Germany) with forma aegra angulata (coll. U Frerichs). Surface images showing the knee-like morphology of the rostrum, and the attachment-base of an oyster, in lateral (A1, A4), dorsal (A2), and ventral (A4) views; note the weak furrows in A3. Median sections perpendicular to each other showing silicified areas (darker) and the broken phragmocone now filled with sediment, no additional internal feature visible (A5, A6). B. SNSB-BSPG-83246, Campanian, Höver (NW-Germany) with forma aegra angulata (coll. H. Keupp, leg. C. Spaeth). Surface images showing the knee-like morphology of the rostrum, in ventral (B1), lateral (B2, B4), and dorsal (B5) views. Cross section (B3). Median sections showing silicified areas specifically at places heavily bent (darker) (B6, B7); see also A5, A6 for the same phenomenon. Black box indicates close up in B7, showing the broken juvenile rostrum with growth increment (forma aegra clavata), and the phragmocone partially filled with pyrite (white).

Fig. 1 in Non-destructive analysis of pathological belemnite rostra by micro-CT techniques

Fig. 1. Rostrum of belemnite?Acrocoelites sp., PIMUZ 37346, Toarcian, Altdorf (SW-Germany) with forma aegra saepia (leg. M. Weissmüller). A. Overview A1, A2). B. Close-up of the two apices, showing the radial furrows covering the apex that represent the "normal" tip of the rostrum (B1–B5).

FIGURE 5 in A large, pathological skeleton of Smilosuchus gregorii (Archosauriformes: Phytosauria) from the Upper Triassic of Arizona, U.S.A., with discussion of the paleobiological implications of paleopathology in fossil archosauromorphs

FIGURE 5. Right (A, B) and incomplete left (C, D) humeri of USNM 18313 in dorsal/lateral (A, C) and ventral/medial (B, D) views. Abbreviations: ect = ectepicondyle; eg = entepicondylar groove; ent = entepicondyle; hh = humeral head; pb = pathological bone; x-x' = location of histological thin-section shown in Figure 5. Scale bar equals 5 cm.

FIGURE 2 in A large, pathological skeleton of Smilosuchus gregorii (Archosauriformes: Phytosauria) from the Upper Triassic of Arizona, U.S.A., with discussion of the paleobiological implications of paleopathology in fossil archosauromorphs

FIGURE 2. Stratigraphy of the lower Chinle in the vicinity of St. Johns, Arizona. Blue Hills and St. Johns Landfill sections from Heckert and Lucas (2003), St. Johns South section is new to this study and described in Appendix 2.

FIGURE 1 in A large, pathological skeleton of Smilosuchus gregorii (Archosauriformes: Phytosauria) from the Upper Triassic of Arizona, U.S.A., with discussion of the paleobiological implications of paleopathology in fossil archosauromorphs

FIGURE 1. Index maps showing the geographic position of the study area in the USA (A) and on a generalized geologic map of east-central Arizona (B) showing the most prolific Triassic localities in east-central Arizona, including the Blue Hills (BH), Big Hollow Wash (BHW) and Blue Mesa (BM) in the Petrified Forest National Park (PFNP). The specimen described here probably came from the Blue Hills but may have come from Big Hollow Wash. The modern administrative boundary of the PFNP is in black, the approximate outline of the smaller monument in 1948 is marked by the white inset. Arizona Maps modified from Richard et al., 2002, Arizona Geological Survey publication DGM-17 (http://data.azgs.az.gov/geologic-map-of-arizona)

FIGURE 8 in A large, pathological skeleton of Smilosuchus gregorii (Archosauriformes: Phytosauria) from the Upper Triassic of Arizona, U.S.A., with discussion of the paleobiological implications of paleopathology in fossil archosauromorphs

FIGURE 8. Left (A, B) and right (C, D) ulnae of USNM 18313 in medial (A, D) and lateral (B, C) views. Abbreviations: op = olecranon process; pb = pathological bone; pbl = pathological bone lesion; ra = radial articulation. Scale bar equals 5 cm.

FIGURE 4 in A large, pathological skeleton of Smilosuchus gregorii (Archosauriformes: Phytosauria) from the Upper Triassic of Arizona, U.S.A., with discussion of the paleobiological implications of paleopathology in fossil archosauromorphs

FIGURE 4. Reconstruction of the skeleton of USNM 18313 in left lateral view. Preserved bones are in white, bones that were not preserved are in gray, and pathological elements are in yellow.

FIGURE 7 in A large, pathological skeleton of Smilosuchus gregorii (Archosauriformes: Phytosauria) from the Upper Triassic of Arizona, U.S.A., with discussion of the paleobiological implications of paleopathology in fossil archosauromorphs

FIGURE 7. Histological section of left humerus of USNM 18313 in distal view (A-B) Overview of complete section showing regions highlighted in C-D, with color-added version (B) to highlight different tissues. (C) Normal lamellar cortical bone (top) transitions into the woven bone of the medullary cavity (bottom); (D) Periosteal new bone formation composed of woven bone arranged nearly perpendicularly to the eroded lamellar cortical surface; fragments of normal cortical bone and remodeled bone are taphonomically juxtaposed. Abbreviations: ecb = eroded cortical bone; LAGs = lines of arrested growth; lcb = lamellar cortical bone; mc, medullary cavity; pnb = new periosteal bone (pathological); rb = remodeled bone. Colors: red = spongy bone of medullary region; yellow = lamellar cortical bone; blue, periosteal new bone (pathological); green = remodeled bone (pathological). Scale bars equal 1 cm (a-b) and 5 mm (c-d).

FIGURE 3 in A large, pathological skeleton of Smilosuchus gregorii (Archosauriformes: Phytosauria) from the Upper Triassic of Arizona, U.S.A., with discussion of the paleobiological implications of paleopathology in fossil archosauromorphs

FIGURE 3. Nearly complete skull of USNM 18313 showing taxonomically relevant morphological details. (A) Stereopair of nearly complete skull in right dorsolateral view. (B) Stereopair of skull in posterior view. (C) Posterior portion of skull in dorsal view, with yellow line indicating ODCL. (D) Close-up of right squamosal region in posterior view. Abbeviations: aofe = antorbital fenestra; en = external naris; dps = descending process of squamosal; ltf = lateral temporal fenestra; lfm = lateral flare of maxilla; lfpm = lateral flare of premaxilla; nc = narial crest; ODCL = orbito-dorsal cranial length (after Hurlburt et al., 2003); o = orbit; rs = ridge on squamosal. Scale bars equal 5 cm.

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Fig. 3. Urinary bladder from a in A review of neosporosis and pathologic findings of Neospora caninum infection in wildlife

Fig. 3. Urinary bladder from a fat-tailed dunnart (Sminthopsis crassicaudata) experimentally infected with N. caninum. IHC using polyclonal caprine anti-N. caninum showing marked necrotizing and widespread degeneration and necrosis of the detrusor muscle with many neutrophils and macrophages and intralesional protozoan cysts and tachyzoites (A). H&E of the same tissue; open arrows indicate intracellular protozoan organisms (B). N. caninum IHC (C) and H&E (D) of protozoan tissue cysts.

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Fig. 2 in A review of neosporosis and pathologic findings of Neospora caninum infection in wildlife

Fig. 2. Liver from an aborted white rhinoceros fetus with naturally acquired congenital N. caninum infection. Multifocal hepatic necrosis with intralesional intracellular protozoan cyst-like structure (open arrow). H&E (A). Intracellular protozoan cyst-like structure. H&E (B). Immunohistochemistry (IHC) using polyclonal caprine anti-N. caninum showing clustered free and intracellular protozoal tachyzoites (C, D, E) and intracellular protozoan cyst-like structures (C, D, F). H&E photomicrographs (A, B) courtesy of Cheryl Sangster, Taronga Conservation Society Australia.