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170 results for “phenotypic change”
Data from: Adaptation to a novel family environment involves both apparent and cryptic phenotypic changes
Cryptic evolution occurs when evolutionary change is masked by concurrent environmental change. In most cases, evolutionary changes in the phenotype are masked by changing abiotic factors. However, evolutionary change in one trait might also be masked by evolutionary change in another trait, a phenomenon referred to as evolutionary environmental deterioration. Nevertheless, detecting this second type of cryptic evolution is challenging and there are few compelling examples. Here, we describe a likely case of evolutionary environmental deterioration occurring in experimental burying beetle (Nicrophorus vespilloides) populations that are adapting to a novel social environment that lacks post-hatching parental care. We found that populations rapidly adapted to the removal of post-hatching parental care. This adaptation involved clear increases in breeding success and larval density (number of dispersing larvae produced per gram of breeding carcass), which in turn masked a concurrent increase in the mean larval mass across generations. This cryptic increase in larval mass was accomplished through a change in the reaction norm that relates mean larval mass to larval density. Our results suggest that cryptic evolution might be commonplace in animal families, because evolving trophic and social interactions can potentially mask evolutionary change in other traits, like body size.
Data from: Rapid adaptive phenotypic change following colonization of a newly restored habitat
Real-time observation of adaptive evolution in the wild is rare and limited to cases of marked, often anthropogenic, environmental change. Here we present the case of a small population of reed warblers (Acrocephalus scirpaceus) over a period of 19 years (1996–2014) after colonizing a restored wetland habitat in Malta. Our data show a population decrease in body mass, following a trajectory consistent with a population ascending an adaptive peak, a so-called Ornstein–Uhlenbeck process. We corroborate these findings with genetic and ecological data, revealing that individual survival is correlated with body mass, and more than half of the variation in mean population fitness is explained by variation in body mass. Despite a small effective population size, an adaptive response has taken place within a decade. A founder event from a large, genetically variable source population to the southern range margin of the reed warbler distribution likely facilitated this process.
Phenological data for the article: Phenotypic plasticity drives phenological changes in a Mediterranean blue tit population
<p>Earlier phenology induced by climate change, such as the passerines' breeding time, is observed in many natural populations. Understanding the nature of such changes is key to predict the responses of wild populations to climate change. Genetic changes have been rarely investigated for laying date, though it has been shown to be heritable and under directional selection, suggesting that the trait could evolve. In a Corsican blue tit population, the birds' laying date has significantly advanced over 40 years, and we here determine whether this response is of plastic or evolutionary origin, by comparing the predictions of the breeder's and the Robertson-Price (STS) equations, to the observed genetic changes. We compare the results obtained for two fitness proxies (fledgling and recruitment success), using models accounting for their zero-inflation. Because the trait appears heritable and under directional selection, the breeder's equation predicts that genetic changes could drive a significant part of the phenological change observed. We however found that fitness proxies and laying date are not genetically correlated. The STS therefore predicts no evolution of the breeding time, predicting correctly the absence of trend in breeding values. Our results also emphasize that when investigating selection on a plastic trait under fluctuating selection, part of the fitness-trait phenotypic covariance can be due to within individual covariance. In the case of repeated measurements, splitting within and between individual covariance can shift our perspective on the actual intensity of selection over multiple selection episodes, shedding light on the potential for the trait to evolve.</p>
Phenotypic rates of change evolutionary and ecological dataset (PROCEED) version 5.0
<p>Wild populations must continuously respond to environmental changes or they risk extinction. Those responses can be measured as phenotypic rates of change which can allow us to predict contemporary adaptive responses, some of which are evolutionary. About two decades ago, a database of phenotypic rates of change in wild populations was compiled. Since then, researchers have used (and expanded) this database to examine phenotypic responses to specific types of human disturbance. Here, we updatedthe database adding 5675 new estimates of phenotypic changes. Using this newer version of the database, now containing 7338 estimates of phenotypic change, we revisit the conclusions of four published articles. We then synthesize the expanded dataset to compare rates of change across different types of human disturbance. Analyses of this expanded database suggests that: I. a small absolute difference in rates of change exists between human disturbed and natural populations, II. harvesting by humans results in higher rates of change than other types of disturbances, III. introduced populations have increased rates of change, and IV. body size does not increase through time. Thus, findings from earlier analyses have largely held-up in analyses of our new database that encompass a much larger breadth of species, traits, and human disturbances. Lastly, we use new analyses to explore how various types of human disturbances affect rates of phenotypic change, and we call for this database to serve as a stepping stone for further analyses to understand patterns of contemporary phenotypic change.</p>
Epigenetics underpins phenotypic plasticity of protandrous sex change in fish
<p>Phenotypic plasticity is an important driver of species resilience. Often mediated by epigenetic changes, phenotypic plasticity enables individual genotypes to express variable phenotypes in response to environmental change. Barramundi (Lates calcarifer) is a protandrous (male-first) sequential hermaphrodite that exhibit plasticity in length-at-sex change between geographic regions. This plasticity is likely to be mediated by changes in DNA methylation (DNAm), a well-studied epigenetic modification. However, region-specific relationships between length, sex and DNAm in sequential hermaphrodites were previously unreported. To investigate these relationships, here we compare DNAm in four conserved vertebrate sex-determining genes in male and female barramundi of differing lengths from three regions of northern Australia. Despite a strong association between increasing length and male-to-female sex change, the data reveal that DNAm becomes more sex-specific (rather than more female-specific) with length. Significant differences in DNAm between males and females of similar lengths suggest that female-specific DNAm arises rapidly during sex change, rather than gradually with growth. The findings also reveal that region-specific differences in length-at-sex change are accompanied by differences in DNAm, and were concurrent with variability in remotely sensed sea temperature and salinity. Together, these findings provide the first in situ evidence for epigenetically and environmentally mediated sex change in a protandrous hermaphrodite, and offer significant insight into the molecular and ecological processes governing the marked and unique plasticity of sex in fish.</p>
No evidence of predicted phenotypic changes after hurricane disturbance in a shade-specialist Caribbean anole
<p>Extreme climatic events (ECE) such as hurricanes have been hypothesized to be a major driving force of natural selection. Recent studies argue that, following strong hurricane disturbance, <em>Anolis</em> lizards in the Caribbean undergo selection for traits such as longer forelimbs or smaller body sizes that improve their clinging ability to their substrates increasing their chances of surviving hurricane wind gusts. Some authors challenge the generalization of this hypothesis arguing that other mechanisms may explain these phenotypic changes or that they may not necessarily be generalizable due to system-specific idiosyncrasies. To address this issue, we compared body size and relative forelimb length of <em>Anolis gundlachi</em>, a trunk-ground anole living in closed canopy forests in Puerto Rico, before, four months after, and 15 months after Hurricanes Irma and Maria in 2017. Overall, our results show no clear evidence of a temporal decrease in body size or increase forelimb length (relative to body size) challenging the generalizability of the clinging ability hypothesis. Understanding how animals adapt to ECE is an emerging field. Still, we are quickly learning that this process is complex and nuanced.</p>
Data from: Morphological change and phenotypic plasticity in native and non–native pumpkinseed sunfish in response to sustained water velocities
Phenotypic plasticity can contribute to the proliferation and invasion success of nonindigenous species by promoting phenotypic changes that increase fitness, facilitate range expansion and improve survival. In this study, differences in phenotypic plasticity were investigated using young-of-year pumpkinseed sunfish from colonies established with lentic and lotic populations originating in Canada (native) and Spain (non-native). Individuals were subjected to static and flowing water treatments for 80 days. Inter- and intra-population differences were tested using ancova and discriminant function analysis, and differences in phenotypic plasticity were tested through a manova of discriminant function scores. Differences between Iberian and North American populations were observed in dorsal fin length, pectoral fin position and caudal peduncle length. Phenotypic plasticity had less influence on morphology than genetic factors, regardless of population origin. Contrary to predictions, Iberian pumpkinseed exhibited lower levels of phenotypic plasticity than native populations, suggesting that canalization may have occurred in the non-native populations during the processes of introduction and range expansion.
Thermal adaptation in a holobiont accompanied by phenotypic changes in an endosymbiont
<p>How and if organisms can adapt to changing temperatures has drastic consequences for the natural world. Thermal adaptation involves finding a match between temperatures permitting growth and the expected temperature distribution of the environment. However, if and how this match is achieved, and how tightly linked species change together, are poorly understood. <i>Paramecium bursaria</i> is a ciliate that has a tight physiological interaction with endosymbiotic green algae (zoochlorellae). We subjected a wild population of <i>P. bursaria </i>to a cold and warm climate (20℃ and 32℃) for ~300 generations. We then measured the thermal performance curve (TPC) for intrinsic rate of growth (<i>r</i><sub>max</sub> ) for these evolved lines across temperatures. We also evaluated number and size of the zoochlorellae populations within paramecia cells. TPCs for warm-adapted populations were shallower and broader than TPCs of cold-adapted populations, indicating that the warm populations adapted by moving along a thermal generalist/specialist trade off rather than right-shifting the TPC. Zoochlorellae populations within cold-adapted paramecia<i> </i>had fewer and larger zoochlorellae than hot-adapted paramecia, indicating phenotypic shifts in the endosymbiont accompany thermal adaptation in the host. Our results provide new and novel insight into how species involved in complex interactions will be affected by continuing increasing global temperatures. </p>
Data from: Linking genotype to phenotype in a changing ocean: inferring the genomic architecture of a blue mussel stress response with genome-wide association
A key component to understanding the evolutionary response to a changing climate is linking underlying genetic variation to phenotypic variation in stress response. Here we use a genome-wide association approach (GWAS) to understand the genetic architecture of calcification rates under simulated climate stress. We take advantage of the genomic gradient across the blue mussel hybrid zone (Mytilus edulis and Mytilus trossulus) in the Gulf of Maine (GOM) to link genetic variation with variance in calcification rates in response to simulated climate change. Falling calcium carbonate saturation states are predicted to negatively impact many marine organisms that build calcium carbonate shells - like blue mussels. We sampled wild mussels and measured net calcification phenotypes after exposing mussels to a "climate change" common garden, where we raised temperature 3°C, decreased pH by 0.2 units, and limited food supply by filtering out planktonic particles > 5 μm, compared to ambient GOM conditions in the summer. This climate change exposure greatly increased phenotypic variation in net calcification rates compared to ambient conditions. We then used regression models to link the phenotypic variation with over 170,000 single nucleotide polymorphism loci (SNPs) generated by genotype by sequencing to identify genomic locations associated with calcification phenotype, and estimate heritability and architecture of the trait. We identified at least one of potentially 2-10 genomic regions responsible for 30% of the phenotypic variation in calcification rates that are potential targets of natural selection by climate change. Our simulations suggest a power of 13.7% with our study's average effective sample size of 118 individuals and rare alleles, but a power of > 90% when effective sample size is 900.
FIGURE 2. A in Extension of the Cryptanthus range in Northeastern Brazil with new findings in the phenotypic variation including changes in the trichome's distribution, thus enhancing the understanding of the Cryptanthus zonatus complex (Bromeliaceae)
FIGURE 2. A. Two color morphs (maroon and green – indicated by the arrow) growing intermingled in the understory of Mata Estrela. B. Maroon color morph plant growing next to a banded individual that present a basal glabrous leaf (arrow) at Parque das Dunas. C. Signs of trichome loss on the older leaves (arrow), by a maroon banded individual from Parque das Dunas. D. Green individual showing dark red/maroon marks on the base of the leaves, Parque das Dunas. E. Two rosettes showing similar pigmentation (green along the center and dark red/maroon at the margins) but contrasting in the banded-lepidote versus glabrous adaxial surface. F. Individual displaying the colors green and wine-red spots (scale = 14 cm). G. Blooming individual of the banded form presenting a staminate flower. H. Bisexual flower of the maroon morph. I. Basal stolon (arrow), in the maroon morph. J. Basal stolon (arrow), in the banded morph.
FIGURE 1 in Extension of the Cryptanthus range in Northeastern Brazil with new findings in the phenotypic variation including changes in the trichome's distribution, thus enhancing the understanding of the Cryptanthus zonatus complex (Bromeliaceae)
FIGURE 1. Map of Rio Grande do Norte state indicating the two new occurrences of Cryptanthus zonatus.
Fig. 1 Vitis arizonica sampling and phenotypes. A in Multigenic resistance to Xylella fastidiosa in wild grapes (Vitis sps.) and its implications within a changing climate
Fig. 1 Vitis arizonica sampling and phenotypes. A map of the Southwestern United States and Northern Mexico indicates sampling locations of the n = 167 V. arizonica accessions used in this study. The color of sample locations (circles) are colored according to their resistance phenotype, as measured by bacterial load (CFU/mL). The histogram of phenotypes (in CFU/mL) is to the right of the map. Map generation relied on information from GADM, a publicly available database (http:gadm.org).
A Study Investigating the Change in Metabolism Phenotype in Paediatric, Adolescent & Young Adults With Hodgkin or Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma.
ClinicalTrials.gov study NCT06383338. IPD Sharing: UNDECIDED. Countries: 1. Publications: 12.
Monocyte Phenotypic Changes in Heart Failure
ClinicalTrials.gov study NCT02997462. IPD Sharing: Not stated. Countries: 1. Publications: 7.
Digital Phenotyping for Changes in Activity at the End of Life in People With Dementia
ClinicalTrials.gov study NCT06032091. IPD Sharing: UNDECIDED. Countries: 1. Publications: 24.
Changes in Phenotype and Genotype of Breast Cancers During the Metastatic Process and Optimization of Therapeutic Targeting (ESOPE)
ClinicalTrials.gov study NCT01956552. IPD Sharing: YES. Countries: 1. Publications: 1.
Data from: Genetic and phenotypic changes in an Atlantic salmon population supplemented with non-local individuals: a longitudinal study over 21 years
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Data from: A method for analysis of phenotypic change for phenotypes described by high-dimensional data
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Data from: Linking genotype to phenotype in a changing ocean: inferring the genomic architecture of a blue mussel stress response with genome-wide association
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Data from: Adaptation to a novel family environment involves both apparent and cryptic phenotypic changes
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Allen Brain Atlas
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DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.