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FIGURE 8 in The glandulous Specklinia: morphological convergence versus phylogenetic divergence

FIGURE 8. Specklinia gersonii Bogarín & Karremans. A. habit. B. flower. C. dissected perianth. D. column and lip, lateral view. E. column ventral view. F. lip. G. anther and pollinaria. Drawn by D. Bogarín & L. Oses from Bogarín 9565 (JBL-spirit).

FIGURE 3 in The glandulous Specklinia: morphological convergence versus phylogenetic divergence

FIGURE 3. Phylogenetic relationship amongst the species of the glandulous Specklinia. The trees were produced with an analysis of a nrITS dataset of 50 sequences using BEAST v1.6.0. Node values are posterior probabilities. The tree was edited using FigTree v.1.3.1. Branch lengths are relative to the relative number of changes. Names in bold correspond to species studied here.

FIGURE 16 in The glandulous Specklinia: morphological convergence versus phylogenetic divergence

FIGURE 16. Micrographs of the lip apices of Specklinia species. A. Specklinia alajuelensis 1 (Pupulin 8470). B. Specklinia alajuelensis 2 (Karremans 6460). C. Specklinia chontalensis (Pupulin 6543). D. Specklinia gersonii (Karremans 6025). E. Specklinia vittariifolia (Chinchilla 1111). Photographs by A.P. Karremans.

FIGURE 2 in The glandulous Specklinia: morphological convergence versus phylogenetic divergence

FIGURE 2. Comparison of the habits and flowers of species of the glandulous species of Specklinia. A. S. alajuelensis 1 (Karremans 3265). B. S. gersonii (Karremans 6025). C. S. glandulosa (Karremans 6306). D. S. vittariifolia (Karremans 2945). Scale bar = 1 cm. Photographs by A.P. Karremans.

FIGURE 15 in The glandulous Specklinia: morphological convergence versus phylogenetic divergence

FIGURE 15. Intra-specific variation of flower morphology of diverse individuals of two species of glandulous Specklinia. A. S. alajuelensis 1. B. S. vittariifolia. Scale bar = 1 cm. Photographs by A.P. Karremans.

FIGURE 5. Specklinia alajuelensis Karremans & Pupulin. A. habit. B. flower. C. dissected perianth. D. lip. E in The glandulous Specklinia: morphological convergence versus phylogenetic divergence

FIGURE 5. Specklinia alajuelensis Karremans & Pupulin. A. habit. B. flower. C. dissected perianth. D. lip. E. column and lip, lateral view. F. column, ventral view. G. anther with pollinaria. H. pollinaria. Drawn by E. Winkel from Bogarín 2895 (JBL-spirit. L-spirit).

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FIG UR E 3 (a) Dated phylogeny of the genus Theodoxus constructed in BEAST based on COI, 16S and ATPα. Node labels denote divergence times in millions of years ago (Ma); node bars indicate the 95% credibility interval around these dates. Small squares at nodes indicate significant support of divergence events found with BEAST and other phylogenetic analyses (see Figures S2.1 and S2.2), as explained through the key. Where MOTUs (A–R) show conspecifics among a number of morphospecies, species names are given in order of their year of description. Morphospecies, incorporated from GenBank, where determination was potentially dubious are highlighted by an asterisk. Clades (C) and subclades (SC) are demarcated by dashed lines between MOTUs. (b) LTT plots indicating the build‐up of lineages in Theodoxus over geological time. Dashed lines surrounding the solid LTT lines indicate the 95% confidence intervals. Where intra‐ and interspecific diversity diverge, interspecific diversity is highlighted in blue and intraspecific diversity in red. Transitions in geological ages are highlighted by narrow grey lines, while the grey bar marks the period of pronounced glacial cycles (last 900 kyr) [Colour figure can be viewed at wileyonlinelibrary.com] in Contributions of biogeographical functions to species accumulation may change over time in refugial regions

FIG UR E 3 (a) Dated phylogeny of the genus Theodoxus constructed in BEAST based on COI, 16S and ATPα. Node labels denote divergence times in millions of years ago (Ma); node bars indicate the 95% credibility interval around these dates. Small squares at nodes indicate significant support of divergence events found with BEAST and other phylogenetic analyses (see Figures S2.1 and S2.2), as explained through the key. Where MOTUs (A–R) show conspecifics among a number of morphospecies, species names are given in order of their year of description. Morphospecies, incorporated from GenBank, where determination was potentially dubious are highlighted by an asterisk. Clades (C) and subclades (SC) are demarcated by dashed lines between MOTUs. (b) LTT plots indicating the build‐up of lineages in Theodoxus over geological time. Dashed lines surrounding the solid LTT lines indicate the 95% confidence intervals. Where intra‐ and interspecific diversity diverge, interspecific diversity is highlighted in blue and intraspecific diversity in red. Transitions in geological ages are highlighted by narrow grey lines, while the grey bar marks the period of pronounced glacial cycles (last 900 kyr) [Colour figure can be viewed at wileyonlinelibrary.com]

Figure 8 in Phylogenetic affinities and taxonomy of the Oligocene Diomedeoididae, and the basal divergences amongst extant procellariiform birds

Figure 8. Bones of extant procellariiform taxa to illustrate osteological features used in the phylogenetic analysis. A, B, ventral view of beak of A, Fulmarus glacialis (Procellariidae) and B, Bulweria bulwerii (Procellariidae); inset in A showing details of striae along inner margin of rhamphotheca. C, skull of Fregetta tropica (Oceanitinae). D, E, orbital region of D, Fr. tropica and E, Fu. glacialis. F, furcula of Oceanites oceanicus (Oceanitinae). G, H, os carpi ulnare of G, Pelagodroma marina (Oceanitinae) and H, Lugensa brevirostris (Procellariidae). I, J, humerus (caudal view) of I, L. brevirostris and J, Pe. marina. K–M, carpometacarpus of K, O. oceanicus, L, Puffinus huttoni (Procellariidae), and M, L. brevirostris. Abbreviations: afu, apophysis furculae; cbr, crus breve; ect, os ectethmoidale; fen, elongate fenestra delimited by dorsal margin of os lacrimale; fos, subovate fossa in rostral half of ventral surface of bill of Fulmarus, Macronectes, and Daption; fpn, second (dorsal) fossa pneumotricipitalis; lac, distal extension of os lacrimale; ldg, ledge on caudal humerus surface; orb, foramen orbitonasale; pis, processus pisiformis; prc, process formed by midsection of lateral margin of os ectethmoidale; str, striae along inner margin of rhamphotheca; tbd, tuberculum dorsale; tub, rostrodorsally directed tubular nostril of Fregetta tropica; unc, os uncinatum. Scale bars = 10 mm, except for G and H = 2 mm.

Figure 6 in Phylogenetic affinities and taxonomy of the Oligocene Diomedeoididae, and the basal divergences amongst extant procellariiform birds

Figure 6. Bones described by van Beneden (1871) in comparison to Rupelornis definitus specimens from the collection of IRSNB. A, 'Vanellus selysii' holotype (distal humerus, from van Beneden, 1871: fig. 2, reversed to facilitate comparison) in comparison to B, IRSNB Av 102a. C, incomplete humerus referred to 'Anas creccoides' (= Anas benedeni Sharpe, 1899) (from van Beneden, 1871: fig. 4) in comparison to D, IRSNB Av 111 (reversed to facilitate comparison). E, Rupelornis definitus holotype (distal tibiotarsus, from van Beneden, 1871: fig. 7) in comparison to F, IRSNB Av 103c. Scale bars = 10 mm and refer only to IRSNB fossils; bones from van Beneden (1871) are not to scale.

Figure 4 in Phylogenetic affinities and taxonomy of the Oligocene Diomedeoididae, and the basal divergences amongst extant procellariiform birds

Figure 4. Selected skeletal elements of Rupelornis definitus in comparison to extant Procellariiformes. A–C, R. definitus, proximal end of right tibiotarsus (IRSNB Av 114b) in craniomedial (A), cranial (B), and caudolateral (C) views. D, proximal tibiotarsus of Fulmarus glacialis (Procellariidae) in lateral view. E, R. definitus, proximal end of right tibiotarsus (IRSNB Av 112d) in lateral view. F, G, R. definitus, distal end of left tibiotarsus (IRSNB Av 103c) in cranial (F) and medial (G) views. H, distal tibiotarsus (medial view) of F. glacialis. I, R. definitus, proximal end of right tarsometatarsus (IRSNB Av 114c) in plantar view. J-L, R. definitus, proximal end of right tarsometatarsus (IRSNB Av 113) in dorsal (J), plantar (K), and proximal (L) views. M, proximal end of right tarsometatarsus of Fregetta tropica (Oceanitinae) in proximal view. N, O, R. definitus, first phalanx of left second toe (IRSNB Av 104e) in dorsal (N) and plantar (O) views. P, R. definitus, first phalanx of left third toe (IRSNB Av 104g) in dorsal view. Q, R, R. definitus, first phalanx of right fourth toe (IRSNB Av 112f) in plantar (Q) and dorsal (R) views. Abbreviations: ccc, crista cnemialis cranialis; ccl, crista cnemialis lateralis; clh, crista lateralis hypotarsi; cmh, crista medialis hypotarsi; fdl, canal for tendon of musculus flexor digitorum longus; fhl, canal for tendon of musculus flexor hallucis longus; lat, lateral hypotarsal canals of Oceanitinae; ntc, notch in distal rim of condylus medialis; sul, tendinal sulcus. Fossil bones are coated with ammonium chloride. Scale bars = 10 mm, except for M = 5 mm.

Figure 5 in Phylogenetic affinities and taxonomy of the Oligocene Diomedeoididae, and the basal divergences amongst extant procellariiform birds

Figure 5. Size range of tarsometatarsus (plantar view) of A, B, Rupelornis definitus (A, IRSNB Av 108d; B, IRSNB Av 114c) and C, D, Fulmarus glacialis (Procellariidae). Fossil bones are coated with ammonium chloride. Scale bars = 10 mm.

Figure 2 in Phylogenetic affinities and taxonomy of the Oligocene Diomedeoididae, and the basal divergences amongst extant procellariiform birds

Figure 2. Selected skeletal elements of Rupelornis definitus in comparison to extant Procellariiformes. A, R. definitus, proximal end of right humerus (IRSNB Av 109c) in caudal view. B, C, R. definitus, proximal end of left humerus (IRSNB Av 111) in cranial (B) and caudal (C) views. D, E, proximal right humerus of D, Lugensa brevirostris (Procellariidae) and E, Fregetta tropica (Oceanitinae). F, G, R. definitus, distal end of right humerus (IRSNB Av 102a) in caudal (F) and cranial (G) views. H, distal end of right humerus (cranial view) of L. brevirostris. I, R. definitus, proximal end of left ulna (IRSNB Av 109f) in cranial view. J, K, proximal end of left ulna of J, L. brevirostris and K, Pelagodroma marina (Oceanitinae). L, M, R. definitus, distal end of right ulna (IRSNB Av 109g) in ventral (L) and caudal (M) views. N, R. definitus, left carpometacarpus (IRSNB Av 105) in ventral view. O, R. definitus, right carpometacarpus (IRSNB Av 109k) in ventral view. P, R. definitus, right phalanx proximalis digiti majoris (IRSNB Av 104c) in ventral view. Q, right phalanx proximalis digiti majoris of L. brevirostris. Abbreviations: blg, convex bulge formed by craniocaudally sloping ventral margin of distal humerus; cph, caput humeri; dpr, depression on caudal surface of crista deltopectoralis; ext, processus extensorius; fpn, second (dorsal) fossa pneumotricipitalis; fvt, fossa ventralis; ind, processus internus indicis; itd, incisura tendinosa; ldg, ledge on caudal humerus surface; pit, pit abutting ledge on caudal surface of humerus; psd, processus supracondylaris dorsalis; rdg, ridge at beginning of incisura capitis; tbd, tuberculum dorsale. Fossil bones are coated with ammonium chloride. Scale bars = 10 mm.

Figure 3 in Phylogenetic affinities and taxonomy of the Oligocene Diomedeoididae, and the basal divergences amongst extant procellariiform birds

Figure 3. Selected skeletal elements of Rupelornis definitus in comparison to extant Procellariiformes. A–C, R. definitus, fragmentary pelvis (IRSNB Av 109l) in ventral (A), lateral (B), and dorsal (C) views. D, E, pelvis of D, Diomedea antipodensis (Diomedeidae) and E, Calonectris diomedea (Procellariidae). F–H, R. definitus, left femur (IRSNB Av 112e) in cranial (F), medial (G), and caudal (H) views. I, J, left femur (caudal view) of I, Fregetta tropica (Oceanitinae) and J, D. antipodensis. Abbreviations: cid, crista iliaca dorsalis; css, crista spinosa synsacri; ctr, crista trochanteris; faa, facies articularis antitrochanterica; fit, foramina intertransversaria; fos, fossa distal of facies articularis antitrochanterica; iob, impressiones obturatoriae; lca, linea intermuscularis caudalis; lcr, linea intermuscularis cranialis; tmg, tuberculum musculi gastrocnemialis lateralis. Fossil bones are coated with ammonium chloride. Scale bars = 10 mm.

Figure 7 in Phylogenetic affinities and taxonomy of the Oligocene Diomedeoididae, and the basal divergences amongst extant procellariiform birds

Figure 7. Phylogenetic trees resulting from analyses of the character matrix in Appendix 2 with different outgroup taxa. A, strict consensus tree of six most parsimonious trees [length = 108, consistency index (CI) = 0.60, retention index (RI) = 0.71] with only Gaviiformes as outgroup taxon; as detailed in the Discussion, this is the phylogeny preferred in the present study. B, single most parsimonious tree (length = 110, CI = 0.63, RI = 0.76) with Sphenisciformes and Gaviiformes as outgroup taxa; the same tree topology resulted from an analysis with outgroup comparisons based on Sphenisciformes alone. Apomorphies and character states are listed on the internodes (numbers refer to the character list in Appendix 1); filled circles represent strict apomorphies, open circles homoplastic ones. Bootstrap support values are given next to the internodes.

Figure 17 in The fifth family of the true crickets (Insecta: Orthoptera: Ensifera: Grylloidea), Oecanthidae defin. nov.: phylogenetic relationships and divergence times

Figure 17. Angustitrella sp., male: A, dorsal habitus; B, right FW. C, Paroecanhtus aztecus, male genitalia, dorsal view. Scales: 1 mm. Abbreviations: see Material and methods.

Figure 11. A in The fifth family of the true crickets (Insecta: Orthoptera: Ensifera: Grylloidea), Oecanthidae defin. nov.: phylogenetic relationships and divergence times

Figure 11. A, Cearacesa sp., frontal head; B, A. (Aphonomorphus) aff. montanus, maxillary palpus. Scale: 1mm.

Figure 10. A in The fifth family of the true crickets (Insecta: Orthoptera: Ensifera: Grylloidea), Oecanthidae defin. nov.: phylogenetic relationships and divergence times

Figure 10. A, Fryerius sp., male, dorsal habitus; B, Munda aff. asyrinx, male, dorsal habitus; C, Truljalia hibinonis, male, pronotum and FW, dorsal view; D, Madasumma melanotum, male genitalia, lateral view. Scales: 1mm. Abbreviations: see Material and methods.

Figure 7 in The fifth family of the true crickets (Insecta: Orthoptera: Ensifera: Grylloidea), Oecanthidae defin. nov.: phylogenetic relationships and divergence times

Figure 7. Neoxabea breƲipes. A, hind tibia and tarsi; B, hind tibia distal margin and tarsi, inner view; C, hind tibia distal margin and tarsi, outer view. Scales: 1mm. Abbreviations: see Material and methods.

Figure 18. A in The fifth family of the true crickets (Insecta: Orthoptera: Ensifera: Grylloidea), Oecanthidae defin. nov.: phylogenetic relationships and divergence times

Figure 18. A, Brazitrypa paulista, male; B, Cylindrogryllus pitanga, male, FWs and metanotum; C, Neometrypus badius, male genitalia, ventral view. Scales: 1 mm. Abbreviations: see Material and methods.

Figure 5. A in The fifth family of the true crickets (Insecta: Orthoptera: Ensifera: Grylloidea), Oecanthidae defin. nov.: phylogenetic relationships and divergence times

Figure 5. A, Euscyrtus aff. bipunctatus, male, dorsal habitus. Proturana subapterus: B, head and pronotum, lateral view; C, claw; D, ovipositor; dorsal view. Scales: 1mm.