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298 results for “plant richness”
Data from: Different management practices influence growth of small plants in species-rich hay meadows through shading
<p>Data from: Different management practices influence growth of small plants in species-rich hay meadows through shading, published in Applied Vegetation Science. Photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) and Dry Matter Yield (DMY)</p>
Raw data for the manuscript entitled "Forest age and topographic position jointly shape the species richness and composition of vascular plants in karstic habitats"
<p>Doline surveys from the Mecsek Mountains, Hungary. Transects were established with north to south orientation across each doline, traversing their deepest point. Transects began and ended on doline rims, and consisted of 1 m  × 1 m plots spaced at 2 m intervals (94, 89, 90 and 99 plots in the different forest age classes, respectively; 372 plots in total). We recorded the presence/absence data of shrubs and herbs in each plot. Fieldwork was carried out between 2007 and 2019 from June to August, at the peak of the growing season.</p>
Cryptogam plant community stability: warming weakens influences of species richness but enhances effects of evenness
<p>Community stability is a fundamental factor sustaining ecosystem functioning and is affected by species richness and species evenness. The Arctic is warming more rapidly than other biomes, and cryptogam plant species (specifically lichens and bryophytes in this study) are major contributors to tundra biodiversity and productivity. However, to our knowledge, the impacts of warming on cryptogam community stability and the underlying mechanisms have not been investigated. We conducted a 13-year summer warming experiment in mesic birch hummock tundra vegetation near Daring Lake in the continental interior of low Arctic Canada, and recorded patterns of cryptogam species abundance in several different growing seasons. Warming decreased the stability of total community abundance, had no effects on species richness, but increased species evenness and species synchrony. Structural equation model analyses indicated that higher species richness was the principal factor associated with the stronger community abundance stability in the control plots, and that this effect was driven primarily by a negative correlation with species synchrony. By contrast, higher species evenness was the principal factor associated with the weakened community abundance stability in the warming plots, and this effect was driven primarily by a positive correlation with species synchrony. Our study suggests that climate warming could reduce cryptogam plant community stability in low Arctic tundra, and therefore decrease important ecosystem services including carbon storage and food availability to caribou in northern regions.</p>
Changing plant species composition and richness benefit soil carbon sequestration under climate warming
<p>Anthropogenic warming and land-use change are expected to accelerate global soil organic carbon (SOC) losses and change plant species composition and richness. However, how changes in plant composition and species richness mediate SOC responses to climate warming and land-use change remains poorly understood. Using data from a 7-year warming and clipping field experiment in an alpine meadow on the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau, we examined the direct effects of warming and clipping on SOC storage versus their indirect effects mediated by plant functional type and species richness. We found that warming significantly increased SOC storage by 8.1% and clipping decreased it by 6.4%, which was closely correlated with the corresponding response of below-ground net primary productivity (BNPP). We also found a negative correlation between SOC storage and species richness, which was ascribed to the increased BNPP via enhancing the dominance of grasses and decreasing species richness under warming. The lower SOC storage under clipping was caused by the clipping-induced decrease in BNPP via weakening the dominance of grasses and increasing species richness. Our findings highlight that the SOC storage in this alpine meadow under climate warming and clipping was primarily governed by BNPP, which was mediated by changes in the dominance of grasses and species richness. Overall, our study demonstrates that shifting to the dominance of grasses and changing species richness would benefit soil C sequestration under climate warming, but this positive effect would be dampened by grazing or hay harvest.</p>
Correlation between fine root traits and pathogen richness depends on plant mycorrhizal types
<p class="MsoNormal"><span><span>Root uptake strategies are associated with the strength of negative plant</span><span>–</span><span>soil feedback induced (PSF) induced by soil pathogens. Given the intensified effect of pathogen richness in fine roots on the strength of negative PSF through the synergistic effects of multiple pathogens, researchers have proposed a trade-off between nutrient acquisition and pathogen defence in roots. However, empirical evidence is lacking. In addition, because the interaction between pathogens and fine roots depends on the mycorrhizal types of tree species, both fine root traits and mycorrhizal types should be incorporated to reveal covariation in pathogen richness and the strength of negative PSF. In this study, we selected 50 arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) tree species and 7 ectomycorrhizal (ECM) tree species in a subtropical forest to investigate the relationships between fine root traits and pathogen richness in fine roots and determined whether their relationships depended on plant mycorrhizal types. Our results showed that pathogen richness was negatively correlated with fine root diameter but was positively correlated with specific root length for the AM-associated species, while for the ECM-associated species, the pathogen richness was only found to have a significant negative relationship with the relative abundance of ECM fungi. These findings highlight the difference between AM- and ECM-associated species in pathogen defence and bridge the gap between root traits and pathogen richness, which is significant for improving our understanding of the potential factors mediating the strength of PSF and thus maintaining tree species diversity.</span></span></p>
Plant species richness on the Tibetan Plateau: Patterns and determinants
<p><span><span>Whether current hypotheses for geographic patterns of species richness (SR) have a strong explanatory power for the Tibetan Plateau (TP) with extreme climatic conditions remains unclear. </span><span>In comparison with the classic "water–energy dynamics hypothesis", the unique climate factors (e.g., extreme low temperature and low oxygen partial pressure) on the TP likely significantly affect the spatial variation of SR. Here, </span></span><span>we investigate</span><span> geographic patterns and determinants of SR on the TP </span><span>through a systematic field investigation. We systematically analyzed a total of 2,013 plant communities covering 11 different vegetation types on the TP. The SR per 400 m<sup>2</sup> in the forests and shrubs and that per 1 </span><span>m<sup>2</sup></span><span> in alpine grasslands and deserts was 62.76 (±1.80 SE), 44.53 (±7.57 SE), 16.84 (±0.39 SE), and 3.62 (±0.55 SE), respectively. Unique climate factors, such as </span><span>extremely low temperature, mean diurnal temperature, and oxygen partial pressure,</span><span> act synergistically with water–energy dynamics and influence the spatial pattern of SR on the TP. </span><span>Our findings provide novel insights into the mechanisms underlying the spatial variation in plant diversity, especially on plateaus and in high-latitude regions. </span><span>Our findings and the SR map with 1 km resolution provide important benchmarks for biodiversity conservation and may help to improve predictions of the effect of climate change on biodiversity.</span></p>
Data from: Landscapes with higher crop diversity have lower aphid species richness but higher plant virus prevalence
<p>Diversifying agricultural systems by growing more than one crop species in an area can decrease pest and disease pressure and increase crop yields. However, there is a lack of information on how crop diversity at larger spatial scales influences pest and disease pressure. Here, we investigated how landscape-scale crop diversity affects aphid vector communities and prevalence of non-persistently transmitted potato virus Y (PVY). To test the influence of landscape-scale crop diversity on PVY prevalence and aphid communities, we conducted a field study during the 2020 and 2021 field seasons in the San Luis Valley, Colorado where we quantified aphid communities and PVY incidence at multiple sites. We then determined the association of aphid species richness and abundance and PVY incidence with landscape variables (crop diversity metrics and percentage cover of crop species) within 1, 2 and 3 km buffers from study sites. Higher crop diversity (measured as Shannon diversity index) led to decreased aphid species richness at a 3 km buffer in the 2021 field season. Percentage of alfalfa was positively associated with aphid species richness in 2020 and aphid abundance in 2021 within a 1 km buffer. Higher crop diversity led to increased PVY incidence at a 2 km buffer in 2021 and 3 km buffer in 2020 and 2021. At a 3 km buffer in 2021, we found a positive influence of crop species richness on PVY incidence and a negative influence of crop species evenness on PVY incidence. Also in 2021, we found a positive influence of percentage of potato (virus host) on PVY incidence and a negative influence of percentage of barley (virus non-host) on PVY incidence.</p> <p><strong>Synthesis and applications:</strong> In summary, we found that landscape-scale crop diversity impacts plant virus prevalence at spatial scales of >1 km. This suggests that potato growers could reduce PVY prevalence by geographically isolating potato fields from other potato or other PVY-hosts. Crop diversity had a negative influence on aphid vector communities so growers could reduce risk of virus spread by aphid vectors by using certified potato seed in a diversified landscape.</p>
Data and code from: Neighborhood habitat gains increase plant species richness in forest fragments - Rosenblad & Sullivan (2024)
<p>This repository contains all data and R code necessary to reproduce the results of Rosenblad & Sullivan (2024) <span>Neighborhood habitat gains increase plant species richness in forest fragments. README.md explains how the files fit together.</span></p>
Stylized urban landscapes optimized for compactness, climate regulation and vascular plant species richness
<p>The data set provides the output of a genetic algorithm optimizing a stylized urban region with respect to three target functions: urban compactness, climate regulation as an exemplary ecosystem service and vascular plant species richness as a measure of biodiversity.</p> <p>The optimisation varies the spatial allocation of three types of land cover blocks in a stylized urban region: high- and low-density and park blocks which consist of green and/or built-up cells. We systematically vary landscape composition at the block level, but keep city size constant.</p> <p>The data set is related to a publication submitted to Frontiers in Environmental Science.</p>
Dataset for plant species richness estimation in a wet grassland field using UAV data features
<p>This dataset supports the estimation of plant species richness in a wet grassland field using features extracted from UAV (Unmanned Aerial Vehicle) data. It includes field and plot shapefiles, pre-processed input data, model performance metrics, spatial predictions (RASTER files).The dataset also contains geospatial imagery in the form of input and scaled GeoTIFF images, as well as two additional CSV files: <code>date.csv</code>, which records the cutting dates relevant to the study, and <code>merged_obs.csv</code>, which consolidates all the features with canopy height information extracted from Digital Elevation Model (DEM) data with field observed plant species richness.</p> <ul> <li> <p><strong>Summary:</strong></p> <ul> <li><strong>BIomass_Samples_Shapefiles:</strong> Contains shapefiles for field and plot-level data.</li> <li><strong>Results:</strong> <ul> <li><strong>ALLDATA:</strong> Pre-processed input data for RF and PLS models.</li> <li><strong>MODELPERF:</strong> Performance metrics and variable importance for RF and PLS models.</li> <li><strong>RASTER:</strong> Spatially-explicit predictions (maps) for plant species richness estimation.</li> <li><strong>GLCM:</strong> Pre-processed Gray Level Co-occurrence Matrix (texture features).</li> <li><strong>VI:</strong> Pre-processed Vegetation Indices.</li> </ul> </li> <li><strong>TIF:</strong> Input and scaled geotiff images. <ul> <li><strong>rescaled:</strong> Rescaled geotiff images.</li> <li><strong>resampled:</strong> Resampled geotiff images.</li> </ul> </li> <li><strong>date.csv:</strong> Contains cutting dates for the field.</li> <li><strong>merged_obs.csv:</strong> Contains DEM and species richness data (number of species).</li> </ul> </li> </ul> <p>This work was supported by the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF) through the Digital Agriculture Knowledge and Information System (DAKIS) Project [Grant number 031B0729E]. </p>
Data and R code used in Hennecke et al. "Plant species richness and the root economics space drive soil fungal communities"
<p>To investigate how plant diversity and root traits relate to soil fungal communities, in 2021 we collected trait data from plots in the Jena Experiment (https://the-jena-experiment.de; funded by the DFG FOR 5000) and characterized fungal communities by sequencing, respiration and lipid fatty acid quantification. </p>
Data from: Plant community responses to long-term fertilization: changes in functional group abundance drive changes in species richness
Declines in species richness due to fertilization are typically rapid and associated with increases in aboveground production. However, in a long-term experiment examining the impacts of fertilization in an early successional community, we found it took 14 years for plant species richness to significantly decline in fertilized plots, despite fertilization causing a rapid increase in aboveground production. To determine what accounted for this lag in the species richness response, we examined several potential mechanisms. We found evidence suggesting the abundance of one functional group—tall species with long-distance (runner) clonality—drove changes in species richness, and we found little support for other mechanisms. Tall runner species initially increased in abundance due to fertilization, then declined dramatically and were not abundant again until later in the experiment, when species richness and the combined biomass of all other functional groups (non-tall runner) declined. Over 86 % of the species found throughout the course of our study are non-tall runner, and there is a strong negative relationship between non-tall runner and tall runner biomass. We therefore suggest that declines in species richness in the fertilized treatment are due to high tall runner abundance that decreases the abundance and richness of non-tall runner species. By identifying the functional group that drives declines in richness due to fertilization, our results help to elucidate how fertilization decreases plant richness and also suggest that declines in richness due to fertilization can be lessened by controlling the abundance of species with a tall runner growth form.
Beyond species richness and community composition: Using plant functional diversity to measure restoration success in jarrah forest
<p>Aim: The importance of restoring ecosystem functions to native systems that have been degraded, damaged or destroyed is increasingly recognised. Yet few studies have measured the effect of restoration efforts on ecosystem functioning or the functional diversity (FD) that underpins it. Here we assessed change in FD of restored assemblages one to 25 years after the onset of post-mine restoration.</p> <p>Location: Northern Jarrah (<i>Eucalyptus marginata</i> Donn ex Sm.) Forest bioregion of south-western Australia.</p> <p>Methods: Functional richness, evenness, divergence and dispersion were derived from five plant functional traits relevant to community reassembly. Effects of three explanatory variables (i.e., age, year restoration was initiated, and time since fire) on six response variables (i.e., four FD indices, species richness, and compositional similarity to nearby reference forest) were analysed using linear mixed models for a dataset with repeated measures of plots through time (n= 810 plots), and linear models for a sub-set of one-time measures of different aged assemblages (i.e., space-for-time approach; n= 490 plots).</p> <p>Results: Functional evenness and functional dispersion increased with age, while functional divergence and functional richness decreased with age. Functional dispersion increased with time since fire, while functional richness decreased with time since fire. Species richness decreased with age, but at 25-years, species richness was comparable to that observed in reference forest. In contrast, similarity showed no relationship with age of restored forest, and at 25-years, similarity of restored forest to reference was low compared with similarity of reference forest to itself. Three of four FD indices had not reached those of reference jarrah forest 25-years after restoration had been initiated.</p> <p>Conclusions: Reassembly of FD suggests importance of environmental filtering and high functional redundancy. A longer time frame may be needed to assess FD of restored assemblages, and in the meantime, species richness is not an adequate surrogate of FD.</p>
Experimental extensification of mountain grasslands restores plant species richness but not species composition in the mid-term
<ol> <li><span>The traditional grasslands that characterize the cultural landscapes of the palaeartic mountain massifs represent biodiversity hotspots. Yet, they are currently threatened by the intensification of farming practices, notably excesses in fertilization and irrigation.</span></li> <li><span>We experimentally investigated the passive restoration of montane and subalpine hay meadows after six years of management intensification, with different levels of fertilization and irrigation, followed by five years of release of intensive management, i.e. extensification. More specifically, relying on a full randomized block-design replicated at 11 Swiss study sites constituted of extensively-managed meadows, we exposed during six years (2010-2015) four 20 m diameter plots to three levels of intensification (low, medium and high inputs), while a fourth plot served as a control (no inputs). In the second phase of the experiment (2016-2020), all study meadows underwent farming extensification.</span></li> <li><span>We monitored total species richness and plant diversity (Simpson diversity), indicator plant species as well as the composition and variability of the plant communities based on Bray-Curtis dissimilarity distances.</span></li> <li><span>We found that total species richness decreased in the most intensified plots after six years of intensification, but all plots retrieved their baseline species richness after five years of re-extensification. Additionally, we<span> found no difference between the years in plant diversity (Simpson diversity) among the treatments.</span><span> Yet, intensification led to different plants communities' compositions in all three levels of intensification in 2015 compared to the extensive plots, and this structural difference remained after five years of re-extensification.</span></span></li> <li><span><span><span>Synthesis and applications.</span> <span>Land-use intensification induces a rapid impoverishment of the flora of mountain meadows. Our results demonstrate the potential of mountain hay meadows to passively restore plant species richness after </span><span>re-extensification</span><span>, however </span><span>plants communities did not fully recover. We recommend maintaining fertilization inputs as low as possible and operating active restoration on grasslands formerly intensified.</span></span></span></li> </ol>
Data from: High vascular plant species richness in the Usumacinta River Basin: a comprehensive floristic checklist for a natural region in the Mesoamerican biodiversity hotspot
<p><span>Background: </span><span>Mesoamerica is one of the most important biodiversity hotspots on the planet. Despite significant efforts made over two centuries to contribute to the floristic knowledge of this region, our understanding of its flora is still scattered and uneven.</span></p> <p><span>Questions:</span> <span>What is the magnitude of the vascular plant species richness in the Usumacinta River Basin?</span></p> <p><span>Study site and dates: </span><span>Usumacinta River Basin (Guatemala and Mexico), 1838–2018.</span></p> <p><span>Methods: </span><span>We compiled the checklist by systematizing the floristic information acquired from various sources derived from numerous floristic and ecological studies.</span></p> <p><span>Results:</span><span> W</span><span>e recorded 6,977 species, 1,892 genera, and 274 families. The largest numbers of species (5,746) and records (58,859) correspond to the Mexican portion of the Usumacinta River Basin, compared to its Guatemalan counterpart (4,445 species and 19,952 records). The most species-rich families were Orchidaceae (598 species), Fabaceae (512), and Asteraceae (476). The prevalence of these and all other families with significant contributions to the flora varied among three elevation-defined sectors into which the Usumacinta River Basin was subdivided (lower, middle, and upper basin).</span></p> <p><span>Conclusions: </span><span>The Usumacinta River Basin is a strategic region for plant biodiversity conservation as it hosts almost one-third of all vascular plant species known for Mesoamerica and ca. 6 % of the entire flora in the Americas. Further botanical exploration should focus on those areas of the basin for which little or no information is available in order to gain a better appreciation of its flora.</span></p>
Long-term livestock exclusion increases plant richness and reproductive capacity in arid woodlands
<p><strong>Aim</strong></p> <p>Herbivore exclusion is implemented globally to recover ecosystems from grazing by introduced and native herbivores, but evidence for large-scale biodiversity benefits is inconsistent in arid ecosystems. We examined the effects of livestock exclusion on dryland plant richness and reproductive capacity.</p> <p><strong>Location</strong></p> <p>Central Australia.</p> <p><strong>Methods</strong></p> <p>We collected data on plant species richness and seeding (reproductive capacity), rainfall, vegetation productivity and cover, soil health, and herbivore grazing intensity from 68 sites across 6500 km<sup>2</sup> of arid Georgina gidgee (<em>Acacia</em> <em>georginae</em>) woodlands between 2017 and 2020. Sites were on an actively grazed cattle station and two destocked conservation reserves. We used structural equation modelling to examine indirect (via soil or vegetation modification) versus direct (herbivory) effects of grazing intensity by two introduced herbivores (cattle, camels) and a native herbivore (red kangaroo), on seasonal plant species richness and seeding.</p> <p><strong>Results</strong></p> <p>Soil health and rainfall were the strongest drivers of variation in richness and seeding. Cattle and camel grazing indirectly led to lower seasonal richness and seeding by reducing soil health. Kangaroos had a small but negative direct impact on richness, but no impact on soil health. Both introduced and native herbivores reduced annual chenopod shrub richness and seeding, whereas only cattle directly reduced perennial shrub richness and seeding. Camels indirectly reduced perennial shrub richness by impacting shrub abundance. Introduced herbivores reduced native grass richness and seeding indirectly via impacts on soil health, whereas forbs responded positively to cattle and camel activity.</p> <p><strong>Main conclusion</strong></p> <p>Considering indirect impacts improves evaluations of the effects of disturbances on biodiversity, as focusing only on direct effects can mask critical mechanisms of change. Our results indicate substantial biodiversity benefits from excluding livestock and controlling camels in drylands. Reducing introduced herbivore impacts will improve soil and vegetation condition, ensure reproduction and seasonal persistence of species, and protect native plant diversity.</p>
The functioning of alpine grassland ecosystems: climate outweighs plant species richness
<ol> <li><span>The biodiversity–ecosystem functioning relationship has received significant attention in recent decades. It has been widely demonstrated that plant diversity plays a crucial role in enhancing the functioning of terrestrial ecosystems. However, few studies have tested the influence of plant species richness in mediating the impacts of climate on ecosystem functions at large spatial scales. </span></li> <li><span>To address this gap, we utilized data from field surveys across broad climatic gradients at the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau, China. Our goal was to examine the importance of plant species richness for the functioning of alpine grassland ecosystems, specifically productivity and soil carbon sequestration. </span></li> <li><span>Our results showed strong positive correlations between ecosystem functioning and growing season precipitation as well as species richness. In contrast, there was a negative correlation with growing season temperature. Notably, the positive effect of growing season precipitation on ecosystem functioning outweighed the negative effect of growing season temperature. The indirect effects of growing season precipitation and temperature on ecosystem functioning through changes in species richness were weak. Furthermore, the inclusion of climate factors in the model weakened the relationships between species richness and ecosystem functioning.</span></li> <li><span><em>Synthesis</em>. Our findings demonstrate that climate factors are more important than species richness for the provisioning of ecosystem functions at large spatial scales. In summary, our study underscores the importance of considering climate factors alongside species richness when assessing ecosystem functioning across extensive geographical areas.</span></li> </ol>
Relationships between plant species richness and grazing intensity in a semiarid ecosystem
<p>Plant species richness is an important property of ecosystems that is altered by grazing. In a semiarid environment, we tested the hypotheses that (1) small-scale herbaceous plant species richness declines linearly with increasing grazing intensity by large ungulates, (2) precipitation and percent sand interact with grazing intensity, and (3) response of herbaceous plant species richness to increasing intensity of ungulate grazing varies with patch productivity. During January to March 2012, we randomly allocated 50, 1.5-m x 1.5-m grazing exclosures within each of six 2,500 ha study sites across South Texas, USA. We counted the number of herbaceous plant species and harvested vegetation in 0.25-m<sup>2</sup> plots within exclosures (ungrazed control plots) and in the grazed area outside the exclosures (grazed treatment plots) during October and November 2012–2019. We estimated percent use (grazing intensity) based on the difference in herbaceous plant standing crop between control plots and treatment plots. We selected the negative binomial regression model that best explained the relationship between grazing intensity and herbaceous plant species richness using the Schwarz Bayesian Information Criterion. After accounting for the positive effect of precipitation and percent sand on herbaceous plant species richness, species richness/0.25 m<sup>2</sup> increased slightly from 0 to ~ 30% grazing intensity and then declined with increasing grazing intensity. Linear and quadratic responses of herbaceous plant species richness to increasing grazing intensity were greater for the least productive patches (<15.7 g/0.25 m<sup>2</sup>) than for productive patches (≥15.7 g/0.25 m<sup>2</sup>). Our results followed the pattern predicted by the intermediate disturbance hypothesis model for the effect of grazing intensity on small-scale herbaceous plant species richness.</p>
Data from: Plant invasion overrides drought in suppressing arthropod abundance and richness
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Plant species richness, not hygrothermal stress, is the main predictor of gall-inducing insect richness in Peruvian Amazon forests
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