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69 results for “pollinating fig wasp”
Figure 11 in Constraints on convergence: hydrophobic hind legs allow some male pollinator fig wasps early access to submerged females
Figure 11. Scanning electron micrograph of Sycophaga fusca (Girault, 1915) showing the (a) metasoma and (b) modified peritremata towards the end of the metasoma typical of the males of this genus.
Figure 10 in Constraints on convergence: hydrophobic hind legs allow some male pollinator fig wasps early access to submerged females
Figure 10. Resting position of the hind legs of a male Ceratosolen corneri when floating in a headdown position on the surface of distilled water. The water-repellent legs ensure that the propodeal spriracles (anterior to the base of the gaster) remain clear of the water surface.
Figure 6 in Constraints on convergence: hydrophobic hind legs allow some male pollinator fig wasps early access to submerged females
Figure 6. Scanning electron micrograph of the proximal part of the inner face of the hind coxa of Ceratosolen corneri (from Ficus botryocarpa) showing the non-socketed setae with raised bases and the highly modified cuticular surface.
Figure 1 in Constraints on convergence: hydrophobic hind legs allow some male pollinator fig wasps early access to submerged females
Figure 1. Drawing of a Ceratosolen dentifer Wiebes adult male showing the elongate hairy hind legs and the forward-pointing telescopic metasoma extending forward beneath the head (from Wiebes 1994, fig. 2, reproduced with permission).
Figure 9 in Constraints on convergence: hydrophobic hind legs allow some male pollinator fig wasps early access to submerged females
Figure 9. Variation in resistance to wetting (means ± standard deviation) of male fig wasp hind legs in relation to immersion in liquids with differing surface tensions. The solutions are ordered in sequence of increasing surface tension. Resistance to wetting was scored using an index of 0 (least resistant), 1 or 2 (most resistant), depending on the formation of air bubbles between the hind legs. (a) Ceratosolen corneri from Ficus botryocarpa. (b) Ceratosolen bisulcatus from Ficus septica.
FIG. 2 in Interactions between the sexually deceptive orchid Spiculaea ciliata and its wasp pollinator Thynnoturneria sp. (Hymenoptera: Thynninae)
FIG. 2. The number of males contacting an elbow orchid over 5 minute presentations of bait specimens. (Top) Results of 10 trials conducted at Frank Hann National Park in November 1995. DiOEerences in the mean numbers of contacts over the 5 minutes are statistically signi®cant: ANOVA F = 7.6, p <0.001. (Middle) Results of 16 trials at [4,45] Pallarup Rocks Reserve in November 1995. DiOEerences in the mean numbers of contacts over the 5 minutes are statistically signi®cant: ANOVA F = 5.4, p <0.001. (Bottom) [4, 75] Results of 36 trials at Pallarup Rocks Reserve in November 1997. DiOEerences in the mean numbers of contacts over the 5 minutes are statistically signi®cant: ANOVA F = 11.5, p<0.001.
Data from: Plant connectivity underlies plant-pollinator-exploiter distributions in Ficus petiolaris and associated pollinating and non-pollinating fig wasps
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Data from: Inferring processes of coevolutionary diversification in a community of Panamanian strangler figs and associated pollinating wasps
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Low host specificity and broad geographic ranges in a community of parasitic non-pollinating fig wasps (Sycoryctinae; Chalcidoidea)
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Differential effects of nematode infection on pollinating and non-pollinating fig wasps: can shared antagonism provide net benefits to a mutualism?
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Data from: Climate warming and the potential extinction of fig wasps, the obligate pollinators of figs
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Data from: Lack of genetic isolation by distance, similar genetic structuring but different demographic histories in a fig-pollinating wasp mutualism
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Fig. 4 in Community Structure and Undescribed Species Diversity in Non-Pollinating Fig Wasps Associated with the Strangler Fig Ficus petiolaris
Fig. 4. Maximum-clade credibility tree representing the complete Idarnes data set.Tips of the tree are labeled with the host fig taxon name.The four Idarnes species associated with Ficus petiolaris do not form a monophyletic group, suggesting a history of host switching for the Idarnes species associated with F. petiolaris. Additionally, LO2 is not monophyletic but forms two distinct clades, with Idarnes sampled from other host fig trees interspersed between them.The two Idarnes samples collected from Ficus pertusa in sympatry with F. petiolaris cluster with one of the LO2 clades (denoted by a circle). Black squares represent posterior probabilities ≥0.95; gray squares represent posterior probabilities <0.95 and ≥0.5. All other nodes had support values below 0.5. Wasps that formed monophyletic groups and were associated with the same host fig species were collapsed for visual purposes.
Fig. 1. Sampling sites for Idarnes wasps associated with Ficus petiolaris. Idarnes wasps were collected from host F in Community Structure and Undescribed Species Diversity in Non-Pollinating Fig Wasps Associated with the Strangler Fig Ficus petiolaris
Fig. 1. Sampling sites for Idarnes wasps associated with Ficus petiolaris. Idarnes wasps were collected from host F. petiolaris localities distributed across Sonoran Desert habitats in Baja California (1–11) and Sonora (12–16), Mexico. Locales 1–13 are from F. petiolaris subspecies palmeri and locales 14–16 are from F. petiolaris subspecies petiolaris. See Table 1 for additional details.
Fig. 7 in Community Structure and Undescribed Species Diversity in Non-Pollinating Fig Wasps Associated with the Strangler Fig Ficus petiolaris
Fig. 7. Idarnes behavioral assays. (A) The proportion of the total number of Idarnes individuals of each species (N at top) observed ovipositing into syconia of each of four developmental stages, from early female phase to interphase (labeled on right). (B) The proportion of I. flavicollis (LO1) and I. carme (SO1+SO2) wasps developing in inner, middle, and outer ranks of ovules within syconia.
Figure 1 in First record of a non-pollinating fig wasp (Hymenoptera: Sycophaginae) from Dominican amber, with estimation of the size of its host figs
Figure 1. Idarnes thanatos sp. nov. female. (a) habitus in lateral view; (b) antenna; (c) detail of antenna; (d) mesosoma in dorsal view; (e) detail of profemur and protibia; (f) wings.
Data from: Pollination along an elevational gradient mediated both by floral scent and pollinator compatibility in the fig and fig‐wasp mutualism
In the fig (Moraceae) and fig‐wasp (Agaonidae) mutualism, scent is believed to be of primary importance in pollinator attraction and maintenance of species specificity. Scent divergence between closely related Ficus species seems sufficient in promoting reproductive isolation through pollinator behaviour, starting the process of speciation. We investigated volatile organic compound (VOC) variation from figs in several Ficus species endemic to Papua New Guinea. Sister species of section Papuacyse and subspecies of Ficus trichocerasa substitute each other along the continuously forested Mt. Wilhelm elevational gradient. We placed these species in a phylogenetic context to draw conclusions of scent divergence between close relatives. In addition, pollinator response to VOCs emitted by figs of different species was tested. Volatile profiles differed significantly between focal species, although with a varying degree of overlap between (sub)species and elevations. Pollinators were generally attracted to VOCs emitted only by their hosts except in one case where pollinating fig wasps were also attracted to the sister species of its host. Wasp morphological traits, however, indicate that it is mechanically impossible for this species to oviposit in figs of this atypical encounter. Synthesis. This study demonstrates that while scent is an effective signal for partner recognition, there are multiple barriers which help maintain prepollination isolation in fig and pollinating fig‐wasp interactions. Speciation along this elevational gradient is reinforced by divergence in key reproductive isolation mechanisms on both sides of the mutualism.
Data from: Genetic and physiological data suggest demographic and adaptive responses in complex interactions between populations of figs (Ficus pumila) and their pollinating wasps (Wiebesia pumilae)
To study interactions between host figs and their pollinating wasps and the influence of climatic change on their genetic structures, we sequenced cytoplasmic and nuclear genes and genotyped nuclear microsatellite loci from two varieties of Ficus pumila, the widespread creeping fig and endemic jelly fig, and from their pollinating wasps, Wiebesia pumilae, found in Taiwan and on nearby offshore islands. Great divergence in the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (mtCOI) with no genetic admixture in nuclear markers indicated that creeping- and jelly-fig wasps are genetically distinct. Compared with creeping-fig wasps, jelly-fig wasps also showed better resistance under cold (20 °C) than warm (25 and 30 °C) conditions in a survival test, indicating their adaptation to a cold environment, which may have facilitated population expansion during the ice age as shown by a nuclear intron and 10 microsatellite loci. An excess of amino acid divergence and a pattern of too many rare mtCOI variants of jelly-fig wasps as revealed by computer simulations and neutrality tests implied the effect of positive selection, which we hypothesize was associated with the cold-adaptation process. Chloroplast DNA of the two fig plants was completely segregated, with signs of genetic admixture in nuclear markers. As creeping- and jelly-fig wasps can pollinate creeping figs, occasional gene flow between the two figs is thus possible. Therefore, it is suggested that pollinating wasps may be playing an active role in driving introgression between different types of host fig.
Data from: Phylogenetic Relationships of Fig Wasps Pollinating Functionally Dioecious Ficus Based on Mitochondrial DNA Sequences and Morphology
The obligate mutualism between pollinating fig wasps in the family Agaonidae (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea) and Ficus species (Moraceae) is often regarded as an example of coevolution but little is known about the history of the interaction and understanding the origin of functionally dioecious fig pollination has been especially difficult. The phylogenetic relationships of fig wasps pollinating functionally dioecious Ficus were inferred from mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase gene sequences (mtDNA) and morphology. Separate and combined analyses indicated that the pollinators of functionally dioecious figs are not monophyletic. However, pollinator relationships were generally congruent with host phylogeny and support a revised classification of Ficus. Ancestral changes in pollinator ovipositor length were also correlated with changes in fig breeding system. In particular, the relative elongation of the ovipositor was associated with the repeated loss of functionally dioecious pollination. The concerted evolution of interacting morphologies may bias estimates of phylogeny based on female head characters but homoplasy is not so concerted in other morphological traits. The lesser phylogenetic utility of morphology compared to mtDNA is not due to rampant convergence in morphology but rather to the greater number of potentially informative characters in DNA sequence data and patterns of nucleotide substitution also limit the utility of mtDNA. None the less, inferring the ancestral associations of fig pollinators from the best-supported phylogeny provided strong evidence of host conservatism in this highly specialized mutualism.
FIG. 4 in Interactions between the sexually deceptive orchid Spiculaea ciliata and its wasp pollinator Thynnoturneria sp. (Hymenoptera: Thynninae)
FIG. 4. The number of males contacting an elbow orchid during the ®rst three 5 minute
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