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106 results for “polyphenism”
Figure 1 in Consistent seasonal polyphenism in male genitalia of three Leptidea butterfly species (Lepidoptera: Pieridae)
Figure 1. Lateral view of Leptidea male genital structures: phallus (A), capsule (B), saccus (C) and uncus (D). Red circles indicate landmark locations (fixed landmarks are recognizable by the number from sliding semi-landmarks).
Data from: Climatic factors shape plastic trade-offs in the polyphenic black scavenger fly Sepsis thoracica (Diptera: Sepsidae)
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Data from: Developmental plasticity in metabolism but not in energy reserve accumulation in a seasonally polyphenic butterfly
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Data from: A case for a joint strategy of diversified bet hedging and plasticity in the pea aphid wing polyphenism
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Data from: Specialization of a polyphenism switch gene following serial duplications in Pristionchus nematodes
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Data from: Lifetime fitness, sex-specific life history, and the maintenance of a polyphenism
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Data from: Seasonal polyphenism in wing coloration affects species recognition in rubyspot damselflies (Hetaerina spp.)
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Data from: Specialization of a polyphenism switch gene following serial duplications in Pristionchus nematodes
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Data from: Carryover effects and the evolution of polyphenism
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Data from: Disruptive sexual selection on body size in the polyphenic black scavenger fly Sepsis thoracica
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Data from: Viability selection by invertebrate predators in the polyphenic scavenger fly Sepsis thoracica
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Data from: Shifting habitats, morphology and selective pressures: developmental polyphenism in an adaptive radiation of Hawaiian spiders
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Data from: Developmental plasticity for male secondary sexual traits in a group of polyphenic tropical butterflies
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Data from: The influence of symbiotic bacteria on reproductive strategies and wing polyphenism in pea aphids responding to stress
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Comparative reconstruction of the predatory feeding structures of the polyphenic nematode Pristionchus pacificus
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Data from: Does parasitoid pressure elicit defensive polyphenism in the green peach aphid?
<p>Aphids are capable of adapting to parasitoid pressure in the absence of sexual reproduction using epigenetically controlled polyphenism. Asexual lineages of aphids could thus become resistant to parasitoids over time and with repeated exposure, hampering biocontrol efforts that rely on parasitoid wasps. Prior to this study, wing polyphenism and reproductive polyphenism had been reported as parasitoid-adaptive responses in asexual lineages of at least two species of aphids, but it remained unclear whether parasitoid exposure could induce other defensive polyphenisms. Using a rigorous, replicated experimental evolution design, we aimed to induce adaptive polyphenisms in the green peach aphid, <i>Myzus persicae </i>Sulzer, through serial exposures of single asexual lines to the parasitoid <i>Aphidius colemani </i>Viereck over four consecutive generations. We attempted to measure changes in parasitoid susceptibility, reproductive schedule, body size, and production of pink or alate offspring compared to aphid control lines not exposed to parasitoids. Despite this consistently strong selective parasitoid pressure, there was no evidence that asexual lineages of <i>M. persicae </i>adapt to parasitoid pressure using adaptive polyphenism. Our data indicate that pseudo-crowding stress – where aphids disturbed by parasitoids or predators wander within a colony, increasing aphid-to-aphid contact and creating the illusion of a more crowded environment – may be necessary for <i>M. persicae </i>to produce defensive polyphenisms in response to parasitoid attack.</p>
Data from: Insulin signaling's role in mediating tissue-specific nutritional plasticity and robustness in the horn-polyphenic beetle Onthophagus taurus
Organisms cope with nutritional variation via developmental plasticity, adjusting trait size to nutrient availability for some traits while enabling others to develop in a nutritionally robust manner. Yet, the developmental mechanisms that regulate organ-specific growth across nutritional gradients remain poorly understood. We assessed the functions of members of the insulin/insulin-like signaling pathway (IIS) in the regulation of nutrition sensitivity and robustness in males of the horn-polyphenic beetle Onthophagus taurus, as well as potential regulatory interactions between IIS and two other growth-regulating pathways: Doublesex and Hedgehog signaling. Using RNA interference (RNAi) we experimentally knocked down both insulin receptors (InR1, InR2) and Foxo, a growth inhibitor. We then performed morphometric measurements on horns, a highly nutrition-sensitive trait, and genitalia, a largely nutrition-insensitive trait. Finally, we used qRT-PCR to assess expression levels of Doublesex and the Hedgehog-signaling gene smoothened following IIS-RNAi. Our results suggest that nutrition responsiveness of both traits is regulated by different IIS components, which transduce nutritional conditions to both Doublesex and Hedgehog pathways, albeit via different IIS pathway members. Combined with previous studies our findings suggest that separate origins of trait exaggeration among insect lineages were enabled through the independent cooption of IIS, yet via reliance on different components therein.
Data from: Morph-specific artificial selection reveals a constraint on the evolution of polyphenisms
Theory predicts that the evolution of polyphenic variation is facilitated where morphs are genetically uncoupled and free to evolve towards their phenotypic optima. However, the assumption that developmentally plastic morphs can evolve independently has not been tested directly. Using morph-specific artificial selection, we investigated correlated evolution between the sexes and male morphs of the bulb mite Rhizoglyphus echinopus. Large 'fighter' males have a thick and sharply terminating pair of legs used to kill rival males, while small 'scrambler' males have unmodified legs, and search for unguarded females, avoiding fights. We selected on the relative leg width of only the fighter male morph, tracked the evolutionary responses in fighters and the correlated evolutionary responses in scramblers and females that were untouched by direct selection. Fighters diverged in relative leg thickness after six generations; assaying scramblers and females at the ninth generation we observed correlated responses in relative leg width in both. Our results represent strong evidence for the evolution of intraspecific phenotypic diversity despite correlated evolution between morphs and sexes, challenging the idea that male morphs are genetically uncoupled and free to independen- tly respond to selection. We, therefore, question the perceived necessity for genetic independence in traits with extreme phenotypic plasticity.
Data from: The nutritionally responsive transcriptome of the polyphenic beetle Onthophagus taurus and the importance of sexual dimorphism and body region
Developmental responses to nutritional variation represent one of the ecologically most important classes of adaptive plasticity. However, knowledge of genome-wide patterns of nutrition-responsive gene expression is limited. Here, we studied genome-wide transcriptional responses to nutritional variation and their dependency on trait and sex in the beetle Onthophagus taurus. We find that averaged across the transcriptome, nutrition contributes less to overall variation in gene expression than do sex or body region, but that for a modest subset of genes nutrition is by far the most important determinant of expression variation. Furthermore, our results reject the hypothesis that a common machinery may underlie nutrition-sensitive development across body regions. Instead, we find that magnitude (measured by number of differentially expressed contigs), composition (measured by functional enrichment) and evolutionary consequences (measured by patterns of sequence variation) are heavily dependent on exactly which body region is considered and the degree of sexual dimorphism observed on a morphological level. More generally, our findings illustrate that studies into the developmental mechanisms and evolutionary consequences of nutrition-biased gene expression must take into account the dynamics and complexities imposed by other sources of variation in gene expression such as sexual dimorphism and trait type.
Data from: Genetic variation underlying the expression of a polyphenism
Polyphenic traits are widespread, and represent a conditional strategy sensitive to environmental cues. The environmentally cued threshold (ET) model considers the switchpoint between alternative phenotypes as a polygenic quantitative trait with normally distributed variation. However, the genetic variation for switchpoints has rarely been explored empirically. Here we used inbred lines to investigate the genetic variation for the switchpoint in the mite Rhizoglyphus echinopus, in which males are either fighters or scramblers. The conditionality of male dimorphism varied among inbred lines, indicating that there was genetic variation for switchpoints in the base population, as predicted by the ET model. Our results also suggest a mixture between canalised and conditional strategists in R. echinopus. We propose that major genes that canalise morph expression and affect the extent to which a trait can be conditionally expressed could be a feature of the genetic architecture of threshold traits in other taxa.
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