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151 results for “population tree”
Fig. 1 in Repeatability Analysis Of Egg Shape In A Wild Tree Sparrow (Passer Montanus) Population: A Sensitive Method For Egg Shape Description
Fig. 1. Differently shaped eggs characterised with the same egg shape index (ES = 0.7)
Table 1 in Seasonal mite population distribution on Caryocar brasiliense trees in the Cerrado domain
<p><b>Table 1.</b> Number of mites (cm 2 of leaf) or per fruit, diversity and species richness (cm 2 of leaf/tree), temperature (°C), rainfall (mm), relative humidity of air (%), sunlight (h), and velocity of wind (m/sec) (average ± SE) according to the season of the year on <i>Caryocar brasiliense</i>. Montes Claros, Minas Gerais State, Brazil.</p><table><tbody><tr><th></th><th></th><th><b>Season of the year</b></th><th></th></tr></tbody><tbody><tr><th><b>Mites/cm</b> <b>2</b> <b>of leaf</b></th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th></th><td><b>Summer</b></td><td><b>Autumn</b></td><td><b>Winter</b></td><td><b>Spring</b></td></tr><tr><th>Acari n.s.</th><td>0.0019 ± 0.0007A</td><td>0.0066 ± 0.0018A</td><td>0.0019 ± 0.0009A</td><td>0.0000 ± 0.0000A</td></tr><tr><th><i>Agistemus</i> sp. *</th><td>0.0086 ± 0.0021AB</td><td>0.0139 ± 0.0032A</td><td>0.0019 ± 0.0011B</td><td>0.0026 ± 0.0014B</td></tr><tr><th><i>Eutetranychus</i> sp. n. s.</th><td>0.0000 ± 0.0000A</td><td>0.0013 ± 0.0007A</td><td>0.0008 ± 0.0008A</td><td>0.0000 ± 0.0000A</td></tr><tr><th><i>Histiostoma</i> sp. **</th><td>0.0376 ± 0.0094C</td><td>0.0834 ± 0.0094A</td><td>0.0675 ± 0.0093B</td><td>0.0598 ± 0.0157B</td></tr><tr><th><i>Proctolaelaps</i> sp. **</th><td>0.0010 ± 0.0007B</td><td>0.0156 ± 0.0061A</td><td>0.0022 ± 0.0012B</td><td>0.0000 ± 0.0000B</td></tr><tr><th><i>Tetranychus</i> sp.1 **</th><td>0.0059 ± 0.0018AB</td><td>0.0150 ± 0.0034A</td><td>0.0124 ± 0.0041A</td><td>0.0000 ± 0.0000B</td></tr><tr><th><i>Tetranychus</i> sp.2 n.s.</th><td>0.0017 ± 0.0010A</td><td>0.0060 ± 0.0018A</td><td>0.0038 ± 0.0016A</td><td>0.0011 ± 0.0008A</td></tr><tr><th><b>Mites/fruit</b></th></tr><tr><th><i>Histiostoma</i> sp. *</th><td>76.76 ± 18.67A</td><td>0.00 ± 0.00B</td><td>0.00 ± 0.00B</td><td>0.00 ± 0.00B</td></tr><tr><th><i>Proctolaelaps</i> sp. *</th><td>2.80 ± 0.79A</td><td>0.00 ± 0.00B</td><td>0.00 ± 0.00B</td><td>0.00 ± 0.00B</td></tr><tr><th><b>Ecological indices</b></th></tr><tr><th>Diversity**</th><td>3.82 ± 1.02AB</td><td>5.19 ± 1.36A</td><td>3.54 ± 0.87AB</td><td>1.96 ± 0.32B</td></tr><tr><th>Species richness*</th><td>2.70 ± 0.65AB</td><td>3.60 ± 0.71A</td><td>2.70 ± 0.73AB</td><td>1.60 ± 0.26B</td></tr><tr><th><b>Variables</b></th></tr><tr><th>Temperature**</th><td>24.10 ± 0.11B</td><td>22.16 ± 0.30C</td><td>22.78 ± 0.23C</td><td>25.05 ± 0.27A</td></tr><tr><th>Rainfall**</th><td>5.15 ± 0.73B</td><td>1.04 ± 0.35B</td><td>1.03 ± 0.40B</td><td>22.48 ± 7.59A</td></tr><tr><th>Humidity*</th><td>75.80 ± 1.21A</td><td>64.31 ± 1.51B</td><td>52.36 ± 0.98C</td><td>63.97 ± 2.80B</td></tr><tr><th>Sunlight**</th><td>5.98 ± 0.32B</td><td>8.33 ± 0.16A</td><td>8.06 ± 0.20A</td><td>6.84 ± 0.56B</td></tr><tr><th>Wind**</th><td>2.48 ± 0.29A</td><td>1.80 ± 0.02B</td><td>2.30 ± 0.06A</td><td>2.12 ± 0.03AB</td></tr></tbody></table><p>Means followed by the same letter (average ± SE) in each row are not different by the test of Tukey (* = P<0.01 and ** = P <0.05).Freedom degree: mites/leaf = 5281, mites/fruit = 2184, ecological indices = 27, and climatic data = 72, “n.s.” = non-significant data.</p>
Data from: Hedging at the rear edge: Intraspecific trait variability drives the trajectory of marginal populations in a widespread boreal tree species
<p>Rear-edge populations at the warm margin of species distribution are small, isolated and face environmental conditions at the limit of species bioclimatic envelope. Intraspecific phenotypic variation contributing to the persistence of peripheral populations is expected to become increasingly important under future climate conditions in order to avoid local extirpation where range shifts lag behind climate change velocity.</p> <p>We investigated the putative role of intraspecific phenotypic variation for the maintenance of rear-edge populations of fire-prone jack pine (<em>Pinus banksiana</em>), an obligate pyriscent boreal species. We assessed whether variation in cone serotiny is associated with the population trajectory of marginal stands located south of the boreal biome, in the temperate forest where natural wildfires are infrequent and unpredictable. To this end, we estimated stand-scale serotiny, minimal age and tree size structure in 26 jack pine stands from the rear edge (n = 17 sites) and the core (n = 9 sites) of the species' range in eastern Canada.</p> <p>On average, rear-edge jack pine populations are less serotinous albeit more variably compared to range-core populations where serotiny is more uniformly high. Rear-edge stands are generally older and display reverse J-shape tree size structure indicative of a multi-aged demographic equilibrium, whereas range-core stands are younger and show a unimodal stand structure depicting a single aging cohort generally lacking interfire recruitment. Eco-evolutionary dynamics shifts from a dependency on wildfires in range-core populations to stands that can regenerate and persist without recurrent fires at the rear edge, where stand-scale serotiny reaches values below 85%.</p> <p>Synthesis: Unlike range-core populations, rear-edge jack pine populations can locally rely on a dual life-history strategy to ensure both steady recruitment during fire-free intervals and successful postfire regeneration. This capacity to cope with infrequent and unpredictable fire regime should increase the resilience and resistance of jack pine populations as global changes alter fire dynamics of the boreal forest. More generally, unique intraspecific phenotypic variation in rear-edge populations contributes to long-term species persistence in marginal environmental conditions that might scale up with global changes. The conservation of rear-edge populations and their genetic legacy appears crucial for the resilience of species.</p>
Data and MATLAB files for: Timescale analyses of fluctuations in coexisting populations of a native and invasive tree squirrel
<p>1. Competition from invasive species is an increasing threat to biodiversity. In Southern California, the western gray squirrel (Sciurus griseus, WGS) is facing increasing competition from the fox squirrel (Sciurus niger, FS), an invasive congener.</p> <p>2. We used spectral methods to analyze 140 consecutive monthly censuses of WGS and FS within a 11.3 ha section of the California Botanic Garden. Variation in the numbers for both species and their synchrony was distributed across long timescales (> 15 months).</p> <p>3. After filtering out annual changes, concurrent mean monthly temperatures from nearby Ontario Airport (ONT) yielded a spectrum with a large semiannual peak and significant spectral power at long timescales (> 30 months). Squirrel-temperature cospectra showed significant negative covariation at long timescales (> 35 months) for WGS and smaller significant negative peaks at 6 months for both species.</p> <p>4. Simulations from a Lotka-Volterra model of two competing species indicates that the risk of extinction for the weaker competitor increases quickly as environmental noise shifts from short to long timescales.</p> <p>5. We analyzed the timescales of fluctuations in detrended mean annual temperatures for the time period 1915-2014 from 1218 locations across the continental USA. In the last two decades, significant shifts from short timescales to long timescales have occurred, changing from less than 3 years to 4-6 years.</p> <p>6. Our results indicate that (i) population fluctuations in co-occurring native and invasive tree squirrels are synchronous, occur over long timescales, and may be driven by fluctuations in environmental conditions; (ii) long timescale population fluctuations increase the risk of extinction in competing species, especially for the inferior competitor; and (iii) the timescales of interannual environmental fluctuations may be increasing from recent historical values. These results have broad implications for the impact of climate change on the maintenance of biodiversity.</p>
Model for: Characterizing long‐term population conditions of the elusive red tree vole with dynamic individual‐based modeling
<div class="abstract"> <p>Old growth forests are declining globally, threatening dependent wildlife. Many arboreal old‐growth obligates, such as the threatened red tree vole, are difficult to monitor for changes in habitat occupancy, and abundance. Yet, conservation planning relies on this information to prevent population declines. We integrated a range of species, habitat, and landscape change information to develop a dynamic habitat‐population model. The spatial individual‐based model simulated dynamic patterns of occupancy that responded to annual habitat maps, describing 36 years of observed change. We simulated population dynamics and local movement to characterize changes in occupancy and abundance, and the capacity of remaining habitat to support red tree voles. Red tree vole redistribution patterns strongly corresponded to wildfire footprints and timber extraction locations. Population strongholds are likely to exist in clumped pockets of old‐growth forest that were unaffected by wildfire and in protected old forest reserves. However, the exact number and locations of local clusters remain uncertain. Simulated population losses occurred at different paces in different places, underscoring the need for recurring evaluation of population changes with field occupancy surveys and modeled evaluations that can anticipate potential connectivity and extirpation thresholds. This modeling approach was effective at leveraging existing information for a data‐light species to assess how historical changes to the quantity, quality, and configuration of habitat likely influenced the potential landscape capacity, species abundance, and distribution. Dynamic individual‐based modeling can benefit conservation planning for red tree vole and other reclusive forest species by providing biologically nuanced assessments of abundance and distribution. Such models can also project the long‐term benefits and impacts of spatially explicit land management plans.</p> </div> <div class="abstract"></div>
Data from: Linking environmental stability with genetic diversity and population structure in two Atlantic Forest palm trees
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Data from: Variation in population structure and dynamics of montane forest tree species in Ethiopia guide priorities for conservation and research
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Data from: Hedging at the rear edge: Intraspecific trait variability drives the trajectory of marginal populations in a widespread boreal tree species
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Anthropogenic disturbance driving population decline of a dominant tree in East Asia evergreen broadleaved forests over the last 11,000 years
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Data from: Multi-scale spatial genetic structure within and between populations of wild cherry trees in nuclear genotypes and chloroplast haplotypes
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Data from: Role of multiple invasion mechanisms and their interaction in regulating the population dynamics of an exotic tree
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Data from: Multi-population seedling and soil transplants show possible responses of a common tropical montane tree species (Weinmannia bangii) to climate change
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Data from: Declines in low-elevation subalpine tree populations outpace growth in high-elevation populations with warming
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Model for: Characterizing long‐term population conditions of the elusive red tree vole with dynamic individual‐based modeling
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Data for: Shifts in plant-invertebrate interactions between wild and ex-situ conservation populations of a critically endangered tree
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Data and MATLAB files for: Timescale analyses of fluctuations in coexisting populations of a native and invasive tree squirrel
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Data from: A strong east-west Mediterranean divergence supports a new phylogeographic history of the carob tree (Ceratonia siliqua, Leguminosae) and multiple domestications from native populations
Aim: Phylogeography of fruit trees is challenging due to the recurrent exchanges between domesticated and wild populations. Here we tested the eastern refugium hypothesis (ERH) for the carob tree, Ceratonia siliqua, which supports its natural and domestication origins in the Eastern Mediterranean and a feral origin in the West. Location: Mediterranean basin Taxon: Ceratonia siliqua L., Leguminosae Methods: Divergence time of the divergence between the carob tree and its sister species (C. oreothauma) was estimated based on two nuclear and one plastid sequences. Variation from four plastid regions and 17 nuclear microsatellite loci were used to decipher genetic structure in the carob tree and to test coalescent-based models by an Approximate Bayesian Computation (ABC) approach. We assessed our hypotheses by examining palaeobotanical records and hindcasting the past distribution of the carob tree at the Mid-Holocene, Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) and Last Interglacial (LIG) using species distribution modelling (SDM). Results: The split between C. oreothauma and C. siliqua was estimated at 6.4 Ma, and a first divergence within C. siliqua at 1.3 Ma. After a presence since the Oligocene, Ceratonia was found in the Western and the Eastern Mediterranean in the fossil records during the Pleistocene. Plastid and nuclear markers, characterized by low allelic richness, revealed a strong west-east genetic structuring. Approximate Bayesian computation (ABC) analyses rejected the ERH. Main conclusions: Our study supports a severe population decline during LIG. The strong west-east divergence and the occurrence of four lineages within C. siliqua provided support for a new hypothesis of multiple domestications of the carob tree from native populations throughout the Mediterranean basin.
Contrasting effects of host tree isolation on population connectedness in two tropical epiphytic bromeliads
<p><b>Premise of the study</b></p> <p>Conversion of primary forests to pastures is a major cause of habitat fragmentation in the tropics. Fragmentation is expected to impede gene flow for many plant species that are restricted to remaining forest fragments. Epiphytes may be especially vulnerable to this effect of forest fragmentation because they depend on host trees. However, trees that remain in pastures may enhance connectivity across the landscape for epiphyte species that can thrive on such trees. To investigate this possibility, we studied the genetic structures of two such species on isolated pasture trees and surrounding forest, in relation to their local abundances in different habitat types and aspects of their reproductive biology including pollen and seed dispersal agents, and looked for evidence of increased or diminished gene flow.</p> <p><b>Methods</b></p> <p>We used microsatellite markers to assess geographic patterns of genetic diversity and differentiation in two epiphytic bromeliads, <i>Catopsis nitida</i> and <i>Werauhia tonduziana,</i> in the Monteverde region of Costa Rica.</p> <p><b>Key results</b></p> <p>About 85%<sup> </sup>of the <i>F</i><sub>ST</sub> value for <i>Catopsis nitida</i> was found among pastures within regions, while for <i>Weruahia tonduziana,</i> about 80% of the <i>F</i><sub>ST </sub>value was contributed by differences between regions, indicating much more gene flow within regions, relative to <i>C. nitida</i>.</p> <p><b>Conclusions</b></p> <p>Although there was substantial genetic differentiation among epiphyte populations, those on isolated pasture trees were not substantially less diverse than those in adjacent forests, suggesting that pasture trees may serve as "stepping stones" that help these species maintain their genetic connectedness and diversity at larger geographic scales.</p>
Dynamic feedbacks among tree functional traits, termite populations and deadwood turnover
<p><b><span>1.</span></b><b> </b>Changes in the composition of plant functional traits may affect ecosystem processes through influencing trophic interactions. Bottom-up control by plant species through food availability to animals may vary with time. However, such dynamics and their consequences for deadwood turnover are poorly known for detrital food webs.</p> <p><b><span>2. </span></b>We introduce a dynamic conceptual model of the feedback of (deadwood-feeding) termite populations, tree functional traits and deadwood decomposition. We hypothesized that tree functional diversity (in terms of a wood resource economic spectrum, WES) supports the sustenance of termite populations via complementary food supplied through time, as deadwood varies in traits both initially between species and because of different decomposition rates. Simultaneously, the consumption of deadwood by termites was hypothesized to sustain deadwood turnover in a functionally diverse forest by the same temporal mechanism of changing wood quality of multiple species over time.</p> <p><b><span>3. </span></b>We tested our hypothesis through an 18-month termite-exclusion decomposition experiment by incubating coarse (i.e., 5 cm diameter) deadwood of 34 woody species in two subtropical forests in East China. One site still sustained a healthy population of pangolins as the keystone termite predator, while another had lost its pangolins due to hunting and illegal wildlife trade.</p> <p><b><span>4. </span></b>The results supported our hypothesis: in the first 12 months, termites amplified the positive linear relationship between % wood mass loss and initial wood quality (WES). In contrast, between 12 and 18 months, termite-mediated consumption, and associated wood mass loss, showed a humpback relation with the initial WES. This shift in termite preference of deadwood species along the WES indicated complementary food availability to termites through time.</p> <p><b><span>5. </span></b><b><i><span><span>Synthesis</span></span></i></b><b><span>.</span></b><b> </b>Our findings imply that tree functional composition, through variation in deadwood quality through decomposition time, can help to sustain termite populations and thereby forest carbon turnover. Future studies need to test whether and how our conceptual model may apply to other detrital systems and food webs. In general, food web research would benefit from a stronger focus on temporal patterns for better understanding the interactions of basal resource functional traits and consumers on ecosystem functions.</p>
Seedling traits from root to shoot exhibit genetic diversity and distinct responses to environmental heterogeneity within a tree population
<p>Phenotypic diversity within plant species is crucial to shaping evolutionary responses of populations and interactions among species, yet intraspecific genetic variability notably in roots has attracted little attention. Further, evidence for the root−shoot trait synchronisation remains inconclusive, narrowing our understanding of the role that belowground traits play in local adaptation. We applied broad 'top-to-toe' phenotyping to a model system whose native environmental conditions were simulated in experimental settings. Fifteen maternal families of Norway spruce <i>Picea abies </i>from southern Finland grew in six combinations of two simulated growing seasons and three soil treatments. We scored variation in 25 functional traits, including size, architecture and morphology of intact root systems, and shoot growth and phenology. Careful phenotyping of roots uncovered five trait dimensions, with root size, architecture and morphology forming the three largest axes of variation. Dimensions varied in their treatment responses. We observed among-family differences in all trait dimensions, marking substantial within-population genetic diversity. For example, average total root length varied almost twofold among families, but family × soil interactions indicated treatment-specific estimates of genetic variance. Mirroring root traits, phenotypic plasticity and genetic variation characterised shoot growth and phenology. In all, the complete phenotypic dataset yielded six trait dimensions, with assorted measures of root system and shoot size composing the main axis of variation. Although plastic and genetically variable, root architecture and morphology were not associated with shoot growth in any treatment. Also phenology and root-to-shoot ratio were detached from the primary axis of trait variability. Our results demonstrate that complex within-species patterns of trait covariation can be observed even locally and that phenotypic variation in independent trait dimensions reflecting divergent growth strategies is under genetic control. More accurate predictions of population and species responses to changes in the environment can be achieved when such intraspecific diversity is taken into account.</p>
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International Brain Laboratory public data
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OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.