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FIGURES 1–8 in Descriptions of two new notodontid species from the relic Fagus forests in northeastern Taiwan (Lepidoptera, Notodontidae)
FIGURES 1–8. Habitus of Syntypistis species. 1. S. taipingshanensis Wu & Hsu sp. n., male, holotype (TFRI); 2. ditto, female, paratype (NTNU); 3. S. punctatella (Motschulsky, 1861), male (NSMT); 4. ditto, female (NSMT); 5. S. melana Wu & Fang, 2003, male (NSMT); 6. ditto, female (NSMT); 7. S. abmelana Kobayashi & Kishida, 2005, male, paratype (NSMT); 8. ditto, female, paratype (NSMT). Bar scale = 10 mm. Photo by Shipher Wu.
FIGURES 17–20. Male 8 in Descriptions of two new notodontid species from the relic Fagus forests in northeastern Taiwan (Lepidoptera, Notodontidae)
FIGURES 17–20. Male 8th abdominal segment of Syntypistis species. 17. S. taipingshanensis Wu & Hsu sp. n., paratype (TFRI); 18. S. punctatella (Motschulsky, 1861)(NSMT); 19. S. melana Wu & Fang, 2003 (NSMT); 20. S. abmelana Kobayashi & Kishida, 2005, paratype (NSMT). Photo by Shipher Wu.
FIGURES 13–16 in Descriptions of two new notodontid species from the relic Fagus forests in northeastern Taiwan (Lepidoptera, Notodontidae)
FIGURES 13–16. Male genitalia of Syntypistis species. 13. S. taipingshanensis Wu & Hsu sp. n., paratype (TFRI); 14. S. punctatella (Motschulsky, 1861)(NSMT); 15. S. melana Wu & Fang, 2003 (NSMT); 16. S. abmelana Kobayashi & Kishida, 2005, paratype (NSMT). Photo by Shipher Wu.
FIGURES 25–28. Male genitalia and 8 in Descriptions of two new notodontid species from the relic Fagus forests in northeastern Taiwan (Lepidoptera, Notodontidae)
FIGURES 25–28. Male genitalia and 8th abdominal segment of Pheosiopsis species. 25, 27. Male genialita; 26, 28. 8th abdominal segment; 25–26. P. seni Wu & Hsu sp. n., holotype (BMNH); 27, 28. P. abalienata Kishida & Kobayashi, 2005, holotype (SCAU). Photo by Shipher Wu (25, 26); Min Wang (27, 28).
FIGURES 21–24 in Descriptions of two new notodontid species from the relic Fagus forests in northeastern Taiwan (Lepidoptera, Notodontidae)
FIGURES 21–24. Female genitalia of Syntypistis species. 21. S. taipingshanensis Wu & Hsu sp. n., paratype (TFRI); 22. S. punctatella (Motschulsky, 1861)(NSMT); 23. S. melana Wu & Fang, 2003 (NSMT); 24. S. abmelana Kobayashi & Kishida, 2005, paratype (NSMT). Photo by Shipher Wu.
FIGURES 33–36 in Descriptions of two new notodontid species from the relic Fagus forests in northeastern Taiwan (Lepidoptera, Notodontidae)
FIGURES 33–36. Life photos of Syntypistis and Pheosiopsis species. 33, 35. S. taipingshanensis Wu & Hsu sp. n.; 34, 36. P. seni Wu & Hsu sp. n.; 33. Male; 34. Female; 35, 36. Final instar larva on Fagus hayatae. Photo by Shipher Wu (33, 34); Chia- Lung Huang (35, 36).
FIGURE 3. a in A long-lost relic from the Eastern Ghats: Morphology, distribution and habitat of Sepsophis punctatus Beddome, 1870 (Squamata: Scincidae)
FIGURE 3. a: Dorsal view of CES09/985 in life; b: Close up photograph showing the vestigial forelimbs.
FIGURE 2a & 2b in A long-lost relic from the Eastern Ghats: Morphology, distribution and habitat of Sepsophis punctatus Beddome, 1870 (Squamata: Scincidae)
FIGURE 2a & 2b. Photographs of the habitat close to the type locality where CES09/985 was found.
FIGURE 1 in A long-lost relic from the Eastern Ghats: Morphology, distribution and habitat of Sepsophis punctatus Beddome, 1870 (Squamata: Scincidae)
FIGURE 1. Distribution of Sepsophis punctatus in the Eastern Ghats. The blue dot represents the type locality and the black dots represent the additional localities where S. punctatus was found.
Subspecies and Distribution. S. s. scrofa Linnaeus, 1758 — W Europe, from Denmark, Germany, Poland, and Czech Republic to N Italy and N Iberian Peninsula; possibly also Albania. The taxonomic status of animals in Austria, Switzerland, Slovenia, and Slovakia is unclear but presumably these populations are included in scrofa, as are the populations of Sweden, Finland, and the Baltic states. However, restocking of once depleted populations, for example in Italy, has likely involved the introduction and mixing of this subspecies with other subspecies, such as attila. S. s. affinis Gray, 1847 — S India and Sri Lanka. S. s. algirus Loche, 1867 — Tunisia, Algeria, and Morocco, on the coastal side of the mountains or in the low montane areas. S. s. attila Thomas, 1912 — Hungary, Ukraine, C & S Belarus, Romania, Moldova, and S Russia towards the N flank of the Caucasus, but not including the Transcaucasian countries of Georgia, Armenia, and Azerbaijan. The range possibly extends as far S as the Mesopotamian Delta in Iraq, in which case it would likely include W & SW Iran, and possibly E Turkey and Syria, where it borders with lybicus. Such a range could not be easily reconciled with a statement by Groves that "the difference between pigs from N and S of the Caucasus is quite striking; Transcaucasian boars are certainly not attila." This subspecies may also extend into C Asia and include Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, and Turkmenistan, but no data exist to support this. S. s. baeticus Thomas, 1912 — originally described from Coto Donana, S Spain, and later merged with meridionalis; also S Portugal. Unless evidence is found that these Italian and Iberian populations are the relics of a much larger formerly contiguous range, this subspecies should be kept as distinct. S. s. coreanus Heude, 1897 — Korean Peninsula. S. s. eristatus Wagner, 1839 — Himalayas S to C India and E to Indochina (N of the Kra Isthmus). S. s. davidi Groves, 1981 — the arid zone from E Iran to Gujarat, including Pakistan and NW India, and perhaps N to Tajikistan. S. s. leucomystax Temminck, 1842 — main Is ofJapan (Honshu, Shikoku, Kyushu, Nakadori, Hiburijima, Tojima, Kushima, and other smaller Is). S. s. lybicus Gray, 1868 — Bulgaria, Greece, Turkey, Syria, Jordan, Israel, Palestine, in the past also in Lybia, and Egypt. The former Yugoslavia was included in its range, which would suggest that now Slovenia, Serbia, Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Montenegro, and Kosovo are within the range of this subspecies, although the exact boundaries are unclear. Pigs from Albania have been assigned to S. s. scrofa. S. s. majori De Beaux & Festa, 1927 — C & S Italian Peninsula. S. s. menidionalis Forsyth Major, 1882 — Corsica and Sardinia, with the proviso that the two populations are very likely to be introduced or feral. S. s. moupinensis Milne-Edwards, 1871 — China, S to Vietnam and W to Sichuan. S. s. nigripes Blanford, 1875 — the flanks of the Tianshan mountains in Kyrgyzstan and NW China (Xinjiang). An animal photographed in NE Iran (Golestan) looked like this subspecies. S. s. nukiuanus Kuroda, 1924 — Iriomote, Ishigaki, Okinawa, Tokunoshima, Amamioshima, and Kakerome Is in the Ryukyu chain in extreme S Japan, though some of these populations have hybridized with introduced domesticates. S. s. sibiricus Staffe, 1922 — Mongolia and Transbaikal (S & E of Lake Baikal). S. s. tawvanus Swinhoe, 1863 — Taiwan. S. s. ussuricus Heude, 1888 — far E Russia and the Manchurian region (China). Korean populations were previously included in this subspecies, but based on new evidence, the Korean taxon seems more similar to moupinensis. S. s. vittatus Boie, 1828 — Malay Peninsula, S of the Isthmus of Kra, the offshore islands of Terutai and Langkawi, Sumatra, Riau Archipelago, Java, Bali, and a range of smaller islands around these, including Babi, Bakong, Batam, Bawean, Bengkalis, Bintan, Bulan, Bunguran, Cuyo, Deli, Durian, Enggano, Galang, Jambongan, Karimon (Riau Is), Kundur, Lagong, Laut, Lingga, Lingung, Mapor, Moro Kecil, North Pagai, Nias, Panaitan, Payong, Penang, Pinie, Rupat, Siantan, Siberut, Simeulue, Singkep, Sugi, Sugi Bawa, Telibon, Tinggi, Tuangku, and the Tambelan Is. This species was originally present from the British Is in the extreme W, through Eurasia from S Scandinavia to S Siberia, extending as far E as Korea and Japan, and SE into some of the Sunda Is and Taiwan. In the S the species ranged along the Nile Valley to Khartoum, and N of the Sahara in Africa, more orless following the continental coasts of S, E, and SE Asia. Within this range it was absent only from extremely dry deserts, e.g. the driest regions of Mongolia and in China W of Sichuan; and alpine zones, such as the high altitudes of Pamir and Tien Shan. In recent centuries, the range of S. scrofa has changed dramatically because of hunting and changes in available habitat. The species disappeared from the British Is in the 17" century, from Denmark in the 19" century, and was greatly reduced in range and numbers in the 20" century from areas as distant as Tunisia, Sudan, Germany, and Russia. Following these severe declines, there were some slight population recoveries in Russia, Italy, Spain, and Germany in the mid-20™ century, and natural and assisted range expansions in Denmark and Sweden. The species has also been inadvertently reintroduced in various locations in the Great Britain via escapees of mixed origin from commercial farming enterprises. Ex-S. scrofa stocks also occur as introduced feral populations in various other parts of the world, including Australia, New Zealand, the eastern Malay Archipelago, and in North, Central, and South America. In all of these areas they are now generally recognized as a major pest. in Suidae
Subspecies and Distribution. S. s. scrofa Linnaeus, 1758 — W Europe, from Denmark, Germany, Poland, and Czech Republic to N Italy and N Iberian Peninsula; possibly also Albania. The taxonomic status of animals in Austria, Switzerland, Slovenia, and Slovakia is unclear but presumably these populations are included in scrofa, as are the populations of Sweden, Finland, and the Baltic states. However, restocking of once depleted populations, for example in Italy, has likely involved the introduction and mixing of this subspecies with other subspecies, such as attila. S. s. affinis Gray, 1847 — S India and Sri Lanka. S. s. algirus Loche, 1867 — Tunisia, Algeria, and Morocco, on the coastal side of the mountains or in the low montane areas. S. s. attila Thomas, 1912 — Hungary, Ukraine, C & S Belarus, Romania, Moldova, and S Russia towards the N flank of the Caucasus, but not including the Transcaucasian countries of Georgia, Armenia, and Azerbaijan. The range possibly extends as far S as the Mesopotamian Delta in Iraq, in which case it would likely include W & SW Iran, and possibly E Turkey and Syria, where it borders with lybicus. Such a range could not be easily reconciled with a statement by Groves that "the difference between pigs from N and S of the Caucasus is quite striking; Transcaucasian boars are certainly not attila." This subspecies may also extend into C Asia and include Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, and Turkmenistan, but no data exist to support this. S. s. baeticus Thomas, 1912 — originally described from Coto Donana, S Spain, and later merged with meridionalis; also S Portugal. Unless evidence is found that these Italian and Iberian populations are the relics of a much larger formerly contiguous range, this subspecies should be kept as distinct. S. s. coreanus Heude, 1897 — Korean Peninsula. S. s. eristatus Wagner, 1839 — Himalayas S to C India and E to Indochina (N of the Kra Isthmus). S. s. davidi Groves, 1981 — the arid zone from E Iran to Gujarat, including Pakistan and NW India, and perhaps N to Tajikistan. S. s. leucomystax Temminck, 1842 — main Is ofJapan (Honshu, Shikoku, Kyushu, Nakadori, Hiburijima, Tojima, Kushima, and other smaller Is). S. s. lybicus Gray, 1868 — Bulgaria, Greece, Turkey, Syria, Jordan, Israel, Palestine, in the past also in Lybia, and Egypt. The former Yugoslavia was included in its range, which would suggest that now Slovenia, Serbia, Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Montenegro, and Kosovo are within the range of this subspecies, although the exact boundaries are unclear. Pigs from Albania have been assigned to S. s. scrofa. S. s. majori De Beaux & Festa, 1927 — C & S Italian Peninsula. S. s. menidionalis Forsyth Major, 1882 — Corsica and Sardinia, with the proviso that the two populations are very likely to be introduced or feral. S. s. moupinensis Milne-Edwards, 1871 — China, S to Vietnam and W to Sichuan. S. s. nigripes Blanford, 1875 — the flanks of the Tianshan mountains in Kyrgyzstan and NW China (Xinjiang). An animal photographed in NE Iran (Golestan) looked like this subspecies. S. s. nukiuanus Kuroda, 1924 — Iriomote, Ishigaki, Okinawa, Tokunoshima, Amamioshima, and Kakerome Is in the Ryukyu chain in extreme S Japan, though some of these populations have hybridized with introduced domesticates. S. s. sibiricus Staffe, 1922 — Mongolia and Transbaikal (S & E of Lake Baikal). S. s. tawvanus Swinhoe, 1863 — Taiwan. S. s. ussuricus Heude, 1888 — far E Russia and the Manchurian region (China). Korean populations were previously included in this subspecies, but based on new evidence, the Korean taxon seems more similar to moupinensis. S. s. vittatus Boie, 1828 — Malay Peninsula, S of the Isthmus of Kra, the offshore islands of Terutai and Langkawi, Sumatra, Riau Archipelago, Java, Bali, and a range of smaller islands around these, including Babi, Bakong, Batam, Bawean, Bengkalis, Bintan, Bulan, Bunguran, Cuyo, Deli, Durian, Enggano, Galang, Jambongan, Karimon (Riau Is), Kundur, Lagong, Laut, Lingga, Lingung, Mapor, Moro Kecil, North Pagai, Nias, Panaitan, Payong, Penang, Pinie, Rupat, Siantan, Siberut, Simeulue, Singkep, Sugi, Sugi Bawa, Telibon, Tinggi, Tuangku, and the Tambelan Is. This species was originally present from the British Is in the extreme W, through Eurasia from S Scandinavia to S Siberia, extending as far E as Korea and Japan, and SE into some of the Sunda Is and Taiwan. In the S the species ranged along the Nile Valley to Khartoum, and N of the Sahara in Africa, more orless following the continental coasts of S, E, and SE Asia. Within this range it was absent only from extremely dry deserts, e.g. the driest regions of Mongolia and in China W of Sichuan; and alpine zones, such as the high altitudes of Pamir and Tien Shan. In recent centuries, the range of S. scrofa has changed dramatically because of hunting and changes in available habitat. The species disappeared from the British Is in the 17" century, from Denmark in the 19" century, and was greatly reduced in range and numbers in the 20" century from areas as distant as Tunisia, Sudan, Germany, and Russia. Following these severe declines, there were some slight population recoveries in Russia, Italy, Spain, and Germany in the mid-20™ century, and natural and assisted range expansions in Denmark and Sweden. The species has also been inadvertently reintroduced in various locations in the Great Britain via escapees of mixed origin from commercial farming enterprises. Ex-S. scrofa stocks also occur as introduced feral populations in various other parts of the world, including Australia, New Zealand, the eastern Malay Archipelago, and in North, Central, and South America. In all of these areas they are now generally recognized as a major pest.
FIGURE 6. Cercophora costarricenses. A. Perithecia. B in Ascomycetes from the relic forest of Oreomunnea mexicana, Oaxaca, Mexico
FIGURE 6. Cercophora costarricenses. A. Perithecia. B. Transverse section of perithecium. C. Ostiole. D. Apical pore of ascus. E. Inmature ascospore. F, G. Ascospores with appendix.
FIGURE 3. Ascocoryne inflata. A, B. Apothecia. C in Ascomycetes from the relic forest of Oreomunnea mexicana, Oaxaca, Mexico
FIGURE 3. Ascocoryne inflata. A, B. Apothecia. C. Globose cells of ectal excipulum. D. Paraphysis. E. Ascospores.
FIGURE 5. Calyculosphaeria macrospora. A. Stromata. B. Ascomata. C. Ascospores. Thelonectria lucida. D, E. Perithecia. F. Conidium. Chaetosphaeria ellisii. G. Perithecia. H in Ascomycetes from the relic forest of Oreomunnea mexicana, Oaxaca, Mexico
FIGURE 5. Calyculosphaeria macrospora. A. Stromata. B. Ascomata. C. Ascospores. Thelonectria lucida. D, E. Perithecia. F. Conidium. Chaetosphaeria ellisii. G. Perithecia. H. Hymenium.
FIGURE 4. Coccomyces limitatus. A. Ascomata. B in Ascomycetes from the relic forest of Oreomunnea mexicana, Oaxaca, Mexico
FIGURE 4. Coccomyces limitatus. A. Ascomata. B. Longitudinal section of ascoma. C. Asci. D. Paraphyses. E. Ascospores.
FIGURE 7. Lasisophaeria ovina. A, B. Perithecia. C. Ostiole. D. Perithecium wall. E in Ascomycetes from the relic forest of Oreomunnea mexicana, Oaxaca, Mexico
FIGURE 7. Lasisophaeria ovina. A, B. Perithecia. C. Ostiole. D. Perithecium wall. E. Apical pore of asci. F–G Ascospores.
Evolutionary footprints of a cold relic in a rapidly warming world
<p>With accelerating global warming, understanding the evolutionary dynamics of plant adaptation to environmental change is increasingly urgent. Here we reveal the enigmatic history of the genus <i>Cochlearia </i>(Brassicaceae)<i>, </i>a Pleistocene relic that originated from a drought-adapted Mediterranean sister genus during the Miocene. <i>Cochlearia</i> rapidly diversified and adapted to circum-Arctic regions and other cold-characterized habitat types during the Pleistocene. This sudden change in ecological preferences was accompanied by a highly complex, reticulate polyploid evolution, which was apparently triggered by the impact of repeated Pleistocene glaciation cycles. Our results illustrate that two early diversified arctic-alpine diploid gene pools contributed differently to the evolution of this young polyploid genus now captured in a cold-adapted niche. Metabolomics revealed central carbon metabolism responses to cold in diverse species and ecotypes, likely due to continuous connections to cold habitats that may have facilitated widespread adaptation to alpine and subalpine habitats, and which we speculate were coopted from existing drought adaptations. Given the growing scientific interest in adaptive evolution of temperature-related traits, our results provide much-needed taxonomic and phylogenomic resolution of a model system as well as first insights into the origins of its adaptation to cold.</p>
Vascular plants of Ewe-Adakplame Relic Forest at Kétou in Benin, West Africa
<p>Covering 560.14 hectares in the south-east of Benin, the Ewe-Adakplame Relic Forest (EARF) is a micro-refugium<i> </i>that shows insular characteristics within the Dahomey Gap. It is probably one of the last remnants of tropical rain forest that would have survived the late Holocene dry period. Based on intensive field investigations through 25 plots (10 m × 50 m size) and matching of herbarium specimens, a checklist of 185 species of vascular plant belonging to 54 families and 142 genera is presented for this forest. In addition to the name for each taxon, we described the life form following Raunkiaer's definitions, chorology as well as threats to habitat. The Rubiaceae family was the richest (20 species) followed by the Fabaceae (15 species). Life forms showed the preponderance of phanerophytes (88%). The Chorological spectrum was dominated by Guineo-Congolean species (66%). Species richness estimated were 200.52 ± 9.2808 for <i>Bootstrap</i>; 217.62 ± 14.5972; 224.16 ± 15.3725 and 242.67 respectively for <i>Chao</i>, <i>Jacknife1</i> and <i>Jacknife2</i>. <i>Bootstrap</i> appears to be the estimation closer to the field records. In Benin, EARF is home for <i>Rinorea </i>species described as West African forest bio-indicators and single location for <i>Nesogordonia papaverifera</i>, <i>Mansonia altissima</i>, <i>Englerophytum oblanceolatum</i>, <i>Octolobus spectabilis</i>, <i>Vitex micrantha</i> and most of <i>Drypeteae</i> tribe species (<i>Drypetes aframensis, Drypetes afzelii, Drypetes gilgiana and Drypetes leonensis</i>) recorded in Benin. Our results provides baseline information for further in-depth analysis of vegetation history in Benin by raising the question on the past floristic connection of the Dahomey gap and community engagement in conservation.</p>
Egyptian Beetle Relic / Amulet
An Egyptain Beetle Relic / amulet collectable Source: Objaverse 1.0 / Sketchfab
FIGURES 33 – 36 in Descriptions of two new notodontid species from the relic Fagus forests in northeastern Taiwan (Lepidoptera, Notodontidae)
FIGURES 33 – 36. Life photos of Syntypistis and Pheosiopsis species. 33, 35. S. taipingshanensis Wu & Hsu sp. n.; 34, 36. P. seni Wu & Hsu sp. n.; 33. Male; 34. Female; 35, 36. Final instar larva on Fagus hayatae. Photo by Shipher Wu (33, 34); Chia- Lung Huang (35, 36).
FIGURES 24–29 in Cymbopleura laszlorum spec. nov. (Cymbellaceae, Bacillariophyceae), a glacial relic from a calcium-rich floodplain fen in southwestern Montana, USA
FIGURES 24–29. SEM images of Cymbopleura laszlorum spec. nov. 24–26. External valve views. 27–29. Internal valve views. Scale bars: 24, 27 = 5 μm; 25, 26, 28, 29 = 1 μm.
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Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
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DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
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OpenNeuro
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