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opennotspecifiedNov 2020View details →

Figure 2 in Reproductive biology of direct developing and threatened frog Adelophryne maranguapensis (Anura, Eleutherodactylidae) reveals a cryptic reproductive mode for anurans and the first record of parental care for the genus

Figure 2. Climatic parameters in Serra de Maranguape between the months of April 2010 and April 2012. Precipitation (columns); maximum relative humidity of air (blue line), minimum relative humidity of air (blue dashes), maximum temperature (red line), minimum temperature (red dashes), musical note (occurrence of vocalisations), egg (presence of egg masses); * without field work.

opencc-zeroDec 2020View details →

Female reproductive mode shapes allometric scaling of male traits in livebearing fishes (family Poeciliidae)

Reproductive mode is predicted to influence the form of sexual selection. The viviparity driven conflict hypothesis posits that a shift from lecithotrophic (yolk-nourished) to matrotrophic (mother-nourished or placental) viviparity drives a shift from pre-copulatory toward post-copulatory sexual selection. In lecithotrophic species, we predict that pre-copulatory sexual selection will manifest as males exhibiting a broad distribution of sizes, and small and large males exhibiting contrasting phenotypes (morphology and coloration); conversely, in matrotrophic species an emphasis on post-copulatory sexual selection will preclude these patterns. We test these predictions by gathering data on male size, morphology, and coloration for five sympatric Costa Rican poeciliid species that differ in reproductive mode (i.e. lecithotrophy vs matrotrophy). We find tentative support for these predictions of the viviparity driven conflict hypothesis, with some interesting caveats and subtleties. In particular, we find that the three lecithotrophic species tend to show a broader distribution of male sizes than matrotrophic species. Furthermore, large males of such species tend to exhibit proportionately large dorsal and caudal fins and short gonopodia relative to small males, while these patterns are expressed to a lesser extent in the two matrotrophic species. Finally, large males in some of the lecithotrophic species exhibit darker fins relative to small males, a pattern not evident in either matrotrophic species. One unexpected finding was that even in the matrotrophic species Poeciliopsis retropinna and Poeciliopsis paucimaculata, which lack courtship and dichromatic coloration, some morphological traits exhibit significant allometric relationships, suggesting that even in these species pre-copulatory sexual selection may be present and shaping size-specific male phenotypes in subtle ways.

opencc-zeroJun 2022View details →

Lichen speciation is sparked by a substrate requirement shift and reproduction mode differentiation

We show that obligate lignicoles in lichenized Micarea are predominately asexual whereas most facultative lignicoles reproduce sexually.AQ1 Our phylogenetic analyses (ITS, mtSSU, Mcm7) together with ancestral state reconstruction show that the shift in reproduction mode has evolved independently several times within the group and that facultative and obligate lignicoles are sister species. The analyses support the assumption that the ancestor of these species was a facultative lignicole. We hypothezise that a shift in substrate requirement from bark to wood leads to differentiation in reproduction mode and becomes a driver of speciation. This is the first example of lichenized fungi where reproduction mode is connected to substrate requirement. This is also the first example where such an association is demonstrated to spark lichen speciation. Our main hypothesis is that obligate species on dead wood need to colonize new suitable substrata relatively fast and asexual reproduction is more effective a strategy for successful colonization.

opencc-zeroJul 2022View details →

Intensity and mode of Lindera melissifolia reproduction are affected by flooding and light availability

A water impoundment facility was used to control the duration of soil flooding (0, 45, or 90 days) and shade houses were used to control light availability (high = 72 %, intermediate = 33 %, or low = 2 % of ambient light) received by L. melissifolia established on native soil of the MAV. A completely randomized, split-plot design was used to evaluate the effects of soil flooding and light availability on L. melissifolia reproductive intensity and mode. Analyses were conducted on plot means using PROC GLIMMIX with an adjustment in the error term for the whole-plot factor (SAS 9.4, SAS Institute, Inc., Cary, North Carolina, USA). PROC UNIVARIATE was used to test data normality for each response variable, and residual errors were normalized with Box-Cox, natural log, or square root transformations where appropriate prior to the PROC GLIMMIX analyses. Significance was accepted at ∝ = 0.05, and we used the least significant difference (LSD) test to separate significant treatment effect means. When a soil flooding and light availability interaction was significant, separation of soil flooding level means was conducted by light availability level, and separation of light availability level means was conducted by soil flooding level.

Fig. 6 in Histomorphological comparison of testes in species of box jellyfish (Cnidaria; Cubozoa): does morphology differ with mode of reproduction and fertilization?

Fig. 6 Chiropsalmus quadrumanus (from North Carolina State, USA). a Live specimen (scale bar 4 cm) (Image courtesy of Bastian Bentlage). b Male gonad in cross-section stained with toluidine blue (TB) (scale bar 20 μm). c Male gonad in cross-section stained with periodic acid-Schiff + hematoxylin (PAS-H) (scale bar 50 μm). cl cilia, m mesoglea, p pedalia, r rhopalia, sc spermatocyte, sg spermatogonia, t tentacle, v velarium, vl vacuole

Fig. 4 in Histomorphological comparison of testes in species of box jellyfish (Cnidaria; Cubozoa): does morphology differ with mode of reproduction and fertilization?

Fig. 4 Tamoya cf. haplonema from New Jersey State (USA). a– d Male gonad in cross-section stained with hematoxylin-eosin (HE) (scale bars 50 μm). e Male gonad in cross-section stained with Gomori's trichrome + hematoxylin (TG-H) (scale bar 50 μm). f Male gonad in crosssection stained with Toluidine blue (TB) (scale bar 20 μm). g Male gonad in cross-section stained with HE (scale bar 20 μm). Arrows in b-f indicate rupture sites from which sperm are released. sc spermatocyte, sg spermatogonia, sp sperm

Fig. 2 in Histomorphological comparison of testes in species of box jellyfish (Cnidaria; Cubozoa): does morphology differ with mode of reproduction and fertilization?

Fig. 2 Morbakka virulenta from Okayama (Japan). a Live specimen (scale bar 10 cm) (Image courtesy of Sho Toshino). b Male gonad stained with periodic acid-Schiff + hematoxylin (PAS-H) (scale bar 50 μm). c Male gonad stained with Gomori's trichrome + hematoxylin (TG-H) (scale bar 20 μm). m mesoglea, nc nucleus, ncl nucle- olus, sg spermatogonia, sc spermatocyte, vl vacuole

Fig. 1 in Histomorphological comparison of testes in species of box jellyfish (Cnidaria; Cubozoa): does morphology differ with mode of reproduction and fertilization?

Fig. 1 Carybdea marsupialis male gonads from two different localities (Italy and Spain). a Live specimen from Spain (scale bar 2 cm) (Image courtesy of Eduardo Obis). b, c Male gonads from Italian specimen in cross-section stained with hematoxylin-eosin (HE). Material fixed in ethanol (scale bars 100 μm and 20 μm, respectively). d, f Male gonads from Spanish specimen in crosssection stained with Toluidine blue (TB), HE and Gomori's Trichrome + Hematoxylin (TGH), respectively (scale bars 50 μm, 50 μm and 20 μm, respectively). g gonad, m mesoglea, nc nucleus, p pedalia, ph phacellae, sc spermatocyte, sg spermatogonia, t tentacle, v velarium, vl vacuole

Fig. 3 in Histomorphological comparison of testes in species of box jellyfish (Cnidaria; Cubozoa): does morphology differ with mode of reproduction and fertilization?

Fig. 3 Tamoya haplonema male gonad from São Paulo State (Brazil). a Live specimen (scale bar 2,5 cm) (Image courtesy of Alvaro E. Migotto). b Male gonad in cross-section stained with hematoxylin-eosin (HE) (scale bar 50 μm). c Male gonad in cross-section stained with Toluidine blue (TB) (scale bar 20 μm). d Male gonad in cross-section stained with Periodic Acid-Schiff (PAS) (scale bar 20 μm). g gonad, m mesoglea, mb manubrium, nc nucleus, p pedalia, r rhopalia, sc spermatocyte, sg spermatogonia, t tentacle, v velarium, vl vacuole

opencc-zeroJul 2021View details →

Latitudinal trend in the reproductive mode of the pea aphid Acyrthosiphon pisum invading a wide climatic range

The maintenance of sexuality is a puzzling phenomenon in evolutionary biology. Many universal hypotheses have been proposed to explain the prevalence of sex despite its costs, but it has been hypothesized that sex could be also retained by lineage-specific mechanisms that would confer some short-term advantage. Aphids are good models to study the maintenance of sex because they exhibit coexistence of both sexual and asexual populations within the same species and because they invade a large variety of ecosystems. Sex in aphids is thought to be maintained because only sexually produced eggs can persist in cold climates but whether sex is obligate or facultative depending on climatic conditions remains to be elucidated. In this study, we have inferred the reproductive mode of introduced populations of the pea aphid Acyrthosiphon pisum in Chile along a climatic gradient using phenotypic assays and genetic-based criteria to test the ecological short-term advantage of sex in cold environments. Our results showed a latitudinal trend in the reproductive mode of Chilean pea aphid populations from obligate parthenogenesis in the north to an intermediate life-cycle producing both parthenogenetic and sexual progeny in the southernmost subpopulation, where harsh winters are usual. These findings are congruent with the hypothesis of the ecological short-term advantage of sex in aphids.

opennotspecifiedOct 2010View details →

FIGURE 3 in Novel reproductive mode in a torrent frog Micrixalus saxicola (Jerdon) from the Western Ghats, India

FIGURE 3. Amplexus in Micrixalus saxicola and amplected female digging subterranean chamber. a) Amplected pair, male on the dorsum of female; b) Female putting hindlimbs together to dig a cavity. Pointer showing the hindlimb position; c) Female pushing the sand and pebbles and d) Amplected pair resting after one episode of digging.

opennotspecifiedOct 2010View details →

FIGURE 1. a in Novel reproductive mode in a torrent frog Micrixalus saxicola (Jerdon) from the Western Ghats, India

FIGURE 1. a) Habitat of Micrixalus saxicola from Kathalekan swamp forest, Uttara Kannada district, Karnataka, India. b) Yellow color morph of M. saxicola (Male, SVL=23.18mm); c) Brown color morph of M. saxicola (Male, SVL=23.4mm). Individuals not collected.

ClinicalTrials.gov32/100

Reproductibility of TM-mode Ultrasound Diaphragm Measures in Patients With Acute Respiratory Distress in the ER

ClinicalTrials.gov study NCT01743105. IPD Sharing: Not stated. Countries: 1. Publications: 1.

restrictedIPD-UNDECIDEDFeb 2026View details →