Find research datasets worth reusing

opencc-by-4.0Nov 2020View details →

Figure 2 in Characterizing Environmental Change and Species' Histories from Stratified Faunal Records in Southeastern Australia: A Regional Review and a Case Study for the Early to Middle Holocene

Figure 2. Representative (east and south) sections of WJ99 Square 10B, showing locations of AMS radio-

opencc-by-4.0Sep 2022View details →

Figure 1 in The Chironomus species studied by Letha Karunakaran in Singapore, with a review of the status of selected South-East Asian Chironomus

Figure 1. Male hypopygium of Chironomus flaviplumus-Type B. Note that the anal point is not black and not sharply turned-down, and that the SVo is beaked and not gently curved.

Figures 8–16 in Studies of Australian Hydrobiosella Tillyard: a review of the Australian species of the Hydrobiosella bispina Kimmins group (Trichoptera: Philopotamidae)

Figures 8–16. Hydrobiosella spp. male genitalia in dorsal, lateral and part ventral views; 8–10, Hydrobiosella nandawar sp. nov.; 8, dorsal; 9, lateral; 10, ventral, mesodistal margin of segment IX; 11–13, Hydrobiosella dugerang sp. nov.; 11, dorsal; 12, lateral; 13, ventral, mesodistal margin of segment IX; 14–16, Hydrobiosella bilga sp. nov.; 14, dorsal; 15, lateral; 16, ventral, mesodistal margin of segment IX.

Figures 17–25 in Studies of Australian Hydrobiosella Tillyard: a review of the Australian species of the Hydrobiosella bispina Kimmins group (Trichoptera: Philopotamidae)

Figures 17–25. Hydrobiosella spp. male genitalia in dorsal, lateral and part ventral views; 17–19, Hydrobiosella mundagurra sp. nov.; 17, dorsal; 18, lateral; 19, ventral, mesodistal margin of segment IX; 20–22, Hydrobiosella bispina Kimmins.; 20, dorsal; 21, lateral; 22, ventral, mesodistal margin of segment IX; 23–25, Hydrobiosella arcuata Kimmins; 23, dorsal; 24, lateral; 25, ventral, mesodistal margin of segment IX.

Figures 1–7 in Studies of Australian Hydrobiosella Tillyard: a review of the Australian species of the Hydrobiosella bispina Kimmins group (Trichoptera: Philopotamidae)

Figures 1–7. Hydrobiosella spp.; 1, Hydrobiosella arcuata Kimmins, wings; 2–7, Hydrobiosella spp., male genitalia in dorsal, lateral and part ventral views; 2–4, Hydrobiosella unispina sp. nov.; 2, dorsal; 3, lateral; 4, ventral, mesodistal margin of segment IX; 5–7, Hydrobiosella gurara sp. nov.; 5, dorsal; 6, lateral; 7, ventral, mesodistal margin of segment IX.

Figures 35–49 in Studies of Australian Hydrobiosella Tillyard: a review of the Australian species of the Hydrobiosella bispina Kimmins group (Trichoptera: Philopotamidae)

Figures 35–49. Hydrobiosella spp.; 35–37, Hydrobiosella yokunna sp. nov. male genitalia in dorsal, lateral and part ventral views; 35, dorsal; 36, lateral; 37, ventral, mesodistal margin of segment IX; 38–49, Hydrobiosella spp. female genitalia (part segment VIII) in lateral and (segment VIII) ventral view; 38–39, Hydrobiosella unispina sp. nov.; 38, lateral; 39, ventral; 40–41, Hydrobiosella mundagurra sp. nov.; 40, lateral; 41, female genitalia, ventral; 42–43, Hydrobiosella bispina Kimmins; 42, lateral; 43, ventral; 44–45, Hydrobiosella arcuata Kimmins; 44, lateral; 45, ventral; 46–47, Hydrobiosella woonoongoora sp. nov.; 46, lateral; 47, ventral; 48–49, Hydrobiosella thurawal sp. nov.; 48, lateral; 49, ventral.

opencc-by-4.0Mar 2023View details →

Figure 1 in Studies of Brazilian birds along altitudinal gradients: a critical review

Figure 1. Map illustrating the locations where altitudinal bird studies were carried out. Primary sources indicated by blue circles, secondary by red circles.

opencc-by-4.0Dec 2018View details →

Fig. 1A–D in Review paper A Half-century of Research on Free-living Amoebae (1965-2017): Review of Biogeographic, Ecological and Physiological Studies

Fig. 1A–D. Column graphs showing the number of published papers reviewed (ordinate) grouped by decades (abscissa). 1A – Total; 1B – Biogeography; 1C – Ecology; 1D – Physiology.

opencc-zeroJun 2023View details →

State-of-the-Art Review on the Aspects of Martensitic Alloys Studied via Machine Learning

Description The dataset for the  review paper titled "State-of-the-Art Review on the Aspects of Martensitic Alloys Studied via Machine Learning" consists of the four files with the names (i) alloy_names.csv, (ii) machine_learning_methods.csv, (iii) nomenclature.csv, and (iv) ptmc_terminologies.csv. (i) alloy_names.csv : This file presents the summarized list of alloys' names which have been discussed in the review paper. The list thus provides the names of the alloys for which data-driven studies have been attempted to explore one of the effects - martensitic transformation, phase transformation or shape memory effect.  (ii) machine_learning_methods.csv : The machine learning methods that have been discussed in the review paper in relation to the simulation, modeling or prediction tasks in martensitic alloys are listed in this file. This csv file conssits of three columns. The first column "Methods" lists the names of the machine learning methods whereas the second column "Purpose" briefly reveals the objective of the use of the named machine learning method. The final column "Reference" provides the information about the original work (source) from which the data is obtained.  (iii) nomenclature.csv : This file lists all of the acronyms utilized in the review paper, and provides their corresponding full forms.   (iv) ptmc_terminologies.csv : One of the major theories considered significant in the study of martensitic alloys and shape memory effects is phenomenological theory of martensite crystallography (PTMC). The review paper discusses this theory. The different concepts that might be helpful in understanding PTMC , have been assembled in the form of terminologies.

edi40/100

Review of ecological research approaches for the study of extreme events in aquatic ecosystems

Extreme climatic events have increased in frequency globally, with a simultaneous surge in scientific interest about their ecological consequences, particularly in sensitive freshwater, coastal, and marine ecosystems. In this context, it is imperative that ecologists apply their expertise to understand and predict the ecological impacts of extreme events, and to collaborate across disciplines and sectors to improve socio-ecological resilience to extreme events. However, ecological research on extreme events is often opportunistic and hampered by lack of coordination, among ecologists and among interdisciplinary collaborators. We conducted a literature search to investigate the research approaches that ecologists use to study extreme events in aquatic ecosystems (including freshwater, coastal, and marine ecosystems), that is, to understand how, when, and where ecologists study these events, and to identify areas to improve research practices. We used keywords related to ecology, aquatic ecosystems, and types of extreme events to identify 215 relevant papers in the literature and we examined these papers to identify 49 studies that met our inclusion criteria of including observations of ecological responses to an extreme event occurring in an aquatic ecosystem. We then extracted information from the 49 included papers, including information on the ecosystem, the extreme event, the spatial and temporal approaches to sampling, the types of response variables sampled, and the magnitude of responses measured. This dataset collates research approaches to the study of extreme events in aquatic ecosystems at a broad scale. Based on this literature review, we identified key areas where aquatic ecologists can improve research practices, including prioritizing pre- and post-event data collection, leveraging long-term and cross-site monitoring networks, and adopting novel approaches to analysis, synthesis, and collaboration.

openCC (other)Feb 2022View details →

opencc-by-4.0Jan 2021View details →

Replication Package for the Paper: "Understanding Code Smell Detection via Code Review: A Study of the OpenStack Community"

This repository contains the data and results from the paper "Understanding Code Smell Detection via Code Review: A Study of the OpenStack Community" submitted to ICPC 2021.   1. "data.zip" contains the following three folders:   1) data folder The data folder contains the retrieved 1,190 reviews that discuss code smells. Each review includes four parts: Code Change URL, Code Smell, Code Smell Discussion, and Source Code URL.   2) scripts folder The scripts folder contains the Python scripts that were used to search for code smell terms and the list of code smell terms. <ul> <li> keyword.txt contains the keywords associated with code smells, such as "smell, duplication, and dead". </li> <li> get_changes.py is used for getting code changes from OpenStack. </li> <li> get_comments.py is used for getting review comments for each code change. </li> <li> keywords_search.py is used for searching review comments that contain at least one keyword. </li> <li> random_select.py is used for randomly selecting review comments that do not contain any keyword. </li> <li> keywords_improve.py is used for improving the keyword-based mining approach. </li> <li> tools.py is used for supporting the process of keywords improving. </li> </ul>   3) project folder The project folder contains the MAXQDA project files. The files can be opened by MAXQDA 12 or higher versions, which are available at <a href="https://www.maxqda.com/">https://www.maxqda.com/</a> for download. You may also use the free 14-day trial version of MAXQDA 2018, which is available at <a href="https://www.maxqda.com/trial">https://www.maxqda.com/trial</a> for download. <ul> <li> Data Labeling & Encoding for RQ2.mx12 is the results of data labeling and encoding for RQ2, which were analyzed by the MAXQDA tool. </li> <li> Data Labeling & Encoding for RQ3.mx12 is the results of data labeling and encoding for RQ3, which were analyzed by the MAXQDA tool. </li> </ul>   2. Keywords associated with code smells.pdf This file contains the final set of keywords associated with code smells that we identified by following the systematic approach proposed by Bosu and his colleagues in their paper: Identifying the Characteristics of Vulnerable Code Changes: An Empirical Study, FSE 2014.

opencc-by-4.0May 2021View details →

Study protocol and data dictionary: Effectiveness of a GP delivered medication review in reducing polypharmacy and potentially inappropriate prescribing in older patients with multimorbidity in Irish primary care: a cluster randomised controlled trial (SPPiRE study)

Methods Study design and participants The methods for the SPPiRE cluster RCT have been described in the trial protocol (21). This study is reported in line with the CONSORT 2010 cluster RCT checklist (22), see Appendix 1, and was approved by the Irish College of General Practitioners Research Ethics Committee. In brief, SPPiRE was a pragmatic two arm cluster RCT, with the intervention delivered to GP clusters and analysis of outcomes at the patient level. Information about the trial was publicised through a variety of GP research, teaching and training networks throughout Ireland. Eligible practices expressing an interest were formally invited. Practices were eligible to participate if they had at least 300 registered patients aged ≥65 years (based on the need to identify a sufficient number of eligible participants) and used either of the two Irish GP practice management systems (PMS) with over 80% national cover; this enabled use of a SPPiRE patient finder tool which was developed and embedded into these systems. Practices were excluded if they were currently involved in a medication management or prescribing trial or if they were unable to recruit at least five participants. Eligible patients were aged ≥65 years and prescribed ≥15 repeat medicines. A repeat medicine was defined as any unique item with a World Health Organisation Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical code on the patient’s current repeat prescription. Patients were excluded if they had been recruited into a practice that was unable to recruit at least four other participants, they were judged by their GP as unable to give informed consent or they were unable to attend the practice for a face to face medication review, (e.g. nursing home residents and house bound patients).  Recruited GPs ran the SPPiRE patient finder tool and screened the generated list to ensure only eligible patients were invited. Practices who identified more than 40 eligible patients were supported in selecting a random sample of 30 patients to invite. All recruited practices and patients gave fully informed consent and baseline data was collected prior to practice allocation, to reduce the likelihood of selection bias. Randomisation and masking Recruited practices were allocated to intervention or control groups by minimisation using Minimpy software (23) by the trial statistician (FB) who had no knowledge of participating practices. Minimisation variables included practice size (number of GP sessions per week, 0-14, 14-28 and 28 or more) and location (urban, rural or mixed). Considering the nature of the intervention, it was not possible to blind GPs or patients to the intervention, however to reduce the risk of detection bias the two primary outcome measures; the number of repeat medicines and whether a PIP was present were assessed by an independent blinded pharmacist (MF). Procedures Intervention GPs received unique login details to the SPPiRE website where they had access to five training videos and a template for performing the SPPiRE medication review. The training videos provided background information on multimorbidity and polypharmacy, PIP, eliciting patient treatment priorities and conducting a brown bag medication review. GPs were instructed to book a double appointment and to ask their patients to bring all their medicines in to the medication review visit with them. The SPPiRE medication review process had two main components; gather and record information and then to discuss and agree changes with their patient based on the recorded information, with a focus on deprescribing medicines that were potentially inappropriate, figure 1. The website provided suggested treatment alternatives for identified PIP but all treatment decisions were ultimately at the discretion of the individual GP, based on their clinical judgement and their patients’ individual priorities. Control GPs delivered usual care during the six to twelve month study period. At the time of intervention delivery there was no structured chronic disease management programme in Irish primary care and many patients with multimorbidity attended multiple hospital specialists. In Ireland, the majority of people aged ≥70 years of age have access to free GP visits and medicines with some prescription charge co-payments. In the 65 – 69 year old age category a lower proportion have access to both free GP visits and prescription medicines. Access to specialists and diagnostics in secondary care is free for the entire population. Outcomes The two primary outcomes were the number of repeat medicines and the proportion of patients with any PIP, from a list of 34 pre-specified indicators (see Appendix 2). A series of secondary prescribing related outcome measure were pre-specified to allow a more in depth analysis of the effect of the intervention on prescribing. These were: <ul> <li>The number of medicines stopped and started</li> <li>The proportion of patients with a reduction in significant polypharmacy (defined as ≥15 repeat medicines)</li> <li>The number of PIP</li> <li>The proportion of patients with a high risk PIP (see Appendix 2)</li> <li>The proportion of patients with any reduction in PIP</li> </ul> Secondary patient reported outcomes measures were included to capture the effectiveness of the intervention from the patients’ perspective. These were: <ul> <li>Health related Quality of life (EQ5D-5L)(24)</li> <li>Revised Patients' attitudes towards deprescribing (rPATD)  (25)</li> <li>Multimorbidity Treatment Burden Questionnaire (MTBQ) (26)</li> </ul> Health care utilisation data was collected to assess the effect of the intervention on health care usage and for the trial’s economic evaluation. Outcomes were collected at baseline and at six months after intervention delivery. Patient reported measures were collected by postal questionnaires. Data for all other measures including prescribed medicines, medical and investigations history and healthcare utilisation were collected by participating GPs and submitted to the study manager (CMC). This was a deviation from the original protocol, which indicated this data would be collected by the research team. This deviation related to changes in data protection and national health research regulations during the study period, which precluded research team access to the patients’ full clinical record. Adverse events Information on adverse events such as mortality, ED presentations and hospital admissions was collected at follow up. Given the deprescribing approach of the intervention a safety protocol for identifying and reporting any suspected adverse drug withdrawal events (ADWEs) was developed. An ADWE is defined as either recurrence of the condition for which the drug was prescribed (e.g. recurrence of angina after stopping a beta blocker) or a physiologic reaction to drug withdrawal (e.g. SSRI withdrawal syndrome)  (27, 28). Although discontinuing medicines in older people has been demonstrated to be safe (29), given the paramount importance of the principle of “do no harm” in research ethics a vigorous and detailed method was established to ensure that any potential ADWEs precipitated by deprescribing in a SPPiRE medication review were captured. Intervention GPs were asked to report any possible ADWE following the SPPiRE medication review. The Naranjo ADR probability scale (30) has been adapted in other studies to assess the likelihood a reaction is related to drug withdrawal  (27, 28). This tool was further adapted for SPPiRE and used to make an assessment on the causality of the ADWE. To ensure the patient perspective was included, self-reported possible ADWEs were also collected from patient follow up questionnaires.     Sample size As outlined in the trial protocol (21), the study was designed with 90% power to detect a 20% reduction in the proportion with PIP and a mean difference of one medicine between intervention and control groups (based on a mean of 17.4 medicines SD (2.6)) and the sample size inflated to incorporate the effects of clustering (using an ICC of 0.025). The sample size was recalculated when it became apparent during early recruitment that it would not be possible to recruit clusters with an average of 15 participants, as was initially planned in the protocol. An average cluster size of eight was anticipated which inflated the original sample size from 30 practices (450 patients) to 50 practices (400 patients). Statistical analysis Descriptive statistics were used to describe baseline characteristics of recruited practices and participants. All analyses were conducted under the intention-to-treat principle and those lost to follow up had their baseline data carried forward. The primary analysis was carried out using multi-level modelling. The first primary outcome measure, number of repeat medications, was assessed using mixed effects Poisson regression with the individual as the unit of analysis and the practice included as the random effect to control for the effects of clustering and results presented using incidence rate ratios (IRR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI). The baseline number of medicines, GP size (number of GP sessions per week) and GP location (urban/rural) were included in the analysis as fixed effects. The second outcome measure, proportion of patients with a PIP, was analysed in a similar manner using mixed effects logistic regression, including PIP at baseline, GP size and location, and results presented using odd ratios (OR) and 95% CIs. A number of pre-specified sensitivity analyses were conducted; complete case analysis, per protocol analysis and including “presence of a repeat prescribing policy” as a covariate. All secondary outcomes were analysed in a similar manner to the primary outcomes, using appropriate mixed effects regression methods (i.e. linear, logistic, Poisson).   Note: Version 3 (published 28 April 2025) updates Version 2 by removing Participant GP1P4 following consent withdrawal. This version should be used for all future analyses.

opencc-zeroNov 2023View details →

Robust evidence for bats as reservoir hosts is lacking in most African virus studies – a review and call to optimize sampling and conserve bats

Africa experiences frequent emerging disease outbreaks among humans, with bats often proposed as zoonotic pathogen hosts. We comprehensively reviewed virus-bat findings from papers published between 1978 and 2020 to evaluate the evidence that African bats are reservoirs and/or bridging hosts for viruses that cause human disease. We present data from 162 papers (of 1322) with original findings on (1) numbers and species of bats sampled across bat families and the continent, (2) how bats were selected for study inclusion, (3) if bats were terminally sampled, (4) what types of ecological data, if any, were recorded, and (5) which viruses were detected and with what methodology. We propose a scheme for evaluating presumed virus-host relationships by evidence type and quality, using the contrasting available evidence for Orthoebolavirus (formerly Ebolavirus) versus Orthomarburgvirus (formerly Marburgvirus) as an example. We review the wording in abstracts and discussions of all 162 papers, identifying key framing terms, how these refer to findings, and how they might contribute to people's beliefs about bats. We discuss the impact of scientific research communication on public perception and emphasize the need for strategies that minimize human-bat conflict and support bat conservation. Finally, we make recommendations for best practices that will improve virological study metadata.

opencc-by-4.0Apr 2024View details →

Can Machine Learning Replace a Reviewer in the Selection of Studies for Systematic Literature Review Updates?

Appendix of the M.Sc. dissertation "Can Machine Learning Replace a Reviewer in the Selection of Studies for Systematic Literature Review Updates". This appendix contains the files with the results obtained by the evaluation performed in our study.  File used to answer RQ1: <ul> <li><a href="../api/records/11019279/draft/files/RQ1-RF-predictions.csv/content" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">RQ1-RF-predictions.csv</a></li> <li><a href="../api/records/11021614/draft/files/RQ1-RQ3-best-configuration-RF.csv/content" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">RQ1-RQ3-best-configuration-RF.csv</a></li> </ul> File used to answer RQ2: <ul> <li><a href="../api/records/11019279/draft/files/RQ2-SVM-predictions.csv/content" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">RQ2-SVM-predictions.csv</a></li> <li><a href="../api/records/11021614/draft/files/RQ2-best-configuration-SVM.csv/content">RQ2-best-configuration-SVM.csv</a></li> </ul> File used to answer RQ3: <ul> <li><a href="../api/records/11019279/draft/files/RQ3-RF-normalized-predictions.csv/content" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">RQ3-RF-normalized-predictions.csv</a></li> <li><a href="../api/records/11021614/draft/files/RQ1-RQ3-best-configuration-RF.csv/content" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">RQ1-RQ3-best-configuration-RF.csv</a></li> </ul>

opencc-by-4.0Nov 2024View details →

Search strategies for a rapid review for economic modelling studies on RSV immunisation

The dataset includes the complete, reproducible search strategies for all bibliographic databases searched during this project. The search strategies were designed to answer the following research question:  What approaches are taken to modelling the expected costs and benefits of RSV immunisation in children and/or adults in high-income countries (as defined by the OECD)?

opencc-zeroOct 2021View details →

COVID-19 evidence syntheses with artificial intelligence: an empirical study of systematic reviews

Objectives: A rapidly developing scenario like a pandemic requires the prompt production of high-quality systematic reviews, which can be automated using artificial intelligence (AI) techniques. We evaluated the application of AI tools in COVID-19 evidence syntheses. Study design: After prospective registration of the review protocol, we automated the download of all open-access COVID-19 systematic reviews in the COVID-19 Living Overview of Evidence database, indexed them for AI-related keywords, and located those that used AI tools. We compared their journals' JCR Impact Factor, citations per month, screening workloads, completion times (from pre-registration to preprint or submission to a journal) and AMSTAR-2 methodology assessments (maximum score 13 points) with a set of publication date matched control reviews without AI. Results: Of the 3999 COVID-19 reviews, 28 (0.7%, 95% CI 0.47-1.03%) made use of AI. On average, compared to controls (n=64), AI reviews were published in journals with higher Impact Factors (median 8.9 vs 3.5, P<0.001), and screened more abstracts per author (302.2 vs 140.3, P=0.009) and per included study (189.0 vs 365.8, P<0.001) while inspecting less full texts per author (5.3 vs 14.0, P=0.005). No differences were found in citation counts (0.5 vs 0.6, P=0.600), inspected full texts per included study (3.8 vs 3.4, P=0.481), completion times (74.0 vs 123.0, P=0.205) or AMSTAR-2 (7.5 vs 6.3, P=0.119). Conclusion: AI was an underutilized tool in COVID-19 systematic reviews. Its usage, compared to reviews without AI, was associated with more efficient screening of literature and higher publication impact. There is scope for the application of AI in automating systematic reviews.

opencc-zeroNov 2021View details →

Costs of territoriality: A review of hypotheses, meta-analysis, and field study

The evolution of territoriality reflects the balance between the benefit and cost of monopolising a resource. While the benefit of territoriality is generally intuitive (improved access to resources), our understanding of its cost is less clear. This paper combines: 1. a review of hypotheses and meta-analytic benchmarking of costs across diverse taxa; and 2. a new empirical test of hypotheses using a longitudinal study of free-living male territorial lizards. The cost of territoriality was best described as a culmination of multiple factors, but especially costs resulting from the time required to maintain a territory (identified by the meta-analysis) or those exacerbated by a territory that is large in size (identified by the empirical test). The meta-analysis showed that physiological costs such as energetic expenditure or stress were largely negligible in impact on territory holders. Species that used territories to monopolise access to mates appeared to incur the greatest costs, whereas those defending food resources experienced the least. The single largest gap in our current understanding revealed by the literature review is the potential cost associated with increased predation. There is also a clear need for multiple costs to be evaluated concurrently in a single species. The empirical component of this study showcases a powerful analytical framework for evaluating a range of hypotheses using correlational data obtained in the field. More broadly, this paper highlights key factors that should be considered in any investigation that attempts to account for the evolutionary origin or ecological variation in territorial behaviour within and between species.

openother-openDec 2021View details →

Code repository that supports the research presented in the paper "The gender gap in higher STEM studies: a Systematic Literature Review"

Resources for the Systematic Literature Review (SLR) carries out as part of PhD thesis about the gender gap in STEM studies in higher education by Sonia Verdugo-Castro and supervised by Alicia García-Holgado and Mª Cruz Sánchez Gómez. The SLR covers papers in WoS and Scopus from 2015 to 2021. All the papers retrieved and the different steps in the SLR selection process are contained and documented in: <ul> <li><a href="https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/1ldml-Mg-oguX9gXayllojBRtZ1kjdD4WRSqYwf1yZ0o/edit?usp=sharing">https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/1ldml-Mg-oguX9gXayllojBRtZ1kjdD4WRSqYwf1yZ0o/edit?usp=sharing</a></li> </ul>

opencc-zeroDec 2021View details →

Non-native species drive biotic homogenization, but it depends on the realm, beta diversity facet and study design: A meta-analytic systematic review

While reducing the species richness of invaded communities is a well-known consequence of biological invasions, non-native species can also reduce variability between communities over time (i.e., beta diversity) in a process known as biotic homogenization. Although biotic homogenization due to non-native species is a common topic of theoretical reviews, we believe no global meta-analysis on the effect of non-native species on beta diversity has been carried out yet. Here, we systematically show that non-native species drive biotic homogenization, but it depends on the realm, beta diversity facet and study design. Biotic homogenization was more intense in marine and freshwater ecosystems than in terrestrial ecosystems. We also found that non-native species reduced both taxonomic and phylogenetic beta diversity, but not the functional beta diversity. Finally, we observed more intense effects using "before vs. after invasion" followed by "uninvaded vs. invaded sites" while the effect size of studies using "communities associated with native vs. non-native species" did not differ from zero. Our findings highlight that non-native species contribute to biotic homogenization as a prevalent pattern in communities worldwide, and that biodiversity conservation strategies should go beyond investigating the reduction in the number of species by also taking into account beta diversity in its multiple facets.