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482 results for “reward”
Reward Coin
game ready made in blender low poly no copyright intended made by me Source: Objaverse 1.0 / Sketchfab
Organization of reward and movement signals in the basal ganglia and cerebellum
<p>The basal ganglia and the cerebellum are major subcortical structures in the motor system. The basal ganglia have been cast as the reward center of the motor system, whereas the cerebellum is thought to be involved in adjusting sensorimotor parameters. Recent findings of reward signals in the cerebellum have challenged this dichotomous view. To compare the basal ganglia and the cerebellum directly, we recorded from oculomotor regions in both structures from the same monkeys. We partitioned the trial-by-trial variability of the neurons into reward and eye-movement signals to compare the coding across structures. Reward expectation and movement signals were the most pronounced in the output structure of the basal ganglia, intermediate in the cerebellum, and the smallest in the input structure of the basal ganglia. These findings suggest that reward and movement information is sharpened through the basal ganglia, resulting in a higher signal-to-noise ratio than in the cerebellum.</p>
Reward-based option competition in human dorsal stream and transition from stochastic exploration to exploitation in continuous space
<p>Primates exploring and exploiting a continuous sensorimotor space rely on dynamic maps in the dorsal stream. Two complementary perspectives exist on how these maps encode rewards. Reinforcement learning models integrate rewards incrementally over time, efficiently resolving the exploration/exploitation dilemma. Working memory buffer models explain rapid plasticity of parietal maps but lack a plausible exploration/exploitation policy. The reinforcement learning model presented here unifies both accounts, enabling rapid, information-compressing map updates and efficient transition from exploration to exploitation. As predicted by our model, activity in human fronto-parietal dorsal stream regions, but not in <em>MT+</em>, tracks the number of competing options, as preferred options are selectively maintained on the map while spatiotemporally distant alternatives are compressed out. When valuable new options are uncovered, posterior beta<sub>1</sub>/alpha oscillations desynchronize within 0.4-0.7 s, consistent with option encoding by competing beta<sub>1</sub>-stabilized subpopulations. Altogether, outcomes matching locally cached reward representations rapidly update parietal maps, biasing choices toward often-sampled, rewarded options.</p>
The many faces of early life adversity - Content overlap in validated assessment instruments as well as in fear and reward learning research
<p>The precise assessment of childhood adversity is crucial for understanding the impact of aversive events on mental and physical development. However, the plethora of assessment tools currently used in the literature with unknown overlap in childhood adversity types covered hamper comparability and cumulative knowledge generation. In this study, we conducted two separate item-level content analyses of in total 35 questionnaires aiming to assess childhood adversity. These include 13 questionnaires that were recently recommended based on strong psychometric properties as well as additional 25 questionnaires that were identified through a systematic literature search. The latter provides important insights into the actual use of childhood adversity questionnaires in a specific, exemplary research field (i.e., the association between childhood adversity and threat and reward learning). Of note, only 3 of the recommended questionnaires were employed in this research field. Both item-wise content analysis illustrate substantial heterogeneity in the adversity types assessed across these questionnaires and hence highlight limited overlap in content (i.e., adversity types) covered by different questionnaires. Furthermore, we observed considerable differences in structural properties across all included questionnaires such as the number of items, age ranges assessed as well as the specific response formats (e.g., binary vs. continuous assessments, self vs. caregiver). We discuss implications for the interpretation, comparability and integration of the results from the existing literature and derive specific recommendations for future research. In sum, the substantial heterogeneity in the assessment and operationalization of childhood adversity emphasizes the urgent need for theoretical and methodological solutions to promote comparability, replicability of childhood adversity assessment and foster cumulative knowledge generation in research on the association of childhood adversity and physical as well as psychological health.</p>
The paradigm of tax-reward and tax-punishment strategies in the advancement of public resource management dynamics
<p>In contemporary society, the effective utilization of public resources remains a subject of significant concern. A common issue arises from defectors seeking to obtain an excessive share of these resources for personal gain, potentially leading to resource depletion. To mitigate this tragedy and ensure sustainable development of resources, implementing mechanisms to either reward those who adhere to distribution rules or penalize those who do not, appears advantageous. We introduce two models: a tax-reward model and a tax-punishment model, to address this issue. Our analysis reveals that in the tax-reward model, the evolutionary trajectory of the system is influenced not only by the tax revenue collected but also by the natural growth rate of the resources. Conversely, the tax-punishment model exhibits distinct characteristics when compared to the tax-reward model, notably the potential for bistability. In such scenarios, the selection of initial conditions is critical, as it can determine the system's path. Furthermore, our study identifies instances where the system lacks stable points, exemplified by a limit cycle phenomenon, underscoring the complexity and dynamism inherent in managing public resources using these models.</p>
Label-based expectations affect reward perception in bumblebees
<p>While classic models of animal decision-making assume that individuals objectively assess the absolute value of options, decades of research have shown that rewards are often evaluated relative to prior experience, creating 'contrast effects'. Contrast effects are often assumed to be purely sensory, yet consumer psychology tells us that label-based expectations can affect value perception. However, this has rarely been tested in non-model systems. Bumblebees forage on a variety of flower types that vary in their signals and rewards and show clear contrast effects when rewards are lower than their immediate previous experience. Here we manipulated bees' expectations of a stimulus' quality, before downshifting the reward to induce incentive contrast. We found that contrast effects were not solely driven by prior experience with a better reward, but also influenced by experience with associated stimuli. Bees were faster to accept the lower-quality reward when it was paired with a novel rather than a familiar stimulus. We then explored the boundaries of these label-based expectations by testing bees along a stimulus gradient and found that expectations generalized to similar stimuli. Such reference-dependent evaluations may play an important role in bees' foraging choices, with the potential to impact floral evolution and plant community dynamics.</p>
The necessity to choose causes the effects of reward on saccade preparation
<p>Dataset from the following publication:</p> <p>Wolf, C., Heuer, A., Schubö, A., & Schütz, A.C. (2017). The necessity to choose causes the effects of reward on saccade preparation. <em>Scientific Reports</em>.</p> <p><br> Each folder contains the data belonging to the corresponding experiment in the publication. Data sheets are csv files.</p> <p>Each data folder contains a description of the columns. In the data, every row corresponds to one trial. If a value is missing not applicable for a given trial, it is labelled as NaN ("not a number").</p> <p><br> For further questions, please contact:<br> chr.wolf[at]uni-marburg.de or a.schuetz[at]uni.marburg.de</p> <p><br> -- Feb 28th 2017 --</p>
Data from: Mesostriatal dopamine is sensitive to changes in specific cue-reward contingencies
<p>Learning causal relationships relies on understanding how often one event precedes another. To gain an understanding of how dopamine neuron activity and neurotransmitter release change when a retrospective relationship is degraded for a specific pair of events, we used outcome-selective Pavlovian contingency degradation in rats. Two cues were paired with distinct food rewards, one of which was also delivered in the absence of either cue. Conditioned responding was attenuated for the cue-reward contingency that was degraded. Dopamine neuron activity in the midbrain and dopamine release in the ventral striatum in response to the cue and subsequent reward were attenuated during degraded versus non-degraded trials, and contingency degradation also abolished the trial-by-trial history dependence of dopamine responses at the time of trial outcome. This profile of changes in cue- and reward-evoked responding is not easily explained by a standard reinforcement learning model. An alternative model based on learning causal relationships was better able to capture evoked dopamine responses during contingency degradation, as well as conditioned behavior following optogenetic manipulations of dopamine during noncontingent rewards. Our results suggest that mesostriatal dopamine encodes the contingencies between meaningful events during learning.</p>
A risk-reward examination of sample multiplexing reagents for Single Cell RNA-Seq
<div> <h2>A Risk-reward Examination of Sample Multiplexing Reagents for Single Cell RNA-Seq</h2> <br> <div>The publication is available open access at https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ygeno.2024.110793</div> </div> <p>Be sure to check the md5 checksum: checklist.chk</p>
SED and REWARD
<p>This depository contains : </p> <ul> <li>Preregistration for the two main studies</li> <li>Data and codes for the two main studies</li> </ul>
Data for Clarkson, Dwyer, Flecknell, Leach and Rowe, 'Handling method alters the hedonic value of reward in laboratory mice'
<p>Raw data files for the paper 'Handling method alters the hedonic value of reward in laboratory mice' by Jasmine M Clarkson, Dominic M Dwyer, Paul A Flecknell, Matthew C Leach and Candy Rowe.</p>
Rewarding Fitness Tracking – The Communication and Promotion of Health Insurers' Bonus Programs and the Use of Self-Tracking Data
<p>The data set offers additional information for the study on "Rewarding Fitness Tracking – The Communication and Promotion of Health Insurers’ Bonus Programs and the Usage of Self-Monitored Data", to be submitted at HCII 2018.</p> <p>The data set includes the full lists of German and Australian Health Insurers investigated, including a link to their apps.</p> <p>This study aims at giving an overview on the current status quo of health insurances that investigate self-tracking opportunities and possible rewards for customers that share their fitness and health activities. We are interested in how insurers promote their health and well-being programs (intended program goals) and motivate customers to live healthier (incentives). We introduce research in progress while firstly focusing on the countries Germany and Australia. We discuss the current situation of health insurance clients’ data use, data security issues as well as long-term health benefits regarding those programs based on recent research on self-tracking activities. The research questions are: </p> <ol> <li>Which health insurers offer options for client to self-track health and fitness data?</li> <li>How do insurers communicate about the programs?</li> <li>How do those insurers communicate about data security?</li> </ol>
Dataset from: "The possibility to make choices modulates feature-based effects of reward"
<p>Dataset from the following publication:</p> <p>Heuer, A., Wolf, C., Schütz, A. C., & Schubö, A. (2019). The possibility to make choices modulates feature-based effects of reward. <em>Scientific Reports,</em> 9:5749.</p>
Individualistic reward-seeking strategies that predict response to nicotine emerge among isogenic male mice living in a micro-society
<p>This repository contains data and basic code for analysis and modeling used in the following paper: Fayad et al. ""Individualistic reward-seeking strategies that predict response to nicotine emerge among isogenic male mice living in a micro-society", published on BioRxiv (https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.28.564522v1)</p> <p> </p>
Dataset from Makino H. and Suhaimi A. Distributed representations of temporally accumulated reward prediction errors in the mouse cortex.
<p>Dataset from the paper:</p> <p>Makino H. and Suhaimi A. Distributed representations of temporally accumulated reward prediction errors in the mouse cortex.</p> <p>Each variable is described in Description.pdf.</p> <p>Analysis code is available at <a href="https://github.com/HiroshiMakinoLaboratory/RPEAccumulation" target="_blank" rel="noopener">https://github.com/HiroshiMakinoLaboratory/RewardPredictionErrorAccumulation</a>.</p>
Rewarded task switching - 128 channel EEG data
<p>The zip-file contains the raw EEG-data used for our publication <em><span>Frontal midline theta power during the cue-target-interval reflects increased cognitive effort in rewarded task-switching </span></em><span>in</span><em> <span>Cortex</span><span>. </span></em></p>
Hypothalamic interaction with reward-related regions during subjective evaluation of foods
<p>The reward system implemented in the midbrain, ventral striatum, orbitofrontal cortex, and ventromedial prefrontal cortex evaluates and compares various types of rewards given to the organisms. It has been suggested that autonomic factors influence reward-related processing via the hypothalamus, but how the hypothalamus modulates the reward system remains elusive. In this functional magnetic resonance imaging study, the hypothalamus was parcellated into individual hypothalamic nuclei performing different autonomic functions using boundary mapping parcellation analyses. The effective interaction during subjective evaluation of foods in a reward task was then investigated between the human hypothalamic nuclei and the reward-related regions. We found significant brain activity decrease in the paraventricular nucleus (PVH) and lateral nucleus in the hypothalamus in food evaluation compared with monetary evaluation. A psychophysiological interaction analysis revealed dual interactions between the PVH and (1) midbrain region and (2) ventromedial prefrontal cortex, with the former correlated with the stronger tendency of participants toward food-seeking. A dynamic causal modeling analysis further revealed unidirectional interactions from the PVH to the midbrain and ventromedial prefrontal cortex. These results suggest that the PVH in the human hypothalamus interacts with the reward-related regions in the cerebral cortex via multiple pathways (i.e., the midbrain pathway and ventromedial prefrontal pathway) to evaluate rewards for subsequent decision-making.</p>
DATA : Reward expectations direct learning and drive operant matching in Drosophila
<p>This dataset contains all the behavioral data used in the research report titled " Reward expectations direct learning and drive operant matching in Drosophila" currently submitted to PNAS.</p>
Data for: Representation of rewards differing in their hedonic valence in the caudate nucleus correlates with the performance in a problem-solving task in dogs (Canis familiaris)
<p>Abstract</p> <p>We have investigated dogs’ (<em>Canis familiaris</em>) abilities in associating different sounds with food rewards of different incentive value. The establishment of the association was tested in a problem-solving behavioural paradigm, as well as in an fMRI study on the same subjects (N=20). The aim was to show behavioural, as well as parallel neural effects of the association formation between the two sounds and two different associated food rewards.<br> The latency of solving the problem was considered as an indicator of motivational state. In our behaviour study we found that dogs were quicker in solving a problem upon hearing the sound associated with food higher in reward value, suggesting that they have successfully associated the sounds with the corresponding food value. In the fMRI study, the cerebral response to the two sounds was compared both before and after the associative training. Two bilateral regions of interest were explored: the caudate nucleus and the amygdala. After the associative training the response in the caudate nucleus was higher to the sound related to a higher reward value food than to the sound related to a lower reward value food, which difference was not present before the associative training. We found an increase in the amygdala response to both sounds after the training. In a whole-brain representational similarity analysis, we found that cerebral patterns in the caudate nucleus to the two sounds were different only after the training. Moreover, we found a positive correlation between the dissimilarity index in the caudate nucleus for activation responses to the two sounds and the difference in latencies to solve the behavioural task: the quicker the dog solved the behavioural task the greater the difference in the neural representation of the two sounds was. In summary, family dogs’ brain activation patterns reflected their expectations based on what they learned about the relationship between two sounds and their associated rewards.</p> <p>This dataset contains</p> <ul> <li>Raw data (four functional runs n = 20)</li> <li>Dog brain template</li> <li>ROI results (Caudate nucleus and amygdala percentage of BOLD signal change and caudate nucleus response to sounds during the two post-training runs adding or not the Inter-scan interval as a covariate in the GLM model n = 20,)</li> <li>RSA results ( Dissimilarity change between sounds (post-training > pre-training) and dissimilarity index per participant n = 20)</li> </ul>
Discounting future reward in an uncertain world: behavioural data
<p class="MsoNormal">Humans discount delayed relative to more immediate reward. A plausible explanation is that impatience arises partly from uncertainty, or risk, implicit in delayed reward. Existing theories of discounting-as-risk focus on a probability that delayed reward will not materialize. By contrast, we examine how uncertainty in the magnitude of delayed reward contributes to delay discounting. We propose a model wherein reward is discounted proportional to the rate of random change in its magnitude across time, termed volatility. We find evidence to support this model across three experiments (total N=158). Firstly, using a task where participants chose when to sell products, whose price dynamics they previously learned, we show discounting increases in line with price volatility. Secondly, we show that this effect pertains over naturalistic delays of up to four months. Using functional magnetic resonance imaging, we observe a volatility-dependent decrease in functional hippocampal-prefrontal coupling during intertemporal choice. Thirdly, we replicate these effects in a larger online sample, finding that volatility discounting within each task correlates with baseline discounting outside of the task. We conclude that delay discounting partly reflects time-dependent uncertainty about reward magnitude, i.e. volatility. Our model captures how discounting adapts to volatility, thereby partly accounting for individual differences in impatience. Our imaging findings suggest a putative mechanism whereby uncertainty reduces prospective simulation of future outcomes.</p>
ScienceDex guides
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These curated guides explain access requirements, typical timelines, costs, and reuse considerations for widely used research datasets.
Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.