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149 results for “salmonids”

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dryad36/100

Heterogeneous genetic basis of age at maturity in salmonid fishes

Understanding the genetic basis of repeated evolution of the same phenotype across taxa is a fundamental aim in evolutionary biology and has applications to conservation and management. However, the extent to which interspecific life-history trait polymorphisms share evolutionary pathways remains under-explored. We address this gap by studying the genetic basis of a key life-history trait, age at maturity, in four species of Pacific salmon (genus Oncorhynchus) that exhibit intra- and interspecific variation in this trait – Chinook Salmon, Coho Salmon, Sockeye Salmon, and Steelhead Trout. We tested for associations in all four species between age at maturity and two genome regions, six6 and vgll3, that are strongly associated with the same trait in Atlantic Salmon (Salmo salar). We also conducted a genome-wide association analysis in Steelhead to assess whether additional regions were associated with this trait. We found the genetic basis of age at maturity to be heterogeneous across salmonid species. Significant associations between six6 and age at maturity were observed in two of the four species, Sockeye and Steelhead, with the association in Steelhead being particularly strong in both sexes (p = 4.46x10-9 after adjusting for genomic inflation). However, no significant associations were detected between age at maturity and the vgll3 genome region in any of the species, despite its strong association with the same trait in Atlantic Salmon. We discuss possible explanations for the heterogeneous nature of the genetic architecture of this key life-history trait, as well as the implications of our findings for conservation and management.

opencc-zeroJan 2021View details →

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Data from: Do genomics and sex predict migration in a partially migratory salmonid fish, Oncorhynchus mykiss?

Partial migration is a common phenomenon wherein populations include migratory and resident individuals. Whether an individual migrates or not has important ecological and management implications, particularly within protected populations. Within partially migratory populations of O. mykiss, migration is highly correlated with a specific genomic region, but it is unclear how well this region predicts migration at the individual level. Here, we relate sex and life history genotype, determined using >400 SNPs on the migratory-linked genomic region, to life history expression of marked juvenile O. mykiss from two tributaries to the South Fork Eel River, northern California. Most resident fish were resident-genotypes (57% resident, 37% heterozygous, 6% migratory genotype) and male (78%). Most migratory fish were female (62%), but were a mixture of genotypes (30% resident, 45% heterozygous, 25% migratory genotype). Sex was more strongly correlated with life history expression than genotype, but the best-supported model included both. Resident genotypes regularly migrated, highlighting the importance of conserving the full suite of life history and genetic diversity in partially migratory populations.

opencc-zeroDec 2018View details →

dryad36/100

Data from: Invasive hybridization has variable effects on survival among salmonid populations

Human-mediated hybridization threatens global biodiversity, but the fitness consequences of hybridization are poorly understood, especially in vertebrates. We used capture-recapture data from 5,249 individuals in three hybridizing populations of invasive rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) and native cutthroat trout (O. clarkii) to quantify the effects of rainbow trout genetic admixture and environmental conditions on survival. Seasonal variation in environmental conditions interacted with individual admixture to influence seasonal survival. Overall, annual survival declined with admixture at the warmest site (juvenile hybrids with 25% non-native ancestry had 20.7% lower annual survival than non-hybridized cutthroat trout) but increased with admixture at the coldest site (juvenile hybrids with 25% non-native ancestry had 19.7% higher survival than non-hybridized cutthroat trout), providing evidence that fitness effects of hybridization vary in a context-dependent manner. Furthermore, higher survival for hybrids in cold streams and lower survival in warm streams is opposite of admixture-environment correlations, demonstrating that environmental gradients often used to infer patterns of hybridization may poorly predict variation in fitness across the landscape. Individual-based studies measuring fitness-related traits in vertebrate taxon are rare. Most studies of human-mediated hybridization in wild populations quantify the spatial extent of non-native admixture or test for admixture-environment associations to infer factors affecting fitness in hybridizing populations. We used an extensive capture-recapture dataset to measure seasonal survival in hybridized populations that experience different environmental conditions. Our work shows that non-native admixture can affect survival differently among seasons and populations, and that inferences from individual-based studies can conflict with those from admixture-environment associations. For studies of non-native hybridization, this work highlights the importance of directly measuring fitness (survival and reproductive success), and at appropriate spatial and temporal scales to elucidate the variation in fitness differences (i.e., among populations and seasons).

opencc-zeroOct 2021View details →

dryad36/100

Quantification of thermal impacts across freshwater life stages to improve temperature management for anadromous salmonids

Water temperature is the major controlling factor that shapes the physiology, behavior, and ultimately, survival of aquatic ectotherms. Here we examine temperature effects on the survival of Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha), a species of high economic and conservation importance. We implement a framework to assess how incremental changes in temperature impact survival across populations that is based on thermal performance models for three freshwater life stages of Chinook salmon. These temperature-dependent models were combined with local spatial distribution and phenology data to translate spatial-temporal stream temperature data into maps of life stage-specific physiological performance in space and time. Specifically, we converted temperature-dependent performance (i.e., energy used by pre-spawned adults, mortality of incubating embryos, and juvenile growth rate) into a common currency that measures survival in order to compare thermal effects across life stages. Based on temperature data from two abnormally warm and dry years for three managed rivers in the Central Valley, California, temperature-dependent mortality during pre-spawning holding was higher than embryonic mortality or juvenile mortality prior to smolting. However, we found that local phenology and spatial distribution helped to mitigate negative thermal impacts. In a theoretical application, we showed that high temperatures may inhibit successful reintroduction of threatened Central Valley spring-run Chinook salmon to two rivers where they have been extirpated. To increase Chinook salmon population sizes, especially for the threatened and declining spring-run, our results indicate that adults may need more cold-water holding habitat than currently available in order to reduce pre-spawning mortality stemming from high temperatures. To conclude, our framework is an effective way to calculate thermal impacts on multiple salmonid populations and life stages within a river over time, providing local managers the information to minimize negative thermal impacts on salmonid populations, particularly important during years when cold-water resources are scarce.

opencc-zeroApr 2022View details →

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Fig. 2 in Behavioral Responses Of Salmonid Fingerlings To New Invasive Fish Predator Perccottus Glenii

Fig. 2. Large adult Perccottus glenii male used in the experiment.

opencc-by-4.0Dec 2016View details →

dryad36/100

Data from: Dry season survival of juvenile salmonids in an intermittent coastal stream

We estimated dry season survival of imperiled salmonids in an intermittent coastal stream in California across four years (2009-2012). Our study encompassed two dry and two wet winters allowing us to explore patterns of survival across and within dry seasons with different antecedent precipitation. Apparent survival of age-0+ steelhead trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) was higher following wet winters compared to dry winters. Moreover, antecedent precipitation was positively correlated with cumulative survival of age-0+ steelhead. Within years, apparent survival of steelhead varied among weeks with a tendency to decrease in the late summer indicating that fish exhibited some resistance to seasonal drought. Additionally, we found a slight but significant survival advantage for age-0+ coho salmon (O. kisutch) compared to equal-aged steelhead. Our results emphasize the influence of antecedent precipitation in driving the survival of imperiled salmonids and highlight that these fishes are somewhat resistant to seasonal drought, at least to a point.

opencc-zeroDec 2016View details →

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Data from: Do precipitation extremes drive growth and migration timing of a Pacific salmonid fish in Mediterranean‐climate streams?

Climate change is expected to increase weather extremes and variability, including more frequent weather whiplashes or extreme swings between severe drought and extraordinarily wet years. Shifts in precipitation patterns will alter stream flow regimes, affecting critical life history stages of sensitive aquatic organisms. Understanding how threatened fish species, such as steelhead/rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss), are affected by stream flows in years with contrasting environmental conditions is important for their conservation. Here, we report how extreme wet and dry years, from 2015 to 2018, affected stream flow patterns in two tributaries to the South Fork Eel River, California, USA, and aspects of O. mykiss ecology, including over‐summer fish growth and body condition as well as spring out‐migration timing. We found that stream flow patterns differed across years in the timing and magnitude of large winter–spring flow events and in summer low‐flow levels. We were surprised to find that differences in stream flows did not impact growth, body condition, or timing of out‐migration of O. mykiss. Fish growth was limited in the late summer in these streams (average of 0.02 ± 0.05 mm/d), but was similar across dry and wet years, and so was end‐of‐summer body condition and pool‐specific biomass loss from the beginning to the end of the summer. Similarly, O. mykiss migrated out of tributaries during the last week of March/first week of April regardless of the timing of spring flow events. We suggest that the muted response to inter‐annual hydrologic variability is due to the high quality of habitat provided by these unimpaired, groundwater‐fed tributaries. Similar streams that are likely to maintain cool temperatures and sufficient base flows, even in the driest years, should be a high priority for conservation and restoration efforts.

opencc-zeroDec 2018View details →

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Fig. 2 in Distribution patterns and trophic characteristics of salmonids and native species inhabiting high altitude rivers of Pampa de Achala region, Argentina

Fig. 2. Mean salmonid density related to river order.

opencc-by-4.0Dec 2010View details →

dryad36/100

Data from: Contrasting long-term trends in juvenile abundance of a widespread cold-water salmonid along a latitudinal gradient: Effects of climate, stream size and migration strategy

A changing climate reshapes the range distribution of many organisms, and species with relatively low thermal optima, like many salmonids, are increasingly expected to face local population extinctions at lower latitudes. Understanding where and how fast these changes are happening is of pivotal importance for successful mitigation and conservation efforts. We used an extensive electrofishing database to explore temporal trends of brown trout juveniles (Salmo trutta L.) in 218 locations from 174 Swedish streams, over the last 30 years (1991–2020). We hypothesized that 1) declines in abundance have occurred predominately in the warmer, southern regions, while increases have occurred in the colder, northern regions, 2) larger stream sizes may partly offset negative effects of climate, and 3) migrating and resident populations are affected differently by a warming climate. We found that abundance of brown trout juveniles generally declined in warmer regions, especially in smaller streams (≤ 6 m wide), while the abundance increased in colder regions. In larger streams, negative effects of higher temperatures were seemingly buffered, as we found lower rates of decline or even positive trends. The rate of change (i.e. the slopes of the trends in abundance) was more pronounced towards the climate extremes and was on average zero in regions with a normal annual air temperature (average temperature over 30-year period) around 5–6 ºC. Warmer climate had stronger effects on migrating compared to resident populations, suggesting that climate-induced loss of stream connectivity could be an additional factor that hinders recruitment in anadromous populations in a changing climate. Considering predictions of increasing temperatures and frequency of summer droughts, management of cold-water salmonid populations should focus on conserving and restoring riparian vegetation, wetlands, climate and thermal refugia, and habitat integrity overall. Such measures may, however, not suffice for small streams at lower latitudes, unless hydrological connectivity is maintained.

opencc-zeroFeb 2023View details →

dryad36/100

Seasonal ecosystem linkages contribute to the maintenance of migratory polymorphism in a salmonid population

The influence of resource subsidies on animal growth, survival, and reproduction is well understood, but their ultimate effects on life history have been less explored. Some wild species have a partially migratory life history, wherein migration is dictated based upon threshold traits regulated in part by the seasonal availability of resources. We conducted a large-scale field manipulation experiment where we provided a terrestrial invertebrate subsidy to red-spotted masu salmon. Individuals in stream reaches that received a subsidy had, on average, a 53% increase in growth rate relative to those in control reaches. This increased growth resulted in a greater proportion of individuals reaching the threshold body size and smolting in the autumn. Consequently, 19–55% of females in subsidized reaches became migratory, whereas 0–14% became migratory in the control reaches. Our findings highlight seasonal ecosystem linkage as a key ecosystem property for maintaining migratory polymorphism in partially migratory animals.

opencc-zeroMar 2023View details →

dryad36/100

Forestry influences on salmonid habitat in the North Thompson River Watershed, British Columbia

Freshwater ecosystems that support juvenile salmonids can be degraded by human pressures such as forestry. Forestry activities can alter water temperatures and the delivery and storage of water, nutrients, wood, and sediment in streams, resulting in changes to the habitat, growth, and survival of juvenile salmon. Previous research on forestry impacts on habitat has focused on small, intensively monitored coastal systems. Here we examined forestry impacts, watershed characteristics, physical habitat, and stream temperature for 28 midsized tributaries of the North Thompson River to examine relationships between forestry and juvenile coho stream habitat in interior watersheds. Forest harvest had a positive correlation to maximum summer stream temperature. Streams with 35% of the riparian area harvested since 1970 had maximum summer temperatures 3.7°C higher on average than those with 5% harvested. Stream gradient explained most of the variation in physical habitat and had negative correlations to pool cover, pool depth, and fine sediment cover. Taken together, these results indicate that watershed characteristics drive physical habitat, but forestry harvest can be a primary driver of water temperatures.

opencc-zeroMar 2023View details →

dryad36/100

Rapid hyperthyroidism-induced adaptation of Salmonid fish in response to environmental pollution

The streams draining volcanic landscapes are often characterized by a complex of factors that negatively affect hydrobionts and lead to a decline of their populations. However, in a number of cases, hydrobionts ensure the resilience of populations througth a range of rapid adaptive changes. Here, we present both field and experimental data shedding light on the physiological basis of adaptation in populations of Dolly Varden charr (Salvelinus malma) differing in the duration of isolation in volcanic streams contaminated with heavy metals. The study reveals that isolated populations have a physiological phenotype that distinguishes them from the populations inhabiting clean waters. They are characterized by a hyperthyroid status accompanied by an increased metabolic rate, elevated activity of antioxidant enzymes, decreased ionic conductivity of tissues and reduced stored energetic reserves. The experimental data elucidate that hyperthyroidism is an adaptive characteristic enhancing the resistance to heavy metal contamination and shaping the evolution of these populations. The similarity of physiological, developmental and morphological changes in isolated populations suggests a common source and mechanisms underpinning their "evolutionary rescue". Thus, populations of S. malma trapped in volcanic streams represent a genuine case of a rapid neuroendocrine-driven adaptation to changing environmental stimuli.

opencc-zeroJul 2023View details →

dryad36/100

Patterns and repeatability of multi-ecotype assemblages of sympatric Salmonids

Aim: High repeatability among assemblages of closely related but ecologically distinct ecotypes implies predictability in evolution and assembly of communities. The conditions under which ecotype assemblages form predictably, and the reasons, have been little investigated. Here we test whether repeatability declines as the number of ecotypes builds. Location: Postglacial lakes with a circumboreal distribution. Time period: Data were extracted from studies published between 1982 and 2019. Major taxa studied: Ecotype assemblages from two Salmonid genera – Salvelinus and Coregonus. Fish in postglacial lakes commonly occur as pairs of ecotypes, typically with a pelagic and a littoral/benthic form, but in Salvelinus and Coregonus assemblages commonly contain multiple sympatric ecotypes. Methods: We used a meta-analysis of Salvelinus and Coregonus to empirically assess how repeatability varies across assemblages of two to seven ecotypes. We examined repeatability of use of broad niche categories as well as in underlying phenotypic traits. Results: Within Coregonus, repeatability across multi-ecotype assemblages did not break down with the addition of a third or fourth ecotype. However, in Salvelinus, repeatability was largely absent and independent of the number of ecotypes. Repeatability of trait frequency distributions was absent in both genera, yet associations between trait means and niche categories were evident especially in Coregonus. Main conclusions: These results show that repeatability can vary greatly between lineages; that repeatability needn't break down as the number of ecotypes builds; and that high repeatability of broad niche categories may result despite marked differences in the underlying frequency distribution of trait means. These findings affirm the presence of repeatable ecotype assembly and early stages of divergence in postglacial fishes at a global scale, but also highlight variability among taxa and underlying phenotypic traits.

opencc-zeroOct 2023View details →

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