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304 results for “scale pattern”
Figure 5. Rhombic gastral scales. A, B in The evolution of the scalation pattern in temnospondyl amphibians
Figure 5. Rhombic gastral scales. A, B, Platyoposaurus stuckenbergi, PIN 164/1–9. A, isolated gastral scale, probably from the anterior part of the trunk, in anteroventral (left) and anterodorsal view (right). B, isolated gastral scale, probably from the posterior part of the trunk, in anteroventral (left) and anterodorsal view (right). C, D, Sclerocephalus haeuseri, SMNS 90507. C, gastral scales articulating in the ventral midline, ventral view. D, articulating gastral scales in ventral view.
Figure 4. Spindle-shaped gastral scales. A, B in The evolution of the scalation pattern in temnospondyl amphibians
Figure 4. Spindle-shaped gastral scales. A, B, Archegosaurus decheni, MB.Am.289. A, gastral scales in ventral view. B, gastral scales in dorsal view. C, Dendrerpeton sp., MCZ 8779. Two gastral scales in dorsal view plus isolated dorsal scale. D, Eryops megacephalus, MCZ 1738. Gastral scales in dorsal view. E, Plagiosuchus pustuliferus, SMNS 84794. Gastral scales with small, globular osteoderms in dorsal view.
Text-fig. 1. Zamites pateri J.KVAČEK sp. nov.; Pecínov locality, holotype, No. NM-F 5185. a: Holotype overview showing fragment of simply pinnate leaf, scale bar 20 mm. b: Abaxial cuticle showing costal and intercostal scale zones and stomata in ill-defined rows, LM micro-photograph, scale bar 100 µm. c: Pinnule detail showing venation pattern, scale bar 5 mm. d: Abaxial cuticle showing costal and intercostal zones, LM micro-photograph, scale bar 500 µm. e: Fragmentary preserved adaxial cuticle showing in New Species Of Zamites From The Cenomanian Of The Bohemian Cretaceous Basin
Text-fig. 1. Zamites pateri J.KVAČEK sp. nov.; Pecínov locality, holotype, No. NM-F 5185. a: Holotype overview showing fragment of simply pinnate leaf, scale bar 20 mm. b: Abaxial cuticle showing costal and intercostal scale zones and stomata in ill-defined rows, LM micro-photograph, scale bar 100 µm. c: Pinnule detail showing venation pattern, scale bar 5 mm. d: Abaxial cuticle showing costal and intercostal zones, LM micro-photograph, scale bar 500 µm. e: Fragmentary preserved adaxial cuticle showing
Pangeo-Enabled ESM Pattern Scaling (PEEPS): A customizable dataset of emulated Earth System Model output
<p>We produce a dataset that uses pattern scaling, a common method of emulating climate models. Our dataset is built on the Pangeo CMIP6 archive, which has the advantage that we don't need to actually download the climate model output. Here we demonstrate the utility of our dataset, called Pangeo-Enabled ESM Pattern Scaling (PEEPS). The dataset, which is encapsulated in a Jupyter notebook (and replicated in a Python file), is flexible and can be extended to multiple scenarios and multiple variables, as long as they are in the Pangeo-accessible archive.</p>
Data for: Large-scale long-term passive-acoustic monitoring reveals spatiotemporal activity patterns of boreal bats
<p class="MsoNormal"><span>The distribution ranges and spatio-temporal patterns in the occurrence and activity of boreal bats are yet largely unknown due to their cryptic lifestyle and lack of suitable and efficient study methods. We approached the issue by establishing a permanent passive-acoustic sampling setup spanning the area of Finland to gain an understanding on how latitude affects bat species composition and activity patterns in northern Europe. The recorded bat calls were semi-automatically identified for three target taxa; <em>Myotis</em> spp., <em>Eptesicus nilssonii</em> or <em>Pipistrellus nathusii</em> and the seasonal activity patterns were modeled for each taxa across the seven sampling years (2015–2021). We found an increase in activity since 2015 for <em>E. nilssonii</em> and <em>Myotis </em>spp. For <em>E. nilssonii</em> and <em>Myotis</em> spp. we found significant latitude -dependent seasonal activity patterns, where seasonal variation in patterns appeared stronger in the north. Over the years, activity of <em>P. nathusii</em> increased during activity peak in June and late season but decreased in mid season. We found the passive-acoustic monitoring </span><span>network to be an effective and cost-efficient method for gathering b</span><span>at activity data to analyze spatio-temporal patterns. Long-term data on the composition and dynamics of bat communities facilitates better estimates of abundances and population trend directions for conservation purposes and predicting the effects of cli</span><span>mate change.</span></p>
Data from: The spatial patterns of community composition, their environmental drivers and their spatial scale dependence vary markedly between fungal ecological guilds
<p><strong><span>Aim</span></strong></p> <p><span>How community composition varies in space and what governs the variation has been extensively investigated in macroorganisms. However, we have only limited knowledge for microorganisms, especially fungi, despite their ecological and economic significance. Based on previous research, we define and test a series of hypotheses regarding the composition of fungal communities, its most influential drivers and their spatial scale dependence. </span></p> <p><strong><span>Location</span></strong></p> <p><span>Czech Republic.</span></p> <p><strong><span>Time period</span></strong></p> <p><span>Present.</span></p> <p><strong><span>Taxa studied</span></strong></p> <p><span>Fungi.</span></p> <p><strong><span>Methods</span></strong></p> <p><span>We analyzed the distance decay relationships, community composition and its drivers (physical distance, litter and soil chemistry, tree composition, climate) in fungi, using multivariate analyses. We compared the results across three fungal ecological guilds (ectomycorrhizal fungi, saprotrophs and yeasts), two forest microhabitats (litter and bulk soil) and six spatial scales (from 5 m to 80 km) that comprehensively cover the Czech Republic.</span></p> <p><strong><span>Results</span></strong></p> <p><span>We found that, similar to macroorganisms, the ectomycorrhizal fungi and saprotrophs showed marked distance-decay relationships</span><span>,</span><span> and their community composition was driven mainly by vegetation and dispersal at local scales, but at regional scales, by environmental effects. In contrast, the third fungal guild, the unicellular yeasts, showed little distance decay, suggesting extraordinary spatial homogeneity, as often seen in microorganisms, such as bacteria.</span></p> <p><strong><span>Main conclusions</span></strong></p> <p><span>Our results underscore the remarkable variation in the community ecology of fungi, which seems to range well-known patterns both from the macro- and the microworld. Knowledge of these patterns advances our understanding of the ecology of fungi, rather understudied organisms of significant ecological and economic importance, which our findings identify as a potentially suitable model for bridging the gaps between the biogeography of micro- and macroorganisms. </span></p>
Dataset for "Large scale patterns and drivers of the diving behavior of large pelagic predators"
<p>This dataset comprises 694 independent diving depth estimates of large pelagic predators extracted from 101 tagging studies. For both daytime and nighttime observations, two unambiguous quantities were reported: 1) the preferred diving depth (D<sub>pref</sub>), representative of the approximate depth at which individuals spend most of the time, or in other words a mean representative depth; and (2) the preferred diving depth range (ΔD<sub>pref</sub>), representative of the portion of the water column where individuals are most commonly recorded by the tags, or, in other words, the vertical range over which they are most commonly observed. Alongside the diving depth data, three additional types of information were extracted to co-locate diving depth observations with environmental variables, and to account for potential ontogenetic behavioral effects. These additional pieces of information include the location and period of the observations, and a representative size of the tagged individual or group of individuals. The extraction process was replicated by two separate analysts to ensure accuracy and reliability. For further details on the dataset and extraction procedure, refer to the manuscript "<em>Large scale patterns and drivers of the diving behavior of large pelagic predators"</em>.</p>
Data and analysis scripts for: Co-occurrence patterns at four spatial scales implicate reproductive processes in shaping community assembly in clovers
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Patterns in bird and pollinator occupancy and richness in a mosaic of urban office parks across scales and seasons
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Data and R code from: Relics of beavers past: time and population density drive scale-dependent patterns of ecosystem engineering
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Data for: Large-scale long-term passive-acoustic monitoring reveals spatiotemporal activity patterns of boreal bats
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Fine-grain predictions are key to accurately represent continental-scale biodiversity patterns
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Broad-scale patterns of geographic avoidance between species emerge in the absence of fine-scale mechanisms of coexistence
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Data from: The spatial patterns of community composition, their environmental drivers and their spatial scale dependence vary markedly between fungal ecological guilds
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Research data supporting "Atomic-Scale Patterning of Arsenic in Silicon by Scanning Tunneling Microscopy"
<p>Research data supporting the publication: Stock, T. J. Z, <em>et. al.</em>, <strong>2020</strong>, Atomic-Scale Patterning of Arsenic in Silicon by Scanning Tunneling Microscopy, <em>ACS Nano</em>, https://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acsnano.9b08943</p>
Data from: Beta diversity patterns of bats in the Atlantic Forest: how does the scale of analysis affect the importance of spatial and environmental factors?
<p>Aim: Environmental and spatial factors are broadly recognized as important predictors of beta diversity patterns. However, the scale at which beta diversity patterns are evaluated will affect the outcoming results. For example, studies at larger scales will usually find spatial processes as the main predictor of beta diversity patterns. In this study we evaluate how beta diversity patterns change when analyses are conducted at different scales by reducing the scale of analysis in a hierarchical manner.</p> <p>Taxon: Chiroptera.</p> <p>Location: Atlantic Forest biome.</p> <p>Methods: Information on the occurrence of 59 bat species were obtained from the Atlantic Bats and Species Link database. We partitioned beta diversity into its two components (nestedness and turnover), and calculated these indexes hierarchically: the biome in its entirety (all ecoregions); between larger regions (north, central and south); and between ecoregions within each region. We performed a Generalized Dissimilarity Model (GDM) to identify and predict the turnover of bat species in the Atlantic Forest based on geo-climatic predictors. We obtained 19 geo-climatic data from AMBDATA, an environmental dataset based on different data sources commonly used in species distribution modeling.</p> <p>Results: We found that turnover was the main component influencing a latitudinal gradient when the biome was analysed in its entirety. However, when the scale of the analysis was reduced, we found that species loss (nestedness component) had a large effect in determining beta diversity dissimilarity. We also found that nestedness was the main pattern explaining beta diversity dissimilarity along a longitudinal gradient.</p> <p>Main conclusions: Beta diversity patterns changed with the scale of analysis, which indicates that bat species composition does not follow the same pattern throughout the Atlantic Forest. This corroborates the importance of analysing beta diversity patterns at different scales in order to understand how environmental dissimilarity across geographic space can influence species distribution patterns.</p>
Fine-scale empirical data on niche divergence and homeolog expression patterns in an allopolyploid and its diploid progenitor species
<ul> <li>Polyploidization is pervasive in plants, but little is known about the niche divergence of wild allopolyploids (species that harbor polyploid genomes originating from different diploid species) relative to their diploid progenitor species and the gene expression patterns that may underlie such ecological divergence. We conducted a fine-scale empirical study on habitat and gene expression of an allopolyploid and its diploid progenitors.</li> <li> We quantified soil properties and light availability of habitats of an allotetraploid <i>Cardamine flexuosa</i> and its diploid progenitors <i>C. amara</i> and <i>C. hirsuta</i> in two seasons. We analyzed expression patterns of genes and homeologs (homeologous gene copies in allopolyploids) using RNA-seq.</li> <li>We detected niche divergence between the allopolyploid and its diploid progenitors along water availability gradient at a fine scale: the diploids in opposite extremes and the allopolyploid in a broader range between diploids, with limited overlap with diploids at both ends. Most of the genes whose homeolog expression ratio changed among habitats in <i>C. flexuosa</i> varied spatially and temporally. </li> <li>These findings provide empirical evidence for niche divergence between an allopolyploid and its diploid progenitor species at a fine scale and suggest that divergent expression patterns of homeologs in an allopolyploid may underlie its persistence in diverse habitats.</li> </ul>
Large-scale patterns of green turtle trophic ecology in the eastern Pacific Ocean
<p><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>Trophic position and niche width are fundamental components of a species' ecology, reflecting resource use, and influencing key demographic parameters such as somatic growth, maturation, and survival. The present data file contains results of stable isotope analysis (stable-carbon, δ<sup>13</sup>C; stable-nitrogen, δ<sup>15</sup>N values) that was conducted on bulk skin tissue of 718 green sea turtles (<i>Chelonia mydas</i>) distributed among 16 foraging areas in the eastern Pacific from the US to Chile, a range spanning ~10,000 km. These study sites </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span>were distributed across a latitudinal range from 33.736 °N to 23.098°S in the Eastern Pacific (Site Code): Long Beach, USA (LB); San Diego Bay, USA (SDB); north Gulf of Ulloa, Mexico (NGU); Magdalena Bay, Mexico (BMA); Los Angeles Bay, Mexico (BLA); Infiernillo Channel, Mexico (CIN); Navachiste Bay, Mexico (NAV); Dulce Gulf, Costa Rica (DUL); Cocos Island, Costa Rica (COC); Gorgona Island, Colombia (GOR); Punta Espinosa, Galapagos Islands, Ecuador (IGP); Bahia Elizabeth, Galapagos Islands, Ecuador (IGE); Caleta Derek, Galapagos Islands, Ecuador (IGD); oceanic waters, Peru (PPE); Pisco Paracas Bay, Peru (PAR); and Mejillones Bay, Chile (MEJ). <span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>Substantial variability in bulk tissue δ<sup>13</sup>C and δ<sup>15</sup>N values was found within and among sites. These data were also used to calculate the isotope niche space (used as a proxy for ecological niche space) using the Bayesian ellipse approach, and we found that isotope niche space varied among sites, likely influenced by the diversity of prey types and relative input of terrestrial- vs. marine-derived nutrients. In addition to providing additional spatial resolution for δ<sup>13</sup>C and δ<sup>15</sup>N isoscapes in the eastern Pacific, especially in coastal habitats, this study and resultant dataset further establish stable isotope analysis as an effective tool to study the trophic ecology of sea turtles across a variety of food webs and habitats. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p>
Data from: Scale‐dependent spatial patterns in benthic communities around a tropical island seascape
Understanding and predicting patterns of spatial organization across ecological communities is central to the field of landscape ecology, and a similar line of inquiry has begun to evolve sub‐tidally among seascape ecologists. Much of our current understanding of the processes driving marine community patterns, particularly in the tropics, has come from small‐scale, spatially‐discrete data that are often not representative of the broader seascape. Here we expand the spatial extent of seascape ecology studies and combine spatially‐expansive in situ digital imagery, oceanographic measurements, spatial statistics, and predictive modeling to test whether predictable patterns emerge between coral reef benthic competitors across scales in response to intra‐island gradients in physical drivers. We do this around the entire circumference of a remote, uninhabited island in the central Pacific (Jarvis Island) that lacks the confounding effects of direct human impacts. We show, for the first time, that competing benthic groups demonstrate predictable scaling patterns of organization, with positive autocorrelation in the cover of each group at scales < ~1 km. Moreover, we show how gradients in subsurface temperature and surface wave power drive spatially‐abrupt transition points in group dominance, explaining 48 – 84% of the overall variation in benthic cover around the island. Along the western coast, we documented ten times more sub‐surface cooling‐hours than any other part of the coastline, with events typically resulting in a drop of 1 – 4°C over a period of < 5 hr. These high frequency temperature fluctuations are indicative of upwelling induced by internal waves and here result in localized nitrogen enrichment (NO2 + NO3) that promotes hard coral dominance around 44% of the island's perimeter. Our findings show that, in the absence of confounding direct human impacts, the spatial organization of coral reef benthic competitors are predictable and somewhat bounded across the seascape by concurrent gradients in physical drivers.
Data from: Repeatable patterns of small-scale spatial variation in intertidal mussel beds and their implications for responses to climate change
The interaction of ocean conditions and weather with small-scale physical features of a habitat can have profound effects on the experiences of individual organisms. On topographically complex shorelines, and particularly within dense aggregations of organisms such as mussel beds, a mosaic of environmental conditions can develop, and the resulting variation in conditions within the aggregation could drastically alter the performance of neighboring individuals. Using a suite of sensors mounted to individual Mytilus californianus mussels over two summer field deployments, we have characterized the temperature variation and valve gaping behavior differences found at two spatial scales: within a group separated by centimeters, and between groups of mussels located at the upper and lower extents of the natural mussel zone separated by meters. While temperature conditions near the lower edge of the mussel bed were generally more benign, temperature extremes were similar at both heights in the bed, and variation in body temperature among neighbors increased as the daily mean temperature increased. These patterns were similar across years despite a 3.8°C difference in mean air and seawater temperatures between years. Gaping behavior was also highly variable among individuals, though that variability diminished at the high end of the mussel bed where the total time mussels spent submerged was much more constrained. These data indicate that an individual mussel's physiological status and past history can be drastically different than those of its nearby neighbors, complicating our ability to characterize representative conditions within a habitat. These observations also provide for the possibility that the impacts of future climate change will be highly specific to certain individuals based on their relative exposure or protection within the mosaic. To address such possibilities, future work must examine the correlation between genotypic and physiological traits that determine performance and individuals' unique experiences in their disparate micro-environments.
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These curated guides explain access requirements, typical timelines, costs, and reuse considerations for widely used research datasets.
Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.