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FIGURE 4 in Phylogeny of two new pheronematid sponges from the Caroline Seamount and South China Sea

FIGURE 4 Spicules of holotype NMNS-8130-001 of Pheronemoides curvipentactin sp. nov. A, choanosomal pentactin; B–C, dermal pinular pentactins; D–H, atrialia: D–E, pinular pentactins; F, crooked pentactin; G–H, special pentactins; I, shaft of macrouncinate; J, microuncinate; K, shaft of microuncinate; L, terminal of microuncinate; M, micramphidisc; N, microdiactin; O–Q, the anchor of basalia; R–S; marginalia.

FIGURE 5 in Phylogeny of two new pheronematid sponges from the Caroline Seamount and South China Sea

FIGURE 5 Bayesian inference trees of pheronematid species based on the 16S rDNA and 28S rDNA sequence data. Numbers at each node are Bayesian posterior probabilities (left) and ML analysis bootstrap values (right).

FIGURE 1 Holotype MBM286618 in Phylogeny of two new pheronematid sponges from the Caroline Seamount and South China Sea

FIGURE 1 Holotype MBM286618 of Pheronemoides crustiformis sp. nov. A, photograph showing the specimen in its natural habitat; B, the external morphology of atrial areas; C, the external morphology of dermal areas and basalia; D, mesh structure of dermal areas; E, mesh structure of atrial areas.

FIGURE 2 in Phylogeny of two new pheronematid sponges from the Caroline Seamount and South China Sea

FIGURE 2 Spicules of holotype MBM286618 of Pheronemoides crustiformis sp. nov. A, choanosomal pentactin; B, the anchor of basalia; C, atrial pinular pentactin; D, dermal pinular pentactin; E–G, micramphidiscs; H, microdiactin I; I, microdiactin II; J, shaft of macrouncinate; K, shaft of mesouncinate; L–N, Sceptre; O–P, the anchor of basalia.

FIG. 11 in Biodiversity of bathyal coral gardens - portrait of a uniserial bryozoan endemic to the South Azorean Seamount Chain: an unexpected evolutionary testbed?

FIG. 11. — Epifaunal assemblage associated to Madrepora oculata Linnaeus, 1758 on the bathyal slope off Brittany. Reproduction of plate 6 of the book "Les profondeurs de la mer'' by Y. Le Danois (1948), Payot, Paris.

FIG. 10 in Biodiversity of bathyal coral gardens - portrait of a uniserial bryozoan endemic to the South Azorean Seamount Chain: an unexpected evolutionary testbed?

FIG. 10. — Harmelinius uniserialis (Harmelin, 1978), intramural budding: A, two old AZ and a KZ showing marks of repeated intramural budding; B, distal part of an old AZ with multiple nested calcified layers reducing the size of the orifice and of the opesia of the avicularium; C, AZ with lateral wall presenting several nested calcified layers; D, same AZ, proximal part of the costal shield and nested layers of the lateral wall; E, same AZ, distal part showing the reduced size of the orifice and the foramen; F, old AZ with a closure plate below the damaged costal shield; G, cystid of an old damaged AZ filled with a KZ with a central window; H, distal part of a colony covered by calcified deposits produced by tissues of a corallite of Solenosmilia variabilis Duncan, 1873. Origin: A, B, F, G, Hyères SMT, Stn DW 184; C, D, E, Hyères SMT, Stn DW 200; H, Tyro SMT, Stn DW 276. Scale bars: A, 200 µm; B, D, E, 50 µm; C, F, G, 100 µm; H, 400 µm.

FIG. 6 in Biodiversity of bathyal coral gardens - portrait of a uniserial bryozoan endemic to the South Azorean Seamount Chain: an unexpected evolutionary testbed?

FIG. 6. — Harmelinius uniserialis (Harmelin, 1978), different types of avicularia: A, "adnate" type (AV3) on an ovicelled AZ; B, "columnar" type (AV1); C, "giant" type (AV5) with three porous knobs, one incompletely formed, distal to the slightly prominent rostrum; D, "adnate" type, adventitious to an ovicelled AZ, with a large pore chamber and three porous knobs (inset: enlarged view of a knob); E, autozooid with five "pyramidal" morphs (AV4) budded from lateral walls; F, vicarious kenozooid with thickened cuticule persisting on the frontal gymnocyst and the central window; G, globular and pyramidal avicularia budded by the same AZ; H, three globular (AV2), one "giant" (AV5) and one "pyramidal" (AV4) avicularia budded by two AZ and a vicarious KZ with persistent cuticular layer; Origin: A, D, Tyro SMT, Stn DW 276; B, Hyères SMT, Stn DW 200; C, E, F, G, H, Tyro SMT, Stn DW 278. Scale bars: B, C, D, 50 µm; A, F, G, 100 µm; D, H, 200 µm.

FIG. 5 in Biodiversity of bathyal coral gardens - portrait of a uniserial bryozoan endemic to the South Azorean Seamount Chain: an unexpected evolutionary testbed?

FIG. 5. — Harmelinius uniserialis (Harmelin, 1978), structure of the ovicell: A, distal part of an ovicelled autozooid bearing two adnate avicularia (AV3), with open medial slit, and ooecial kenozooid budding a distal zooid; B, close-up of the same ovicell, medial slit showing the two layers of the bivalved ooecial wall, the dorsal window of the distal kenozooid with thick gymnocystal layers and oval opesia, and two lateral porous knobs; C, ovicell in formation showing the floor of the brood chamber budded by the maternal autozooid; D, broken ovicell showing the thickness of the frontal wall and the two proximal layers, and the foramen open through the transverse wall. Origin: A, B, C, Tyro SMT, Stn DW 276; D, Hyères SMT, Stn DW 184. Scale bars: A, C, D, 100 µm; B, 50 µm.

FIG. 1 in Biodiversity of bathyal coral gardens - portrait of a uniserial bryozoan endemic to the South Azorean Seamount Chain: an unexpected evolutionary testbed?

FIG. 1. — Geographical location and depth distribution of the 19 sampling stations of Harmelinius uniserialis (Harmelin, 1978). Abbreviations: AT, Atlantis Seamount; IR, Irving Seamount; HY, Hyères Seamount; ME, Great Meteor Seamount; PL, Plato Seamount; SM, Azores, São Miguel; TY, Tyro Seamount. Map downloaded from GEBCO 2019 Gridded Bathymety Data.

FIG. 9 in Biodiversity of bathyal coral gardens - portrait of a uniserial bryozoan endemic to the South Azorean Seamount Chain: an unexpected evolutionary testbed?

FIG. 9. — Harmelinius uniserialis (Harmelin, 1978), vicarious kenozooids: A, drawing of two interconnected KZ, laterally budded by 2 AZ; B, light photography of the same zooids; C, part of colony with seven variously shaped KZ connected to several AZ; D, two differently sized KZ budded from the lateral walls of two AZ; E, pentagonal KZ with proximal corner folded on the budding locus of the maternal zooid; F, frontal wall of a large KZ with central window open on a thick, multilayered wall, surrounded by seven porous knobs. Distansescharella d'Orbigny, 1853: G, D. alcicornis (Jullien, 1882), large vicarious KZ with central window, abutted on to an AZ and close to an adventitious avicularium; H, D. seguenzai Cipolla, 1921, reticulum formed by three small KZ with a central window surrounded by 2-5 conical spinous processes with a likely porous tip; I, D. alcicornis, avicularium with opesia and rostrum poorly differentiated, and proximal side folded on the maternal zooid. Origin: A, B, Azores, São Miguel bathyal slope, Biaçores Stn 197, 815 m (9A copied from Harmelin 1978, fig. 2); C, F, Hyères SMT, Stn DW 200; D, E, Tyro SMT, Stn DW 276; G, I, R/V Thalassa, Y434, 620 m, on Lophelia prolifera (Linnaeus, 1758); H, R/V Calypso, Stn 1902, Libya. Scale bars: A, B, D, F, 200 µm; C, 400 µm; E, G, H, 100 µm; I, 50 µm.

FIG. 4 in Biodiversity of bathyal coral gardens - portrait of a uniserial bryozoan endemic to the South Azorean Seamount Chain: an unexpected evolutionary testbed?

FIG. 4. — Harmelinius uniserialis (Harmelin, 1978), morphology of non ovicelled autozooids and ancestrula: A, autozooid (AZ) with two avicularia (AV1) and distal budding from the kenozooidal cap, budded from the lateral side of another AZ; B, AZ distal part with a AV1 avicularium, note the foramen through the transverse wall separating the AZ orifice from the kenozooidal cap (idem in A), the concave proximal edge of the orifice and the unequal size of costae; C, eroded kenozooidal cap showing its subconical chamber and the broken base of the AZ transverse wall; D, distal part of AZ showing the boundary between the kenozooidal cap and the orifice frame; E, ancestrula and AZ, note their contrasting sizes and the proximal budding by the ancestrula. Origin: A, B, C, Hyères SMT, Stn DW 200; D, E, Tyro SMT, Stn DW 276. Scale bars: A, B, E, 200 µm; C, D, 100 m.

FIG. 8 in Biodiversity of bathyal coral gardens - portrait of a uniserial bryozoan endemic to the South Azorean Seamount Chain: an unexpected evolutionary testbed?

FIG. 8. — Harmelinius uniserialis (Harmelin, 1978), drawings of five types of avicularia: A, "adnate" (AV3); B, "pyramidal" (AV4); C, "giant" (AV5); D, "columnar" (AV1); E, "globular" (AV2). Origin: copied from diverse SEM pictures. Scale bar: 50 µm.

FIG. 2 in Biodiversity of bathyal coral gardens - portrait of a uniserial bryozoan endemic to the South Azorean Seamount Chain: an unexpected evolutionary testbed?

FIG. 2. — Harmelinius uniserialis (Harmelin, 1978), colonized substrates and general aspect of colonies: A, fragment of Madrepora oculata Linnaeus,1758; B, pebble; C, part of colony showing non-caudate autozooids, optical view; D, other aspect of the same colony, SEM view; E, part of colony with typical features. Origin: A, C, D, Hyères SMT, Stn DW 184; B, Irving SMT, Stn DW 251; E, Tyro SMT, Stn DW 276. Scale bars: A, B, 1 cm; C, D, 1 mm; E, 400 µm.

FIG. 7. — A in Biodiversity of bathyal coral gardens - portrait of a uniserial bryozoan endemic to the South Azorean Seamount Chain: an unexpected evolutionary testbed?

FIG. 7. — A, Glabrilaria pedunculata (Gautier, 1956), ovicelled zooid crowned by seven pedunculate avicularia; B, Cribrilaria cassidainsis Harmelin, 1984, colony edge with ten interzooidal avicularia. Origin: A, B, Mediterranean Sea, France, La Ciotat, 3PP Cave, 40-60 m inside; A, B, 20-24 m depth. Scale bars: A, 100 µm; B, 200 µm.

FIG. 3 in Biodiversity of bathyal coral gardens - portrait of a uniserial bryozoan endemic to the South Azorean Seamount Chain: an unexpected evolutionary testbed?

FIG. 3. — Harmelinius uniserialis (Harmelin, 1978), structure of colonies and graphs of zooid proportions: A - a, distal budding of autozooids with long cauda; b, lateral budding of autozooid (AZ) and kenozooid (KZ); c, abutment of kenozooid on ovicelled AZ - 1, KZ (21% white), non-ovicelled AZ (78% grey), ovicelled AZ (1% black); 2, non ovicelled AZ without avicularium (AV) (59% white), with one AV (24% grey), with two AV (17% dark); 3, ovicelled AZ, with one AV (23% grey), with two AV (77% dark); B, ovicellar kenozooid connected to the lateral pore chamber of an adjacent AZ; C, zooidal aggregation with 12 AZ without cauda, 28 AV and three KZ; D, clustering of three AZ without cauda, involving a small vicarious kenozooid abutted on to an avicularium (AV4) in proximal position, co-occurring with another AV type (AV2); E, dense aggregation of KZ. Origin: A, B, Tyro SMT, Stn DW 276; C, D, E, Tyro SMT, Stn DW 278. Scale bars: A, C, E, 400 µm; B, D, 200 µm.

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Seamount volume equivalent layer thickness for the Pacific plate

Volume equivalent layer thickness (VELT) grids are computed from seamount topography in the Pacific plate. We use SRTM15+V2.0 global bathymetric grid for seafloor topography. We first apply a white-Tophat filter to the bathymetry data to isolate short-spatial-wavelength seamount topography above the long-wavelength seafloor. Subsequently, we apply Gaussian Process regression to determine seamount structure above the seafloor in order to extrapolate structure beneath the sediment (GlobSed V3) to the basaltic basement (i.e., the top of the oceanic crust). Finally, we map the spatial distribution of seamount volume on the Pacific plate by calculating a volcanic equivalent layer thickness (VELT) using a moving window of 300 km × 300 km. The VELT grids have a grid spacing of 37 km x 37 km and are provided in GeoTIFF format in a cylindrical equal area projection with the following PROJ string: +proj=cea +lon_0=180 +lat_ts=30 +x_0=0 +y_0=0 +ellps=WGS84 +units=m +no_defs <ul> <li>VELT_above_seafloor.tif is the grid for VELT above the top of the sediments.</li> <li>VELT_above_basement.tif is the grid for VELT above the top of the basaltic basement.</li> </ul>

Fig. 66 in A Report on Coralliidae (Cnidaria: Octocorallia) Specimens Collected from the Emperor Seamounts with Descriptions of Three New Species

Fig. 66. Phylogenetic trees reconstructed from the concatenated mitochondrial dataset (IGR1). The evolutionary history was inferred by using the Bayesian inference (BI). Numbers on nodes represent bootstrap values (only>0.5 values are shown respectively). The three undescribed species are shown in bold and underlined.

Fig. 62 in A Report on Coralliidae (Cnidaria: Octocorallia) Specimens Collected from the Emperor Seamounts with Descriptions of Three New Species

Fig. 62. Hemicorallium tokiyasui sp. nov., NSMT-Co 1736. Sclerites: from tentacles, autozooid mounds, branch tips and colony base. Scale bar: 0.05 mm.

Fig. 61 in A Report on Coralliidae (Cnidaria: Octocorallia) Specimens Collected from the Emperor Seamounts with Descriptions of Three New Species

Fig. 61. Cross section of basal branch of Hemicorallium tokiyasui sp. nov., NSMT-Co 1736. Scale bar: 1.0 mm.

Fig. 57 in A Report on Coralliidae (Cnidaria: Octocorallia) Specimens Collected from the Emperor Seamounts with Descriptions of Three New Species

Fig. 57. Hemicorallium tokiyasui sp. nov., holotype, NSMT-Co 1736. A, Autozooid side, B, opposite side. Scale bar: 20 mm.