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140 results for “secondary metabolites”
Bacteria associated with a toxic bird secrete protective secondary metabolites
<p>Here, we describe two unreported compound families from an Amycolatopsis species isolated from <em>P. schlegelii. </em></p> <p>Uploaded data contains NMR, HRMS/MS data as well as pictures of co-cultures and molecular biological experiments.</p>
Inducibility of plant secondary metabolites predicts genetic variation in resistance against a key insect herbivore in maritime pine
<p>SNP dataset in maritime pine (<em>Pinus pinaster</em>) together with the population structure (<em>Q</em>) and kinship (<em>K</em>) matrices.</p>
Fig. 2 in Callus cultures of Harpagophytum procumbens (Burch.) DC. ex Meisn.; production of secondary metabolites and antioxidant activity
Fig. 2. Iridoid (A, B) and phenylethanoid (C,D) glycoside contents estimated by HPLC in cotyledon-derived callus lines of H.procumbens in long-term cultures. The calli were cultured on SH medium with 0.5 or 2 mg L −1 picloram (CP0.5 and CP2 callus lines,respectively) or NAA (0.2 mg L −1) and BAP (1 mg L −1) (CNB callus line).* trace (content <0.01 mg g −1 DW).Results are means ± standard error (SE) from three independent experiments; for each metabolite, values with different letters are significantly different according to the Kruskal–Wallis test (p ≤ 0.05).
Fig. 1. H.procumbens cotyledon-derived callus tissues grown for 4 in Callus cultures of Harpagophytum procumbens (Burch.) DC. ex Meisn.; production of secondary metabolites and antioxidant activity
Fig. 1. H.procumbens cotyledon-derived callus tissues grown for 4 weeks in Erlenmeyer flasks on agar SH medium with 0.5 mg L−1 picloram (CP0.5 callus line) (A), 2 mg L−1 picloram (CP2 callus line) (B), 0.2 mg L −1 NAA and 1 mg L −1 BAP (CNB callus line) (C). Bar 1 cm.
Fig. 1 in Secondary metabolites from the underground parts of Valeriana sisymbriifolia Vahl. and their in vitro cytotoxic activities
Fig. 1. Structures of the compounds (1–12) isolated from the underground parts of V. sisymbriifolia.
Data from: Effects of plant diversity on the concentration of secondary plant metabolites and the density of arthropods on focal plants in the field
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Data from: Transcriptome modulation during host shift is driven by secondary metabolites in desert Drosophila
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Data from: Macroevolution of leaf defenses and secondary metabolites across the genus Helianthus
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Effects of rocky desertification habitat on main secondary metabolites of Akebia trifoliata
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Data from: Heritable variation in root secondary metabolites is associated with recent climate
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Data from: The role of volatile plant secondary metabolites as pre-ingestive cues and potential toxins dictating diet selection by African elephants
Understanding the factors driving diet selection represents one of the main thrusts of contemporary foraging ecology. Many studies have focussed on nutritional factors and anti-nutritional factors (such as tannins) that may describe diet selection of generalist mammalian herbivores, but these often do not explain the observed feeding patterns. Alternatively, generalist herbivores may be influenced by the presence, diversity, and/or concentration of toxins. Plant volatiles have been understudied, yet may play an important role in this context. We aimed to determine whether diet selection by African elephants is better correlated with the presence and concentration of toxic plant secondary metabolites (PSMs) than with nutritional or anti-nutritional factors. We also aimed to identify the specific aspects of the plant-odour profiles that were correlated with dietary selection, which could be used as a pre-ingestive cue for food selection. We found that elephant diet selection was not well described by crude protein, in vitro digestibility, tannin concentration, and total polyphenol concentration. Instead, the best predictors of elephant diet choice were the number and absolute (total) emissions of potentially toxic volatile PSMs, specifically monoterpenes. Elephants avoided plant species that emitted a wider diversity of volatile PSMs, had higher total emissions, and higher numbers and emissions of monoterpenes. This suggests that PSMs with a high propensity to become toxins, such as monoterpenes, are likely a better indicator for elephant diet avoidance than nutritional or anti-nutritional factors. Moreover, we demonstrated that elephants can differentiate between food items based on odour alone, specifically volatile monoterpenes, suggesting that these animals are relying on specific volatile cues emitted from plants to direct their foraging choices prior to ingesting selected plants.
Data from: Secondary metabolites in floral nectar reduce parasite infections in bumblebees
The synthesis of secondary metabolites is a hallmark of plant defence against herbivores. These compounds may be detrimental to consumers, but can also protect herbivores against parasites. Floral nectar commonly contains secondary metabolites, but little is known about the impacts of nectar chemistry on pollinators, including bees. We hypothesized that nectar secondary metabolites could reduce bee parasite infection. We inoculated individual bumblebees with Crithidia bombi, an intestinal parasite, and tested effects of eight naturally occurring nectar chemicals on parasite population growth. Secondary metabolites strongly reduced parasite load, with significant effects of alkaloids, terpenoids and iridoid glycosides ranging from 61 to 81%. Using microcolonies, we also investigated costs and benefits of consuming anabasine, the compound with the strongest effect on parasites, in infected and uninfected bees. Anabasine increased time to egg laying, and Crithidia reduced bee survival. However, anabasine consumption did not mitigate the negative effects of Crithidia, and Crithidia infection did not alter anabasine consumption. Our novel results highlight that although secondary metabolites may not rescue survival in infected bees, they may play a vital role in mediating Crithidia transmission within and between colonies by reducing Crithidia infection intensities.
Supplementary material 1 from: Hüftlein F, Diller JGP, Feldhaar H, Laforsch C (2024) Riparian invader: A secondary metabolite of Impatiens glandulifera impairs the development of the freshwater invertebrate key species Chironomus riparius. NeoBiota 92: 155-171. https://doi.org/10.3897/neobiota.92.119621
Supporting information with figures and the R-Script
Supplementary material 1 from: Zhang Q-Y, Liu H-G, Li W-Y, Zhang X, Dai Y-C, Wu F, Bian L-S (2024) Three new species of Favolaschia (Mycenaceae, Agaricales) from South China. In: Wijayawardene N, Karunarathna S, Fan X-L, Li Q-R (Eds) Taxonomy and secondary metabolites of wood-associated fungi. MycoKeys 104: 71-89. https://doi.org/10.3897/mycokeys.104.117310
Three new species of Favolaschia (Mycenaceae, Agaricales) from South China
Figure 1 from: Phookamsak R, Hongsanan S, Bhat DJ, Wanasinghe DN, Promputtha I, Suwannarach N, Kumla J, Xie N, Dawoud TM, Mortimer PE, Xu J, Lumyong S (2024) Exploring ascomycete diversity in Yunnan II: Introducing three novel species in the suborder Massarineae (Dothideomycetes, Pleosporales) from fern and grasses. In: Wijayawardene N, Karunarathna S, Fan X-L, Li Q-R (Eds) Taxonomy and secondary metabolites of wood-associated fungi. MycoKeys 104: 9-50. https://doi.org/10.3897/mycokeys.104.112149
Figure 1 Phylogram of the best-scoring ML consensus tree of taxa in Bambusicolaceae and Occultibambusaceae. The new isolate is indicated in blue. Isolates from type materials are in bold. The ML ultrafast bootstrap and Bayesian PP values greater than 60% and 0.90 are shown at the nodes.
Figure 4 from: Isocrono D, Ravera S (2024) Typification of the name Arthopyrenia parolinii Beltr. (Ascomycota, Dothideomycetes, Pleosporales, Arthopyreniaceae). In: Wijayawardene N, Karunarathna S, Fan X-L, Li Q-R (Eds) Taxonomy and secondary metabolites of wood-associated fungi. MycoKeys 104: 1-8. https://doi.org/10.3897/mycokeys.104.109420
Figure 4 Arthopyrenia parolinii Beltr locus classicus (i.e. "Passeggio pubblico di Belvedere o Fosse") depicted in a 1917 postcard (from: Bordignon 2016). The image shows the original lime trees that are mentioned in the protologue of A. parolinii before their removal.
Figure 3 from: Isocrono D, Ravera S (2024) Typification of the name Arthopyrenia parolinii Beltr. (Ascomycota, Dothideomycetes, Pleosporales, Arthopyreniaceae). In: Wijayawardene N, Karunarathna S, Fan X-L, Li Q-R (Eds) Taxonomy and secondary metabolites of wood-associated fungi. MycoKeys 104: 1-8. https://doi.org/10.3897/mycokeys.104.109420
Figure 3 Arthopyrenia paroliniiA vertical section through a perithecium, arrows showing hamathecium and K- excipulum B bitunicate asci and pluriseptate ascospores in 10% KOH. Scale bars: 15 µm.
Figure 3 from: Qi Z-X, Qian K-Q, Yue L, Wang L-B, Guo D-Z, Wu D-M, Gao N, Zhang B, Li Y (2024) New species, new records and common species of Pluteus sect. Celluloderma from northern China. In: Wijayawardene N, Karunarathna S, Fan X-L, Li Q-R (Eds) Taxonomy and secondary metabolites of wood-associated fungi. MycoKeys 104: 91-112. https://doi.org/10.3897/mycokeys.104.117841
Figure 3 A Macroscopic characteristics of Pluteus brunneodiscusB basidiospores C pleurocystidia D basidia E pileipellis terminal cells F cheilocystidia. Scale bars: 1 cm (A); 10 µm (B–F).
Figure 2 from: Han L-S, Wijayawardene NN, Liu C, Han L-H, Promputtha I, Li Q, Elgorban AM, Al-Rejaie S, Tanaka K, Dai D-Q (2024) Paramphibambusa bambusicola gen. et. sp. nov., Arecophila xishuangbannaensis and A. zhaotongensis spp. nov. in Cainiaceae from Yunnan, China. In: Wijayawardene N, Karunarathna S, Fan X-L, Li Q-R (Eds) Taxonomy and secondary metabolites of wood-associated fungi. MycoKeys 104: 113-132. https://doi.org/10.3897/mycokeys.104.117872
Figure 2 Paramphibambusa bambusicola (GMB-W1350, holotype) a bamboo specimen b black ostioles at the host surface c transverse section of ascomata d, e vertical section of ascomata with long necks and black clypeus f cells of peridium g paraphyses h–k asci l asci with J+, elliptical to trapezoidal, subapical ring (stained in Melzer's reagent) m–s ascospores (s ascospore stained in Indian ink showing mucilaginous sheath) t a germinating ascospore u, v cultures on PDA after 20 days (u upper, v reverse). Scale bars: 300 µm (d, e); 15 µm (f, l–t); 30 µm (g); 50 µm (h–k).
Figure 4 from: Han L-S, Wijayawardene NN, Liu C, Han L-H, Promputtha I, Li Q, Elgorban AM, Al-Rejaie S, Tanaka K, Dai D-Q (2024) Paramphibambusa bambusicola gen. et. sp. nov., Arecophila xishuangbannaensis and A. zhaotongensis spp. nov. in Cainiaceae from Yunnan, China. In: Wijayawardene N, Karunarathna S, Fan X-L, Li Q-R (Eds) Taxonomy and secondary metabolites of wood-associated fungi. MycoKeys 104: 113-132. https://doi.org/10.3897/mycokeys.104.117872
Figure 4 Arecophila zhaotongensis (GMB-W1353, holotype) a bamboo specimen b, c appearance of ostioles at the host surface d, e vertical sections of ascomata with ostioles and black clypei f peridium g paraphyses h–m asci n, o asci with a J+ trapezoidal ring (stained in Melzer's reagent) p–t ascospores surrounded by mucilaginous sheath (t ascospore with longitudinal striations) u a germinating ascospore v, w cultures on PDA after 15 days (v upper, w reverse). Scale bars: 300 µm (d, e); 30 µm (f, g); 50 µm (h–m); 15 µm (n–u).
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