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233 results for “sex determination”
Data from: Sex is determined by XY chromosomes across the radiation of dioecious Nepenthes pitcher plants
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Data from: Context-dependent thermolability of sex determination in a lacertid lizard with heteromorphic sex chromosomes
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Long-term resilience of primary sex ratios in a species with temperature dependent sex determination after decades of climate warming
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Genome-wide DNA methylation patterns harbor signatures of hatchling sex and past incubation temperature in a species with environmental sex determination
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Data from: Is multifactorial sex determination in the house fly, Musca domestica (L.), stable over time?
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Determinants of offspring sex in kangaroos: a test of multiple hypotheses
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Pleistocene divergence in the absence of gene flow among populations of a viviparous reptile with intraspecific variation in sex determination
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Genetic sex determination, sex chromosome size and sex-specific lifespan across tetrapods
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Data from: Limited evidence of a genetic basis for sex determination in the common creek chub, Semotilus atromaculatus
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Data from: A cryptic sex-linked locus revealed by the elimination of a master sex-determining locus in medaka fish
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Environmental, sex-specific, and genetic determinants of infant social behavior in a wild primate
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Multiple paternity is related to adult sex ratio and sex determination system in reptiles
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An investigation of ZZ/ZW and XX/XY sex determination systems in North African catfish (Clarias gariepinus)
<p class="CxSpFirst">Sex-specific loci are powerful tools for identifying sex determination systems. They offer a molecular biotechnological approach for producing all‐male or all-female fish for commercial breeding. The North African catfish has been widely adopted for aquaculture, because its superior growth and disease resistance render the species suitable for hybridization with other catfish, to improve the productivity and quality of fish meat. North African catfish have either a ZZ/ZW or XX/XY sex determination system. Here, we investigate and characterize these systems using high-throughput genome complexity reduction sequencing. This approach was effective for identifying sex-specific loci with both single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and restriction fragment presence/absence (PA) markers in 30 phenotypic sex assignments of North African catfish. In total, 41 male-linked loci met the criteria of moderately sex-linked loci (70:30, male:female; 80:20, male:female). By contrast, only 25 female-linked loci were detected from moderately sex-linked loci, and no perfectly male- or female-specific sex-linked loci were observed. Several male-linked loci were partially homologous to transposable element and functional genes, and most also showed partial homology with several amniote sex chromosomal linkages. This suggests that an ancestral amniote super-sex chromosome with overlaps of partial sex chromosomal linkages was also found in teleosts, and that the male heterogametic XX/XY sex determination system should exist in North African catfish. The putative Y chromosome is young and the non-recombination region is highly cryptic. In addition, the ZW type of North African catfish exhibits heteromorphic sex chromosomes, whereas the two other groups of North African catfish have different sex determination systems. Thus, turnover of sex chromosome systems might have occurred stochastically in ancestral homomorphic sex chromosomes. The XY group has been introduced into Thailand for commercial breeding. This approach using sex-specific loci provides a solid baseline for revealing sex determination mechanisms and identify potential sex determination regions in catfish, allowing further investigation of genetic improvements in breeding programs.</p>
Data from: Variation in thermal traits describing sex determination and development in Western Australian sea turtle populations
<p>Both the development rate and sex of sea turtle embryos depend on incubation temperature, as all species are ectotherms and show temperature-dependent sex determination (TSD). Theory predicts that selection should act on populations to optimise developmental times and primary sex ratios. In this study, we use a consistent methodology to measure development rates and model the reaction norm that defines TSD in three populations of flatback turtles (<i>Natator depressus) </i>and two populations of green turtles (<i>Chelonia mydas</i><i>) </i>that nest in Western Australia. We show that development rates vary between and within species, likely reflecting adaptation to local beach microclimates. Similarly, the parameters that define the TSD reaction norm vary between the two species, and among <i>N. depressus</i> populations, with pivotal temperatures (T<sub>PIV</sub>) varying by 1.5 °C (29.6 – 31.1 °C), and the transitional ranges of temperatures (TRT) varying by 1.4 – 3.3 °C. In contrast, we found a similar T<sub>PIV</sub> for the two <i>C. mydas </i>populations, but a wider TRT at the northernmost tropical rookery. Our findings support the view that thermal parameters in geographically-separated populations of sea turtles are broadly similar, but the variation we describe will be highly relevant for predicting how populations will respond to climate change.</p>
Early-life effects on body size in each sex interact to determine reproductive success in the burying beetle Nicrophorus vespilloides
<p>Early-life conditions have been shown to have a profound effect on an animal's body size and fecundity across diverse taxa. However, less is known about how early-life effects on fecundity within each sex interact to determine reproductive success. We used experiments with burying beetles <em>Nicrophorus vespilloides</em> to analyse this problem. The nutritional conditions experienced by burying beetles in early life are a key determinant of adult body size in both sexes, and adult body size in turn influences male reproductive tactics. In previous work, we showed that smaller males are more effective than larger males at stimulating virgin female fecundity. In this study, we manipulated male and female body size by restricting access to food in early development. We then conducted breeding assays, in which small and large females were mated sequentially with small and large males, and then allowed to raise offspring without paternal care. We tested whether large females, which are potentially more fecund, laid even more eggs when mated with small males. We found no evidence to support this prediction. Instead we detected only a weak non-significant trend in the predicted direction and no equivalent trend in the number of larvae produced. However, we did find that larvae attained a greater mass by the end of development when their mother was large and mated with a small male first. We suggest that large females might have evolved counter-measures that prevent exploitation by small fecundity-stimulating males, including partial filial cannibalism. By eating surplus larvae during reproduction, larger females would leave more of the carrion for their offspring to consume. This could explain why their surviving larvae are able to attain a greater mass by the time they complete their development.</p>
Regulation of olfactory-based sex behaviors in the silkworm by genes in the sex-determination cascade
<p>Insect courtship and mating depend on integration of olfactory, visual, and tactile cues. Compared to other insects, <em>Bombyx mori</em>, the domesticated silkworm, has relatively simple sexual behaviors as it cannot fly. Here by using CRISPR/Cas9 and electrophysiological techniques we found that courtship and mating behaviors are regulated in male silk moths by mutating genes in the sex determination cascade belonging to two conserved pathways. Loss of <em>Bmdsx</em> gene expression significantly reduced the peripheral perception of the major pheromone component bombykol by reducing expression of the product of the <em>BmOR1</em> gene which completely blocked courtship in adult males. Interestingly, we found that mating behavior was regulated independently by another sexual differentiation gene, <em>Bmfru</em>. Loss of <em>Bmfru</em> completely blocked mating, but males displayed normal courtship behavior. Lack of <em>Bmfru</em> expression significantly reduced the perception of the minor pheromone component bombykal due to the down regulation of <em>BmOR3</em> expression; further, functional analysis revealed that loss of the product of <em>BmOR3</em> played a key role in terminating male mating behavior. Our results suggest that <em>Bmdsx</em> and <em>Bmfru</em> are at the base of the two primary pathways that regulate olfactory-based sexual behavior.</p>
Identification of a novel sex determining chromosome in cichlid fishes that acts as XY or ZW in different lineages
<p>Sex determination systems are highly conserved among most vertebrates with genetic sex determination, but can be variable and evolve rapidly in some. Here, we study sex determination in a clade with exceptionally high sex chromosome turnover rates. We identify the sex determining chromosomes in three interspecific crosses of haplochromine cichlid fishes from Lakes Victoria and Malawi. We find evidence for different sex determiners in each cross. In the Malawi cross and one Victoria cross the same chromosome is sex-linked but while females are the heterogametic sex in the Malawi species, males are the heterogametic sex in the Victoria species. This chromosome has not previously been reported to be sex determining in cichlids, increasing the number of different chromosomes shown to be sex determining in cichlids to 12. All Lake Victoria species of our crosses are less than 15,000 years divergent, and we identified different sex determiners among them. Our study provides further evidence for the diversity and evolutionary flexibility of sex determination in cichlids, factors which might contribute to their rapid adaptive radiations.</p>
Maternal provisioning and fluctuating thermal regimes enhance immune response in a reptile with temperature-dependent sex determination
<p>The Charnov-Bull model of differential fitness is often used to explain the evolution and maintenance of temperature-dependent sex determination (TSD). Most tests of the model focus on morphological proxies of fitness, such as size traits, whereas early life physiological traits that are closely related to lifetime fitness might provide a framework for generalising the Charnov-Bull model across taxa. One such trait is the strength of early life immune response, which is strongly linked to early life survival and fitness. Here, we manipulate temperature, variance in temperature, and sex to test the Charnov-Bull model using a physiological trait, immune system strength, in the snapping turtle (<i>Chelydra serpentina </i>L. 1758). We find no evidence of sex-specific differences in bactericidal capacity of hatchling blood, and no evidence that mean temperature influences bactericidal capacity. However, we find that fluctuating incubation temperature (i.e., a more naturalized incubation regime) is associated with a greater bactericidal capacity compared to constant temperature incubation. We also find that egg mass, a proxy for maternal provisioning, is positively associated with bactericidal capacity. Our findings suggest that the evolution of temperature-dependent sex determination in reptiles is unrelated to our measure early-life innate immunity. Our study also underlines how immune response is condition-dependent in early life, and questions the biological relevance of constant temperature incubation in experimental studies on ectotherm development.</p>
Data from: Sex without sex chromosomes: genetic architecture of multiple loci independently segregating to determine sex ratios in the copepod Tigriopus californicus
Sex determining systems are remarkably diverse and may evolve rapidly. Polygenic sex determination systems are predicted to be transient and evolutionarily unstable yet examples have been reported across a range of taxa. Here we provide the first direct evidence of polygenic sex determination in Tigriopus californicus, a harpacticoid copepod with no heteromorphic sex chromosomes. Using genetically distinct inbred lines selected for male- and female-biased clutches, we generated a genetic map with 39 SNPs across 12 chromosomes. Quantitative trait locus mapping of sex ratio phenotype (the proportion of male offspring produced by an F2 female) in four F2 families revealed six independently segregating quantitative trait loci on five separate chromosomes, explaining 19% of the variation in sex ratios. The sex ratio phenotype varied among loci across chromosomes in both direction and magnitude, with the strongest phenotypic effects on chromosome 10 moderated to some degree by loci on four other chromosomes. For a given locus, sex ratio phenotype varied in magnitude for individuals derived from different dam lines. These data, together with the environmental factors known to contribute to sex determination, characterize the underlying complexity and potential lability of sex determination, and confirm the polygenic architecture of sex determination in T. californicus.
Data from: Identification and characterization of sex-associated loci in sockeye salmon using genotyping-by-sequencing and comparison with a sex-determining assay based on the sdY gene
Loci that can be used to screen for sex in salmon can provide important information for study of both wild and cultured populations. Here, we tested for associations between sex and genotypes at thousands of loci available from a genotyping-by-sequencing (GBS) dataset to discover sex-associated loci in sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka). We discovered seven sex-associated loci, developed high-throughput assays for two loci, and tested the utility of these two assays in eight collections of sockeye salmon sampled throughout North America. We also screened an existing assay based on the master sex-determining gene in salmon (sdY) in these collections. The ability of GBS-derived loci to assign fish to their phenotypic sex varied substantially among collections suggesting that recombination between the loci that we discovered and the sex-determining gene has occurred. Assignment accuracy to phenotypic sex was much higher with the sdY assay but was still less than 100%. Alignment of sequences from GBS-derived loci to draft genomes for two salmonids provided strong evidence that many of these loci are found on the chromosome orthologous to the known sex chromosome in sockeye salmon. Our study is the first to describe the approximate location of the sex-determining region in sockeye salmon and indicates that sdY is also the master sex-determining gene in this species. However, discordances between sdY genotypes and phenotypic sex and the variable performance of GBS-derived loci warrant more research.
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Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.