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571 results for “sex difference”
Sexual (in)equality? A meta-analysis of sex differences in thermal acclimation capacity across ectotherms
<p>1. Climate change is putting the fate of ectothermic animals at stake because their body temperature closely tracks environmental temperatures. The ability to adjust thermal limits and preference through acclimation (i.e., acclimation capacity) may compensate for temperature changes. However, although necessary for forecasting the future of ectotherms in a changing climate, knowledge on the factors modulating these plastic responses is fragmentary. For instance, the influence of an animal's sex in driving acclimation capacity has been underappreciated.<br> 2. Here, we present the first systematic review and meta-analysis on sex differences in thermal acclimation capacity. Using 239 effect sizes from 37 studies and 44 species, we revealed that males and females did not differ significantly in their overall capacity to acclimate their thermal limits and preference. However, in some instances, females expressed significantly greater plastic responses than males.<br> 3. In wild animals, females had a greater heat tolerance plasticity than males. In addition, females had a greater cold tolerance plasticity in terrestrial habitats, but the strength and direction of this sexual dimorphism was associated with the duration of acclimation. We also found a negative correlation between body mass and plasticity. Finally, we demonstrated that the capacity for each sex to adjust their thermal tolerance and preference was remarkably limited.<br> 4. It is important to acknowledge that the above effects were weak and heterogeneous. Hence, in the species we investigated, minor differences in acclimation capacity may not translate into major ecological mismatch between sexes with climate change.<br> 5. Our systematic review also revealed that over 75% of the studies we identified either did not report or confounded the sex of the animals. This under-reporting may cause to overlook ecologically relevant sex differences in plasticity in ectothermic taxa. We stress the need for further research on sex-based responses to temperatures.<br> 6. Our synthesis provides additional evidence that the capacity for ectotherms to acclimate to temperatures is limited, and likely insufficient to compensate for the impacts of climate change.</p>
Figure 2 in Parallelism in secondary loss of sex from a heterogonic life cycle on different host plants in the Andricus mukaigawae complex (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae), with taxonomic notes
Figure 2. Representative karyotype of Andricus targionii (s. lat.) on Quercus dentata, Kitami. Scale bar: 10 mm.
Figure 1 in Parallelism in secondary loss of sex from a heterogonic life cycle on different host plants in the Andricus mukaigawae complex (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae), with taxonomic notes
Figure 1. Andricus targionii (s. lat.) populations on Quercus dentata used for the present chromosome study. 1, Kitami; 2, Minami-chitose; 3, Aomori; 4, Mt Haruna; 5, Lake Yamanaka; 6, Lake Shirakaba.
Tradeoffs and benefits explain scaling, sex differences, and seasonal oscillations in the remarkable weapons of snapping shrimp (Alpheus spp.)
<p>Evolutionary theory suggests that individuals should express costly traits at a magnitude that optimizes the cost-benefit ratio for the trait-bearer. Trait expression varies across a species because costs and benefits vary among individuals. For example, if large individuals pay lower costs than small individuals, then larger individuals should reach optimal cost-benefit ratios at a greater magnitude of trait expression. Using the remarkable cavitation-shooting weapons found in the big claws of male and female alpheid snapping shrimp, we test whether size- and sex-dependent expenditures explain the scaling of weapon size relative to body size and why males have larger proportional weapon size than females. We found that males and females from three snapping shrimp species (<em>Alpheus</em> <em>heterochaelis</em>, <em>Alpheus</em> <em>angulosus</em>, and <em>Alpheus</em> <em>estuariensis</em>) exhibit resource allocation tradeoffs between weapon and abdomen mass. For male <em>A</em>. <em>heterochaelis</em>, the species for which we had the greatest sample size and statistical power, the smallest individuals showed the steepest tradeoff. Our extensive dataset in <em>A</em>. <em>heterochaelis</em> also included data about pairing, breeding season, and egg clutch size. Therefore, we could test for reproductive tradeoffs and benefits in this species. Female <em>A</em>. <em>heterochaelis</em> exhibited additional tradeoffs between weapon size and egg count, average egg volume, and total egg mass volume. For average egg volume, the smallest females exhibited the steepest tradeoff relative to weapon size. Furthermore, for both sexes, large weapons were positively correlated with the relative size of their pair mate; however, for males only, large weapons were positively correlated with being paired in the first place. In conclusion, we establish that size-dependent tradeoffs underlie reliable scaling relationships of costly traits. Furthermore, we show that males and females differ in weapon investment, suggesting that weapons are especially beneficial to males and especially burdensome to females.</p>
Early-life food stress hits females harder than males in insects: a meta-analysis of sex differences in environmental sensitivity
<p><span>Fitness consequences of early-life environmental conditions are often sex-specific, but corresponding evidence for invertebrates remains inconclusive. Here we use meta-analysis to evaluate sex-specific sensitivity to early-life nutritional conditions in insects. Using literature-derived data for 85 species with broad phylogenetic and ecological coverage, we show that </span><span>females are generally more sensitive to food stress than males. Stressful nutritional conditions during development typically lead to female-biased mortality and thus increasingly male-biased sex ratios of emerging adults. We further demonstrate that the general trend of higher sensitivity to food stress in females can primarily be attributed to their typically larger body size in insects and hence higher energy needs during development. By contrast, there is no consistent evidence of sex-biased sensitivity in sexually size-monomorphic species. Drawing conclusions regarding sex-biased sensitivity in species with male-biased size dimorphism remains to wait for the accumulation of relevant data. Our results suggest that environmental conditions leading to elevated juvenile mortality may potentially affect the performance of insect populations further by reducing the proportion of females among individuals reaching reproductive age. Accounting for sex-biased mortality is therefore essential to understanding the dynamics and demography of insect populations, not least importantly in the context of ongoing insect declines.</span></p>
Sex differences in the song circuit and song acoustic complexity in male and female house wrens
<p>In this study, we compared neural song circuit morphology to singing behavior recorded in the field for 17 male and 18 female house wrens. The acoustic complexity of house wren songs was quantified using a recently published machine learning approach. This data set includes recordings of all house wren songs used in this analysis along with Raven selection tables defining the boundaries of each syllable. This includes 109 female songs. R code used to extract acoustic features and estimate element diversity and our proxy for song acoustic complexity are included. Summaries of acoustic variables for each song and each element are provided as well as files necessary to replicate the analysis. For each bird, we measured volume, cell number, cell density, and neuron soma size for three song circuits, Area X, HVC (used as a proper name), and the robust nucleus of the arcopallium (RA), and one control region, the nucleus rotundus (Rt). This data set includes these neural morphology measurements for each bird as well as R code used to (1) compare males and females for each neural measurement and (2) explore the relationship between acoustic complexity and neural morphology within each sex. </p>
Neglected patterns of variation in transgenerational plasticity: The importance of different sources of environmental variation differs across ages and sexes in a cyprinid fish
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Sex differences in the song circuit and song acoustic complexity in male and female house wrens
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Early-life food stress hits females harder than males in insects: a meta-analysis of sex differences in environmental sensitivity
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Sexual (in)equality? A meta-analysis of sex differences in thermal acclimation capacity across ectotherms
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Limited sex differences in plastic responses suggest evolutionary conservatism of thermal reaction norms: A meta-analysis in insects
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Two-sex integrated population model reveals intersexual differences in life history strategies in Cooper’s Hawks
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Mantidfly larvae use substrate-borne cues to locate and distinguish different sexes and life stages of potential spider hosts
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Sex-based differences in the use of post-fire habitats by invasive cane toads (Rhinella marina)
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Sex differences in behavioural and anatomical estimates of visual acuity in the green swordtail Xiphophorus helleri
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Multilevel selection on social network traits differs between sexes in experimental populations of forked fungus beetles
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Tradeoffs and benefits explain scaling, sex differences, and seasonal oscillations in the remarkable weapons of snapping shrimp (Alpheus spp.)
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Data from: The genetic architecture of recombination rates is polygenic and differs between the sexes in wild house sparrows (Passer domesticus)
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Sex differences in alternative reproductive tactics in response to predation risk in tree crickets
<p>1. Alternative reproductive tactics (ARTs) are variable, often discontinuous, behaviours that allow a particular sex to achieve enhanced mating success. Predation risk has been hypothesised to drive the evolution of ARTs, but few empirical studies have examined this. It is unclear whether predators affect fitness of the two sexes directly, by reducing survival, or indirectly, by altering mate-searching.</p> <p>2. In crickets, mate-search typically involves acoustic signalling by males and acoustic-mediated movement towards males by silent females. Males and females may however employ ARTs, which includes silent searching by males, and mating without performing phonotaxis in females.</p> <p>3. We empirically examined effects of increased predation risk on mate-searching behaviour and survival of male and female tree crickets, and their effects on mating success, using field-enclosure experiments with tree crickets <i>Oecanthus henryi</i> and their primary predator, green lynx spiders, <i>Peucetia viridans</i>. Crickets were allocated into three treatments with different levels of predation risk.</p> <p>4. Increased predation risk strongly reduced survival, and thereby mating success, for both sexes. With increasing predation risk, males reduced calling and increased movement towards neighbouring callers, with negative effects on mating success. By comparing with simulated random movement, we found that male movement was significantly directed towards other calling males, implying a switch to satellite strategies. Female movement behaviour, however, remained unaltered.</p> <p>5. Males and females thus differed in their response to comparable levels of predation risk, implying that the role of predation as a driver of alternative mate search strategies is sex-specific.</p>
Different effects of mating group size as male and as female on sex allocation in a simultaneous hermaphrodite
<p>Sex allocation theory predicts that the optimal sexual resource allocation of simultaneous hermaphrodites is affected by mating group size (MGS). Although the original concept assumes that the MGS does not differ between male and female functions, the MGS in the male function (MGSm; i.e., the number of sperm recipients the focal individual can deliver its sperm to plus one) and that in the female function (MGSf; the number of sperm donors plus one) do not always coincide and may differently affect the optimal sex allocation. Moreover, reproductive costs can be split into "variable" (e.g., sperm and eggs) and "fixed" (e.g., genitalia) costs, but these have been seldom distinguished in empirical studies. We examined the effects of MGSm and MGSf on the fixed and variable reproductive investments in the sessilian barnacle <i>Balanus rostratus</i>. The results showed that MGSm had a positive effect on sex allocation, whereas MGSf had a nearly significant negative effect. Moreover, the "fixed" cost varied with body size and both aspects of MGS. We argue that the two aspects of MGS should be distinguished for organisms with unilateral mating.</p>
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Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.