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143 results for “sex roles”
Data from: The role of conflict in the formation and maintenance of variant sex chromosome systems in mammals
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Data from: The effects of synthetic estrogen exposure on pre-mating and post-mating episodes of selection in sex-role-reversed Gulf pipefish
Environmental estrogens have been shown to affect populations of aquatic organisms in devastating ways, including feminization of males, alterations in mating behaviors, and disruption of sexual selection. Studies have shown 17α-ethinylestradiol (EE2) exposure to induce female-like secondary sexual traits in male Gulf pipefish, changing how females perceive affected males. We aimed to understand the effects of EE2 exposure on the sex-role-reversed mating system and the strength of selection in Gulf pipefish. We used artificial Gulf pipefish breeding aggregations and microsatellite-based parentage analysis to determine maternity. We then calculated the opportunity for selection and selection differentials on body size for both sexes during three consecutive episodes of selection. Exposure to EE2 did not affect the strength of selection, likely due to the unusual sex-role-reversed mating system found in this species. With respect to multiply mated females, EE2 exposed females produced more eggs with higher embryo survivorship than non-exposed females. Thus, short-term exposure to low concentrations (2.0 ng/L) of EE2 in Gulf pipefish enhanced female reproductive success. However, higher EE2 concentrations (5.0 ng/L) caused complete reproductive failure in Gulf pipefish males. These results call for more work on the long-term effects of EE2 exposure in Gulf pipefish in artificial and natural populations.
Data from: Female ornamentation and the fecundity trade-off in a sex-role reversed pipefish
Sexual ornaments found only in females are a rare occurrence in nature. One explanation for this is that female ornaments are costly to produce and maintain and, therefore, females must trade-off resources related to reproduction to promote ornament expression. Here, we investigate whether a trade-off exists between female ornamentation and fecundity in the sex-role reversed, wide-bodied pipefish, Stigmatopora nigra. We measured two components of the disk-shaped, ventral-striped female ornament, body width and stripe thickness. After controlling for the influence of body size, we found no evidence of a cost of belly width or stripe thickness on female fecundity. Rather, females that have larger ornaments have higher fecundity and thus accurately advertise their reproductive value to males without incurring a cost to fecundity. We also investigated the relationship between female body size and egg size and found that larger females suffered a slight decrease in egg size and fecundity, although this decrease was independent of female ornamentation. More broadly, considered in light of similar findings in other taxa, lack of an apparent fecundity cost of ornamentation in female pipefish underscores the need to revisit theoretical assumptions concerning the evolution of female ornamentation.
Data from: Gene flow mediates the role of sex chromosome meiotic drive during complex speciation
During speciation, sex chromosomes often accumulate interspecific genetic incompatibilities faster than the rest of the genome. The drive theory posits that sex chromosomes are susceptible to recurrent bouts of meiotic drive and suppression, causing the evolutionary build-up of divergent cryptic sex-linked drive systems and, incidentally, genetic incompatibilities. To assess the role of drive during speciation, we combine high-resolution genetic mapping of X-linked hybrid male sterility with population genomics analyses of divergence and recent gene flow between the fruitfly species, <em>Drosophila mauritiana </em>and<em> D. simulans</em>. Our findings reveal a high density of genetic incompatibilities and a corresponding dearth of gene flow on the X chromosome. Surprisingly, we find that a known drive element recently migrated between species and, rather than contributing to interspecific divergence, caused a strong reduction in local sequence divergence, undermini ng the evolution of hybrid sterility. Gene flow can therefore mediate the effects of selfish genetic elements during speciation.
Data from: Sex-specific arrival times on the breeding grounds: hybridizing migratory skuas provide empirical support for the role of sex ratios
In migratory animals, protandry (earlier arrival of males on the breeding grounds) prevails over protogyny (females preceding males). In theory, sex differences in timing of arrival should be driven by the operational sex ratio, shifting toward protogyny in female-biased populations. However, empirical support for this hypothesis is, to date, lacking. To test this hypothesis, we analyzed arrival data from three populations of the long-distance migratory south polar skua (Catharacta maccormicki). These populations differed in their operational sex ratio caused by the unidirectional hybridization of male south polar skuas with female brown skuas (Catharacta antarctica lonnbergi). We found that arrival times were protandrous in allopatry, shifting toward protogyny in female-biased populations when breeding in sympatry. This unique observation is consistent with theoretical predictions that sex-specific arrival times should be influenced by sex ratio and that protogyny should be observed in populations with female-biased operational sex ratio.
Data from: Sex-specific responses to sexual familiarity, and the role of olfaction in Drosophila
Studies of mating preferences have largely neglected the potential effects of individuals encountering their previous mates ('directly sexually familiar'), or new mates that share similarities to previous mates, e.g. from the same family and/or environment ('phenotypically sexually familiar'). Here, we show that male and female Drosophila melanogaster respond to the direct and phenotypic sexual familiarity of potential mates in fundamentally different ways. We exposed a single focal male or female to two potential partners. In the first experiment, one potential partner was novel (not previously encountered) and one was directly familiar (their previous mate); in the second experiment, one potential partner was novel (unrelated, and from a different environment from the previous mate) and one was phenotypically familiar (from the same family and rearing environment as the previous mate). We found that males preferentially courted novel females over directly or phenotypically familiar females. In contrast, females displayed a weak preference for directly and phenotypically familiar males over novel males. Sex-specific responses to the familiarity of potential mates were significantly weaker or absent in Orco1 mutants, which lack a co-receptor essential for olfaction, indicating a role for olfactory cues in mate choice over novelty. Collectively, our results show that direct and phenotypic sexual familiarity is detected through olfactory cues and play an important role in sex-specific sexual behaviour.
Data from: Sex roles, parental care and offspring growth in two contrasting coucal species
The decision to provide parental care is often associated with trade-offs, because resources allocated to parental care typically cannot be invested in self-maintenance or mating. In most animals, females provide more parental care than males, but the reason for this pattern is still debated in evolutionary ecology. To better understand sex differences in parental care and its consequences we need to study closely related species where the sexes differ in offspring care. We investigated parental care in relation to offspring growth in two closely related coucal species that fundamentally differ in sex roles and parental care, but live in the same food-rich habitat with a benign climate, and have a similar breeding phenology. Incubation patterns differed and uniparental male black coucals fed their offspring two times more often than female and male white-browed coucals combined. Also, white-browed coucals had more `off-times´ than male black coucals, during which they perched and preened. However, these differences in parental care were not reflected in offspring growth, likely because white-browed coucals fed their nestlings a larger proportion of frogs than insects. A food-rich habitat with a benign climate may be a necessary, but – perhaps unsurprisingly – is not a sufficient factor for the evolution of uniparental care. In combination with previous results (Goymann et al. (2015) J. Evol. Biol. 28, 1335-1353) these data suggest that white-browed coucals may cooperate in parental care because they lack opportunities to become polygamous rather than because both parents were needed to successfully raise all offspring. Our case study supports recent theory suggesting that permissive environmental conditions in combination with a particular life-history may induce sexual selection in females. A positive feed-back loop between sexual selection, body size, and adult sex-ratio may then stabilize reversed sex-roles in competition and parental care.
Data from: Social monogamy versus polyandry: ecological factors associated with sex-roles in two closely related birds within the same habitat
Why mainly males compete and females take a larger share in parental care remains an exciting question in evolutionary biology. Role-reversed species are of particular interest, because such exceptions′ help to test the rule. Using mating systems theory as a framework, we compared the reproductive ecology of the two most contrasting coucals with regard to sexual dimorphism and parental care: the black coucal with male-only care and the bi-parental white-browed coucal. Both species occur in the same lush habitat and face similar ecological conditions, but drastically differ in mating system and sexual dimorphism. Black coucals were migratory and occurred at high breeding densities. With females being obligatory polyandrous and almost twice as heavy as males, black coucals belong to the most extreme vertebrates with reversed sexual dimorphism. Higher variance in reproductive success in fiercely competing females suggests that sexual selection is stronger in females than males. In contrast, resident white-browed coucals bred at low densities and invariably in pairs. They were almost monomorphic and the variance in reproductive success was similar between the sexes. Black coucals were more likely to lose nests than white-browed coucals, probably facilitating female emancipation of parental care in black coucals. We propose that a combination of high food abundance, high population density, high degree of nest loss, and male bias in the adult sex ratio are ecological conditions that facilitate role reversal and polyandry in coucals and terrestrial vertebrates in general.
Data from: The contributions of premating and postmating selection episodes to total selection in sex-role-reversed Gulf pipefish
Empirical studies of sexual selection often focus on events occurring either before or after mating but rarely both and consequently may fail to discern the relative magnitudes and interactions of premating and postmating episodes of selection. Here, we simultaneously quantify premating and postmating selection in the sex-role-reversed Gulf pipefish by using a microsatellite-based analysis of parentage in experimental populations. Female pipefish exhibited an opportunity for selection (I) of 1.64, which was higher than that of males (0.35). Decompositions of I and the selection differential on body size showed that over 95% of the selection on females arose from the premating phase. We also found evidence for a trade-off between selection phases, where multiply mating females had significantly lower offspring survivorship compared to singly mated females. In males, variance in relative fitness arose mainly from the number of eggs received per copulation and a small number of males who failed to mate. Overall, our study exemplifies a general approach for the decomposition of total selection into premating and postmating phases to understand the interplay among components of natural and sexual selection that conspire to shape sexually selected traits.
Mapping and assembly of the Midas cichlid male-specific region supports molecular parallelism in the evolution of a master sex-determining role for amhr2
<p>The evolution of sex chromosomes and their differentiation from autosomes is a major event during genome evolution that happened many times in several lineages. The repeated evolution and lability of sex-determination mechanisms in fishes makes this a well-suited system to test for general and predictable patterns in evolution. According to current theory, differentiation is triggered by the suppression of recombination following the evolution of a new master-sex determining gene. However, the molecular mechanisms that establish recombination suppression are known from few examples, owing to the intrinsic difficulties of assembling sex determining regions (SDRs). Forward-genetics data and the development of long-read sequencing have generated a wealth of data questioning central aspects of the current theory. Here, we demonstrate that sex in Midas cichlids is determined by an XY system, identify and assemble the SDR by combining forward-genetics, long-read sequencing and optical mapping. We show how long-reads aid in the detection of artifacts in genotype-phenotype mapping that arise from incomplete genome assemblies. The male-specific region is restricted to a 100 kb segment on chromosome 4 that harbors transposable elements and a Y-specific duplicate of the anti-Mullerian receptor 2 locus, a known sex-determining gene. Our data suggests that <em>amhr2Y</em> originated by an interchromosomal translocation from chromosome 20 to 4 predating the split of Midas and Flier cichlids. In the later, it is pseudogenized and translocated to another chromosome. Duplication of anti-Mullerian genes is a common route to establishing new sex determiners, highlighting the role of molecular parallelism in the evolution of sex determination.</p>
Figure 4 in Prolonged parental behaviour by males of Limnonectes palavanensis (Boulenger 1894), a frog with possible sex-role reversal
Figure 4. Climbing behaviour of the tadpoles of L. palavanensis. (a) The male stimulates hatching by touching the eggs with its chin and fingers. (b) The male positions himself on top of the eggs and twitches his abdomen and fingers. (c) He steps on the eggs, breaking the egg capsule and separating them. (d) The first tadpole starts climbing (indicated by the arrow). The male sits on top of the now free tadpoles and waits for them to climb. (e) The male starts to turn around while the tadpoles wriggle onto his back. After every turn he remains still for a few seconds while the tadpoles climb. (f) The tadpoles move around and rearrange themselves while the last tadpole makes it to the top.
Figure 2 in Prolonged parental behaviour by males of Limnonectes palavanensis (Boulenger 1894), a frog with possible sex-role reversal
Figure 2. Abandoned clutch of Limnonectes palavanensis. (a) Abandoned clutch of 14 eggs; note the formation of the animal pole (darkened area). (b) The clutch continued its normal development (7 days old). Two eggs did not develop (yellow arrows) and one egg stopped developing after day five (black arrow). The tadpoles hatched on their own after nine days.
Figure 3 in Prolonged parental behaviour by males of Limnonectes palavanensis (Boulenger 1894), a frog with possible sex-role reversal
Figure 3. Embryonic development of the eggs of L. palavanensis. (a) The vegetal pole differentiates from the animal pole 24 h after fertilisation. (b) Neural folds develop, Gosner stage 15 (3 days old). (c) The head forms and the tail elongates around the yolk sac, Gosner stages 18–19 (4 days old). (d) Eyes become apparent and external gills are visible, Gosner stages 21–22 (6 days old). (e) The tadpoles are now sensitive to light, the eyes are completely formed and the gills are not visible anymore, Gosner stages 24–25 (9 days old). (f) The tadpoles are ready to hatch (10 days old).
Figure 1 in Sexual dimorphism in chelicerae, forelegs and palpal traits in two burrowing wolf spiders (Araneae: Lycosidae) with sex-role reversal
Figure 1. Dimorphism in chelicerae pigmentation (frontal views). Males (A, C) show darker pigmentation than females (B, D) in both species: Allocosa brasiliensis (above) and Allocosa alticeps (below).
Figure 3 in Sexual dimorphism in chelicerae, forelegs and palpal traits in two burrowing wolf spiders (Araneae: Lycosidae) with sex-role reversal
Figure 3. Palpal tarsi (lateral views) of Aglaoctenus lagotis (A,B) and Schizocosa malitiosa (C,D), showing female claws (A,C), and male palpal tarsus without claws or specialized structures on distal position (B,D).
Figure 2 in Sexual dimorphism in chelicerae, forelegs and palpal traits in two burrowing wolf spiders (Araneae: Lycosidae) with sex-role reversal
Figure 2. Palpal claws (lateral views) (A) female of Allocosa alticeps; (B) juvenile of Allocosa alticeps; and apical modifications of palpal tarsi (C) adult male of Allocosa brasiliensis (ventrolateral view); (D) adult male of Allocosa brasiliensis (dorsal view); (E) penultimate male of Allocosa brasiliensis (ventrolateral view); (F) penultimate male of Allocosa brasiliensis (dorsal view).
Unexpected degrees of male courtship in a highly sexually dimorphic sex-role reversed species: raw data
<p>This repository contains the behavioural data collected from video recordings of 10 mesocosms containing *S. nigra* males and females (which were run in 2020-2021). The goals of the study are to:</p> <p>1. Describe the courtship behaviours of these sexually dimorphic fish<br> 2. Establish whether one sex is more active in courtship than the other<br> 3. Determine factors the influence sex-specific behaviours</p> <p>The data provided here are in two zipped directories: Chase_datasheets/ and BORIS_data/. Both contain data from analysis of videos in BORIS. The BORIS_data/ contains the majority of the courtship behaviours, but the videos were re-analysed to investigate chase behaviours after the courtship behaviours were scored. The chase behaviour data is in Chase_datasheets/.</p>
The Role of Sex Steroids and Serotonin Brain Dynamics in Perinatal Mental Health
ClinicalTrials.gov study NCT03795688. IPD Sharing: YES. Countries: 1. Publications: 11.
Cardiovascular Mechanisms of Exercise Intolerance in Diabetes and the Role of Sex
ClinicalTrials.gov study NCT03419195. IPD Sharing: NO. Countries: 1. Publications: 2.
Costs, Efficiency and the Role of Management in HIV Prevention Interventions for Female Sex Workers in Nigeria
ClinicalTrials.gov study NCT03371914. IPD Sharing: Not stated. Countries: 1. Publications: 1.
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