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123 results for “sexual conflict”

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dryad32/100

Code and data from: Evolution of sexual cooperation from sexual conflict

<p>This C code conducts deterministic iterations of the exact recursion equations presented in the Model section of "Evolution of sexual cooperation from sexual conflict" by Servedio, Powers, Lande and Price. The code produces a two-dimensional grid with any parameters of choice on the x and y axis. Examples can be found in Figures 2c, 3c and 4 of the main text as well as many similar figures in the Supplementary Material. A sample parameter file is included as well. </p>

opencc-zeroOct 2019View details →

dryad32/100

Data from: Female sociality and sexual conflict shape offspring survival in a Neotropical primate

Most mammals live in social groups in which members form differentiated social relationships. Individuals may vary in their degree of sociality, and this variation can be associated with differential fitness. In some species, for example, female sociality has a positive effect on infant survival. However, investigations of such cases are still rare, and no previous study has considered how male infanticide might constrain effects of female sociality on infant survival. Infanticide is part of the male reproductive strategy in many mammals, and it has the potential to override, or even reverse, effects of female reproductive strategies, including sociality. Therefore, we investigated the relationships between female sociality, offspring survival, and infanticide risk in wild white-faced capuchin monkeys using long-term data from Santa Rosa, Costa Rica. Female capuchins formed differentiated bonds, and bond strength was predicted by kin relationship, rank difference, and the presence of female infants. Most females formed stable bonds with their top social partners, although bond stability varied considerably. Offspring of highly social females, who were often high-ranking females, exhibited higher survivorship during stable periods compared with offspring of less social females. However, offspring of highly social females were more likely to die or disappear during periods of alpha male replacements, probably because new alpha males are central to the group, and therefore more likely to target the infants of highly social, central females. This study shows that female sociality in mammals can have negative fitness consequences that are imposed by male behavior.

opencc-zeroDec 2016View details →

dryad32/100

Data from: Hunting promotes sexual conflict in brown bears

The removal of individuals through hunting can destabilize social structure, potentially affecting population dynamics. Although previous studies have shown that hunting can indirectly reduce juvenile survival through increased sexually selected infanticide (SSI), very little is known about the spatiotemporal effects of male hunting on juvenile survival. Using detailed individual monitoring of a hunted population of brown bears (Ursus arctos) in Sweden (1991–2011), we assessed the spatiotemporal effect of male removal on cub survival. We modelled cub survival before, during and after the mating season. We used three proxies to evaluate spatial and temporal variation in male turnover; distance and timing of the closest male killed and number of males that died around a female's home range centre. Male removal decreased cub survival only during the mating season, as expected in seasonal breeders with SSI. Cub survival increased with distance to the closest male killed within the previous 1·5 years, and it was lower when the closest male killed was removed 1·5 instead of 0·5 year earlier. We did not detect an effect of the number of males killed. Our results support the hypothesis that social restructuring due to hunting can reduce recruitment and suggest that the distribution of the male deaths might be more important than the overall number of males that die. As the removal of individuals through hunting is typically not homogenously distributed across the landscape, spatial heterogeneity in hunting pressure may cause source–sink dynamics, with lower recruitment in areas of high human-induced mortality.

opencc-zeroDec 2015View details →

dryad32/100

Data from: Condition dependent mortality exacerbates male (but not female) reproductive senescence and the potential for sexual conflict

Disentangling the relationship between age and reproduction is central to understand life-history evolution, and recent evidence shows that considering condition-dependent mortality is a crucial piece of this puzzle. For example, non-random mortality of "low-condition" individuals can lead to an increase in average lifespan. However, selective disappearance of such low-condition individuals may also affect reproductive senescence at the population level due to trade-offs between physiological functions related to survival/lifespan and the maintenance of reproductive functions. Here, we address the idea that condition-dependent extrinsic mortality (i.e. simulated predation) may increase the age-related decline in male reproductive success, and with it the potential for sexual conflict, by comparing reproductive ageing in Drosophila melanogaster male/female cohorts exposed (or not) to condition-dependent simulated predation across time. While female reproductive senescence was not affected by predation, male reproductive senescence was considerably higher under predation, due mainly to an accelerated decline in offspring viability of "surviving" males with age. This sex-specific effect suggests that condition-dependent extrinsic mortality can exacerbate survival-reproductive trade-offs in males, which are typically under stronger condition-dependent selection than females. Interestingly, condition-dependent extrinsic mortality did not affect mating success, hinting that accelerated reproductive senescence is due to a decrease in male post-copulatory fitness components. Our results support the recent proposal that male ageing can be an important source of sexual conflict, further suggesting this effect could be exacerbated under more natural conditions.

opencc-zeroApr 2020View details →

dryad32/100

Tests of search image and learning in the wild: insights from sexual conflict in damselflies

<p><a name="_Hlk52373699">Search image formation, a proximal mechanism to maintain genetic polymorphisms by negative frequency-dependent selection, has rarely been tested under natural conditions. Females of many non-territorial damselflies resemble either conspecific males or background vegetation. Mate-searching males are assumed to form search images of the majority female type, sexually harassing it at rates higher than expected from its frequency, thus selectively favoring the less common morph. We tested this and how morph coloration and behavior influenced male perception and intersexual encounters by following marked <i>Ischnura elegans</i> and noting their reactions<i> </i>to conspecifics. Contrary to search image formation and associative learning hypotheses, although males </a>encountered the minority, male-like morph more often, sexual harassment and clutch size were similar for both morphs. Prior mating attempts or copulas with morphs did not affect a male's subsequent reaction to them; males rarely attempted matings with immature females or males. Females mated early in the day, reducing the opportunity for males to learn their identity beforehand. Once encountered, the male-like morph was more readily noticed by males than the alternative morph, which, once noticed was more likely to receive mating attempts. Flexible behavior gave morphs considerable control over their apparency to males, influencing intersexual encounters. Results suggested a more subtle proximal mechanism than male learning maintains these color polymorphisms and call for inferences of learning to be validated by behavior of wild receivers and their signalers.</p>

opencc-zeroFeb 2022View details →

dryad32/100

Sexual conflict does not maintain female colour polymorphism in a territorial damselfly

<div> <div> <div> <div> <p>Female-limited dimorphism is commonly hypothesized to be an adaptation resulting from male harassment or sexual conflict over female mating rate. We examined whether males discriminate be- tween female colour morphs of the beautiful Hawaiian damselfly, Megalagrion calliphya, in order to evaluate whether male harassment could explain the existence and/or maintenance of this dimorphism. Previous studies of this species suggest that spatially varying ecological selection maintains the dimorphism, but these hypotheses are not mutually exclusive. Here, we used a common method of measuring male behaviour towards secured females at mating sites under naturally occurring conditions, using five populations that range in male-like female morph frequency from 0 to 0.86. We found very low rates of interaction in a total of 64 one-hour trials, and male behaviour towards females did not differ significantly between colour morphs. By comparing the populations that vary in female morph fre- quency, we found no evidence of frequency-dependent sexual selection on colour, suggesting that this polymorphism is maintained by selective forces other than sexual conflict.</p> </div> </div> </div> </div>

opencc-zeroAug 2022View details →

dryad32/100

Partner retention as a mechanism to reduce sexual conflict over care in a seabird

<p><span>The costs of caring for offspring are predicted to lead to an evolutionary conflict between parents, where each parent benefits if the other provides the majority of care. However, in many biparental species, breeding partners remain together for multiple breeding attempts and their respective future reproductive fitness prospects are therefore intertwined. Since an increase in current care by a long-term partner reduces that partner's future investment and longevity, individuals do not automatically only benefit when their partner provides care. We test whether selection will favour individuals that reduce the burden of care falling on long-term partners, thus decreasing evolutionary conflict over parental care. Using a semi-natural, captive colony of black-headed gulls (<em>Chroicocephalus ridibundus</em>), we show that benefits of long-term partner retention can indeed reduce sexual conflict. Long-term partners have less intense courtships and are more behaviourally compatible, and individuals in long-term pairs spare each other's resources by increasing their own parental investment compared to those with new partners. Lastly, we demonstrate that high partner compatibility in newly-formed pairs can select for commitment to the pair bond. Our results highlight that compatibility benefits of long-term partnerships can increase selection for mate retention and increase parental investment.</span></p>

opencc-zeroDec 2023View details →

zenodo32/100

Accelerated genome shuffling associated with rapid evolution of sexual conflicts in seed beetles

<p><strong><span>Accelerated genome shuffling associated with rapid evolution of sexual conflicts in seed beetles</span></strong></p>

opencc-by-4.0Sep 2024View details →

dryad32/100