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Fig. 6 in Nuptial pads of rock frogs (Thoropa, Cycloramphidae, Anura): How papillary epidermal projections are related to sexual maturity and taxonomy

Fig. 6. Violin plots of the number of papillary epidermal projections (PEPs) on the left metacarpal-phalangeal articulation of finger II (MPA-II), the left inner metacarpal tubercle (IMT), the left whole finger II (M II + P-II), and the left finger III, grouped by species, with corresponding Kruskal–Wallis H statistics and Pvalues. The sample size is given below the species names.

Fig. 2 in Reproductive phenology of neotropical leptodactylid frogs (genera Physalaemus and Pseudopaludicola): Integrating gametogenic cycle, sexual maturity and age

Fig. 2. Rose diagram representing gonadal parameters from males (a, c, e, g) and females (b, d, f, h) of Physalaemus cuvieri.

Fig. 1 in Nuptial pads of rock frogs (Thoropa, Cycloramphidae, Anura): How papillary epidermal projections are related to sexual maturity and taxonomy

Fig. 1. Photos of the three basic types and distribution of papillary epidermal projections (PEPs) of Thoropa. (A, B) Dorsal and ventral views of the hand of a specimen of Thoropa lutzi from Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro state, Brazil (MZUSP 88241) showing cone-shaped PEPs (not the focus of the present study). (C, D) Dorsal and ventral views of the hand of a specimen of Thoropa petropolitana from Guapimirim, Rio de Janeiro state, Brazil (EI 9474) showing spineshaped PEPs located only on the metacarpalphalangeal articulation of finger II (MPA-II). (E, F) Dorsal and ventral views of the hand of a specimen of Thoropa taophora from S˜ao Sebasti˜ao, S˜ao Paulo state, Brazil (EI 9474) showing spine-shaped PEPs on the metacarpal-phalangeal articulation of finger II (MPAII), inner metacarpal tubercle (IMT), other regions of finger II, finger III, and finger IV.

Fig. 3 in Nuptial pads of rock frogs (Thoropa, Cycloramphidae, Anura): How papillary epidermal projections are related to sexual maturity and taxonomy

Fig. 3. Details of the papillary epidermal projections (PEPs): (A) Stratum corneum dislodged from the PEP (black arrow), showing the pale exposed stratum granulosum (blue arrow) from a Thoropa miliaris specimen from Paraty, Rio de Janeiro state (CFBH 30617); (B) a specimen of Thoropa miliaris from Carangola, Minas Gerais state (CFBH 27292), showing the different sized PEPs found on the dorsal surface of finger II basal phalanx (P-II) (larger PEPs, yellow arrow) and the dorsal surface of finger II metacarpus (M II) (smaller PEPs, red arrow).

Fig. 5 in Nuptial pads of rock frogs (Thoropa, Cycloramphidae, Anura): How papillary epidermal projections are related to sexual maturity and taxonomy

Fig. 5. Violin plots of the number of papillary epidermal projections (PEPs) found in the same specimen, grouped by species, excluding specimens for which PEPs could not be counted for any region, with corresponding Kruskal–Wallis H statistics and P-values. Left, plots including counts on the metacarpal-phalangeal articulation of finger II (MPA-II, metacarpal-phalangeal articulation). Right, plots including all regions except MPA-II.

Fig. 5 in Reproductive phenology of neotropical leptodactylid frogs (genera Physalaemus and Pseudopaludicola): Integrating gametogenic cycle, sexual maturity and age

Fig. 5. Relation between snout-vent length and gonadosomatic index for males and females of (a, b) Physalaemus cuvieri (c, d) Physalaemus riograndensis, and (f, g) Pseudopaludicola falcipes. The results are expressed in log. Blue dots =males; Orange dots =females.

Fig. 1. A in Reproductive phenology of neotropical leptodactylid frogs (genera Physalaemus and Pseudopaludicola): Integrating gametogenic cycle, sexual maturity and age

Fig. 1. A) Map of Santa Maria municipality, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, showing the geographical localization of Campo de Instruç˜ao de Santa Maria (black star), collection localization of Physalaemus cuvieri (3), Physalaemus riograndensis (2), and Pseudopaludicola falcipes (1). Black bar =scale of 10 mm. The pictures of the specimens are in size scale. B) Monthly mean of rainfall, maximum and minimum temperature of the study area, between the years 1996–1998. Purple line =mean of rainfall; Yellow line =mean of ais humidity; dark orange bar =mean of maximum temperature; beige bar =mean of minimum temperature. ◦C =values from temperature; % =values from air humidity.

Fig. 7 in Nuptial pads of rock frogs (Thoropa, Cycloramphidae, Anura): How papillary epidermal projections are related to sexual maturity and taxonomy

Fig. 7. Violin plots of the number of papillary epidermal projections (PEPs) on left finger IV, grouped by species, with corresponding Kruskal–Wallis H statistics and P-values. The sample size is given below the species names.

Fig. 3 in Reproductive phenology of neotropical leptodactylid frogs (genera Physalaemus and Pseudopaludicola): Integrating gametogenic cycle, sexual maturity and age

Fig. 3. Rose diagram representing gonadal parameters from males (a, c, e, g) and females (b, d, f, h) of Physalaemus riograndensis.

Fig. 2 in Nuptial pads of rock frogs (Thoropa, Cycloramphidae, Anura): How papillary epidermal projections are related to sexual maturity and taxonomy

Fig. 2. Ventral and dorsal views of the hand of Thoropa indicating the regions of the hand where papillary epidermal projections (PEPs) occur: "MPA-II" = metacarpal-phalangeal articulation of finger II; "IMT" = inner metacarpal tubercle; "P-II" = basal phalange of finger II; "M-II" = metacarpus of finger II; finger II itself; finger III; finger IV; and finger V. Finger numbers follow Fabrezi and Alberch (1996). Modified from Rebouças et al. (2017).

Fig. 4 in Nuptial pads of rock frogs (Thoropa, Cycloramphidae, Anura): How papillary epidermal projections are related to sexual maturity and taxonomy

Fig. 4. Dorsal and ventral views of papillary epidermal projection (PEP) distribution categories used to analyze the occurrence of spermatozoa in the testes (A-B, D-E, G-H, J-K, M N, P-Q, and S-T), with an examplar histological section of the testis of a specimen attributed to that category (C, F, I, L, O, R, and U). Each row corresponds to a category (a–g). (A, B, and C) Thoropa taophora, Ilhabela, SP (CFBH 15341), specimen without PEPs (category a); (D, E, and F) T. miliaris, Paraty, RJ (CFBH 36384), specimen with PEPs only on MPA-II (category b); (G, H, and I) T. miliaris, Cariacica, ES (CFBH 25138), specimen PEPs on MPA-II and IMT (category c); (J, K, and L) T. miliaris, Linhares, ES (CFBH 26382), specimen with PEPs on MPA-II, IMT and finger III (category d); (M, N, and (O) T. taophora, S˜ao Sebasti˜ao, SP (CFBH 15614), specimen with PEPs on MPA-II, IMT, finger III, and finger II (category e); (P and Q) T. taophora, S˜ao Sebasti˜ao, SP (CFBH 15595) and (R) T. taophora, Bertioga, SP (CFBH 30301), both specimens with PEPs on MPA-II, IMT, finger III, finger II, and finger IV, all dark brown or black (category f); (S and T) T. taophora, S˜ao Sebasti˜ao, SP (CFBH 43577) and (U) T. taophora, Iguape, SP (CFBH 42147), both specimens with brown, intermediate, pale or white PEPs (category g). Small boxes with "1" show spermatozoa free in the lumen; small boxes with "2" show spermatozoa attached to Sertoli cells.

F I G U R E 1 in Vertebral growth and band-pair deposition in sexually mature little skates Leucoraja erinacea: is adult band-pair deposition annual?

F I G U R E 1 (a) Outline diagram of a Leucoraja erinacea indicating the position of vertebrae 1, c. 24, and 80. The transition between abdominal and caudal vertebrae varies among individuals but occurs at c. vertebra 24., Centra 10–20 where vertebrae were sampled. (b) Parts of a vertebra and the horizontal plane through which section were cut (). R, rostral; C, caudal. (c) The resulting horizonal section used for staining and ageing., The birth band;, subsequent opaque bands

F I G U R E 4 in Vertebral growth and band-pair deposition in sexually mature little skates Leucoraja erinacea: is adult band-pair deposition annual?

F I G U R E 4 Boxplots (, median;, interquartile range;, 95% range;, outliers) of Leucoraja erinacea (a) total food consumption, (b) mean monthly growth rate by sex (21 females, 20 males) and (c) mean total centrum growth (21 females, 15 males) over 13 months

T A B L E 3 in Vertebral growth and band-pair deposition in sexually mature little skates Leucoraja erinacea: is adult band-pair deposition annual?

T A B L E 3 The effect of seven growth variables on the number of band pairs present distal to the oxytetracycline mark (0.5, 1) in males and females at the end of 13 month experimental period for Leucoraja erinacea analysed using logistic regressions

F I G U R E 3 in Vertebral growth and band-pair deposition in sexually mature little skates Leucoraja erinacea: is adult band-pair deposition annual?

F I G U R E 3 Relationship between monthly total number of eggs laid by 20 Leucoraja erinacea and mean (± SE) monthly water temperature in 2015 and 2016

F I G U R E 2 in Vertebral growth and band-pair deposition in sexually mature little skates Leucoraja erinacea: is adult band-pair deposition annual?

F I G U R E 2 Sample histological sections with oxytetracyline (a) in the ultimate band (green mark;) and (b) with a distally formed band pair. Oxytetracycline was deposited in a translucent band in both images., The edge of the corpus calcareum

F I G U R E 5 in Vertebral growth and band-pair deposition in sexually mature little skates Leucoraja erinacea: is adult band-pair deposition annual?

F I G U R E 5 Locations of oxytetracycline mark in Leucoraja erinacea centra. Oxytetracycline was expected to be across the corpus calcareum (A), but also occurred on the outer edge of the corpus calcareum (B), diffuse in the corpus calcareum (C), diffuse in the intermedialia (D), at the focus (E), and in the arch tissue surrounding the centrum (F). Centra belong to specimens #23 and #99

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Sexual maturity in Barn Owl (Tyto alba)

<p>The age at first reproduction can significantly impact fitness. We investigated the possible source of variation in the age at first reproduction ("sexual maturity") and its consequences for lifetime reproductive success in a wild population of barn owls. This raptor is sexually dimorphic for two melanin-based plumage traits shown to covary with sex-specific behaviour and physiology. We observed that females were sexually mature earlier than males, an effect that depended on the colour of their plumage and birth date. Among females born early in the season, dark melanic (i.e. more pheomelanic with large and many black feather spots) yearlings were sexually mature earlier than light melanic females. The relationship was in the opposite direction in those born late in the season. In yearling males, the opposite result, albeit less pronounced, was discovered, i.e. lightly melanic males born early in the season were sexually mature earlier than dark melanic males, an effect that was in the opposite direction in males that were born late in the season. Individuals that matured faster produced a larger number of fledglings per year than individuals that matured slower, an effect that was found only in dark melanic females and in light melanic males. Dark melanic females also achieved a higher lifetime reproductive success (LRS) than light melanic conspecifics. Our results suggest that a light melanic plumage is beneficial in males and a dark melanic plumage in females suggesting sexually antagonist selection.</p>