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Figure 10 in Late Viséan (late Mississippian) ammonoids from the Barnett Shale, Sierra Diablo Escarpment, Culberson County, Texas, USA

Figure 10. Cladogram of selected genera, represented by well-known species, of the superfamily Goniatitaceae.

Fig. 14. A in Morphology and relationships of the enigmatic stenothecoid pan-brachiopod Stenothecoides-new data from the middle Cambrian Burgess Shale Formation

Fig. 14. A. Hypothesized morphogenetic pathway for derivation of the bivalved stenothecoid scleritome from a multisclerite, tubular, organocalcitic, eccentrothecimorph ancestor via a hypothetical organocalcitic tannuolinid. Eccentrothecimorph slightly modified from Skovsted et al. (2011: text-fig. 17). Tannuolinid modified from Skovsted et al. (2014). B. A possible cladogram that assumes an organocalcitic scleritome is primitive for the Pan-Brachiopoda. In this view, organophosphatic mineralogy evolved independently several times and the Stenothecoida evolved a bivalved scleritome independently of the Brachiopoda + Micrina clade.

Fig. 7 in Morphology and relationships of the enigmatic stenothecoid pan-brachiopod Stenothecoides-new data from the middle Cambrian Burgess Shale Formation

Fig. 7. SEM micrographs of stenothecoid pan-brachiopod Stenothecoides cf. elongata, middle Cambrian, Burgess Shale Formation, Kootenay National Park, Canada, Locality 3. A. ROMIP 66248, articulated shell in right lateral view. B. ROMIP 66249, articulated shell in left lateral (B1) and posterior (B2)

Fig. 5 in Morphology and relationships of the enigmatic stenothecoid pan-brachiopod Stenothecoides-new data from the middle Cambrian Burgess Shale Formation

Fig. 5. Stenothecoid pan-brachiopod Stenothecoides rasettii sp. nov., middle Cambrian, Burgess Shale Formation, Yoho National Park, Canada, Locality 2 (A, G) and Locality 1 (B–F, H–J). A. TMP 2002.083.0178, dorsal valve in interior (A1), exterior (A2), right lateral (A3), and posterior (A4) views. B. TMP 2008.024.1138, ventral valve in interior view. C. TMP 2008.024.1133, dorsal valve in interior view, arrows show possible bifurcated peripheral ridges. D. TMP 2008.024.1143, dorsal valve in interior (D1) and anterior oblique (D2) views. E. TMP 2008.024.1144, dorsal valve in interior (E1) and anterior (E2) views. F. TMP 2008.024.1134, ventral valve, interior view. G. TMP 2002.083.0177 (same specimen as Fig. 4B), ventral valve in interior (G1, magnified) and oblique (G2) views. H. TMP 2008.024.1135, dorsal valve in interior view. I. TMP 2008.024.1121, ventral valve, anterior view. J. TMP 2008.024.1136, ventral valve in interior view, showing detached apical boss and remnant apical stem and cardinal troughs.

Fig. 4 in Morphology and relationships of the enigmatic stenothecoid pan-brachiopod Stenothecoides-new data from the middle Cambrian Burgess Shale Formation

Fig. 4. Stenothecoid pan-brachiopod Stenothecoides rasettii sp. nov., middle Cambrian, Burgess Shale Formation, Yoho National Park, Canada, Locality 2 A, B, D) and Locality 1 (C, D). A. TMP 2002.083.0176 (holotype), dorsal valve in exterior (A1) and interior (A2) views. B. TMP 2002.083.0177, ventral valve in exterior view. C. TMP 2008.024.1147, dorsal valve, internal apical area. D. TMP 2008.024.1122, articulated juvenile, dorsal/ventral (uncertain) valve in posterior (D1), lateral (D2), and oblique planar (D3) views; D1 and D3 show posterior median opening, D2 shows slightly sinusoidal commissure.

Fig. 3 in Morphology and relationships of the enigmatic stenothecoid pan-brachiopod Stenothecoides-new data from the middle Cambrian Burgess Shale Formation

Fig. 3. Orientation, measurements, and ridge zones in Stenothecoides rasettii sp. nov. A. Ventral valve, exterior, showing orientation for measurements. B. Ventral valve, interior, showing peripheral and axial ridge zones, and approximated body cavity. Abbreviations: ax, auricular axis; az, axial ridge zone; bc, body cavity; L, valve length; ll, left lobe; lx, lobe axis; pz, peripheral ridge zone; rl, right lobe; vx, valve axis; W, valve width.

Fig. 2 in Morphology and relationships of the enigmatic stenothecoid pan-brachiopod Stenothecoides-new data from the middle Cambrian Burgess Shale Formation

Fig. 2. Stratigraphic and geographic distribution of sample localities. A. Stratigraphic position of localities 1–3 indicated with stars. Thicknesses of units at Fossil Ridge/Mount Field from Fletcher and Collins (1998) and Mount Stephen northwest shoulder from Christopher J. Collom and PAJ (unpublished data); stratigraphic units after Collom et al. (2009), Odaray Mountain section from Streng et al. (2016). Helcionellid icons show known silicified assemblages. B. Geographic distribution of localities 1–3 relative to the Cathedral escarpment. C. Known stratigraphic distribution of stenothecoids in British Columbia, Utah, and Nevada. Stratigraphy modified from Johnston et al. (2009a). D. General location of study area in western Canada. Abbreviations: CC, Campsite Cliff Shale Member; Fm., Formation; KH, Kicking Horse Shale Member; Loc, Locality; MF, Monarch Formation; Mt., Mount or Mountain; S., Stenothecoides; WA, Wapta Member; WL, Wash Limestone Member; WQ, Walcott Quarry Shale Member; YR, Yoho River Limestone Member.

Fig. 9 in Morphology and relationships of the enigmatic stenothecoid pan-brachiopod Stenothecoides-new data from the middle Cambrian Burgess Shale Formation

Fig. 9. Bivariate plots of length and width and best fit lines of Stenothecoides rasettii sp. nov., Burgess Shale Formation, Locality 2 (tectonic strain is evident in some specimens at Locality 1, which are excluded from this plot); Stenothecoides elongata (Walcott, 1884), Wheeler Formation, Drum Mountains, Utah, USA, Locality 8 of Robison (1964); Stenothecoides cf. elongata, Burgess Shale Formation, Locality 3; Stenothecoides cf. elongata, Mount Whyte Formation, Ross Lake, Mount Stephen, and Mount Field, Yoho National Park, Canada (Rasetti 1954, 1957).

Fig. 13 in Morphology and relationships of the enigmatic stenothecoid pan-brachiopod Stenothecoides-new data from the middle Cambrian Burgess Shale Formation

Fig. 13. Stylized anatomical reconstruction of the stenothecoid pan-brachiopod Stenothecoides rasettii sp. nov. A. Dorsal valve, plan view. B. Longitudinal section slightly off the midline of the valves and normal to commissure. Colors: black in A, shell outline; black in B, valves and juxtaposed apical bosses; green, pedicle, inserting on posterior surface of apical boss and in cardinal troughs; red, muscles originating on anterior surface of apical boss and attaching to the anterior body wall; turquoise, visceral mass; orange, lophophore; grey, peripheral and axial furrow zones; short black lines, cilia in grooves between mantle canals; blue arrows, inferred inhalant and exhalant water currents; dotted areas, coelomic fluid; olive green, setae omitted in A). Lophophore modelled after Heliomedusa (Chen et al. 2007).

Fig. 8 in Morphology and relationships of the enigmatic stenothecoid pan-brachiopod Stenothecoides-new data from the middle Cambrian Burgess Shale Formation

Fig. 8. Stenothecoid pan-brachiopod Stenothecoides elongata (Walcott, 1884), middle Cambrian, Drumian Stage stratotype, Drum Mountains, western Utah (USA), Locality 8 (Robison 1964), internal shell features. Dorsal vs. ventral valves uncertain. A, B. TMP 2021.022.0001 (A) and TMP 2021.022.0002 B), valves preserving peripheral furrows; note in A a prominent cardinal sulcus. C. TMP 2021.022.0003, valve interior, showing a cardinal pseudosocket. D. TMP 2021.022.0004, valve interior, preserving a nearly symmetrical apical area and conspicuous posterior median opening. E–G. Variation of apical areas of valve interiors. TMP 2021.022.0005 (E), TMP 2021.022.0006 (F), TMP 2021.022.0007 (G).

Fig. 12 in Morphology and relationships of the enigmatic stenothecoid pan-brachiopod Stenothecoides-new data from the middle Cambrian Burgess Shale Formation

Fig. 12. Microstructure in the stenothecoid pan-brachiopod Stenothecoides spp. and co-occurring rhynchonelliformean brachiopods. A–C. Stenothecoides rasettii sp. nov., middle Cambrian, Burgess Shale Formation, Yoho National Park, Canada, Locality 1. A. TMP 2008.024.1142, fragmentary valve in interior view (A1), detail showing silica rods imbricated and inclined toward valve margin (A2). B. TMP 2008.024.1150, ventral valve in exterior view (B1), showing silica rods oriented with proximal ends of rods overlapping distal ends of preceding rods in posterior third of valve, but seemingly reversing orientation in posterior third of valve (B2). C. TMP 2008.024.1141 (same specimen and valve area as in Fig. 11C1, inner box) detail showing silica rods. D, E. Stenothecoides elongata (Walcott, 1884), Drumian Stage stratotype, Drum Mountains, western Utah (USA), Locality 8 (Robison 1964), external shell features. D. TMP 2021.022.0008, ventral(?) valve in exterior view (D1), detail of anterior end (D2), arrows show incompletely silicified radial rods. E. TMP 2021.022.0009, dorsal(?) valve, anterior end showing silicified outer shell surface with fine radial elements extending across growth varices (black arrows) and apparently shorter radial rods in valve sublayers (white arrows). F, G. Rhynchonelliformean brachiopods, silicified microstructure, Burgess Shale Formation, Canada, Locality 1. F. Tomteluva sp., TMP 2008.024.1151, silicified shell in exterior view (F1), posterior end is broken; anterior is to the right; detail showing orientation of silica rods (F2), anterior is to the left. G. Fragmentary nisusiid, TMP 2008.024.1152, silicified shell in interior view (G1), detail showing imbricated silica rods (G2). A, C, F, SEM images and B, D, E, G, light microscope images.

Fig. 6 in Morphology and relationships of the enigmatic stenothecoid pan-brachiopod Stenothecoides-new data from the middle Cambrian Burgess Shale Formation

Fig. 6. Stenothecoid pan-brachiopod Stenothecoides rasettii sp. nov., middle Cambrian, Burgess Shale Formation, Yoho National Park, Canada, Locality 1 A, D, E, G, H) and Locality 2 (B, C, F). A. TMP 2008.024.1140, ventral valve in exterior view. B. TMP 2002.083.0179, ventral valve in exterior (B1) and interior (B2) views. C. TMP 2002.083.0180, dorsal valve in exterior (C1) and interior (C2) views. D. TMP 2008.024.1145, dorsal valve in interior magnified, D) and exterior (D) views. E. TMP 2008.024.1141, ventral valve in interior (E) and exterior (E2) views. F. TMP 2002.083.0181, dorsal 1 2 1 valve in exterior (F1) and interior (F2) views. G. TMP 2008.024.1146, dorsal valve in posterior (G1) and exterior (G2) views. H. TMP 2008.024.1139, ventral valve in interior view.

Fig. 8 in Systematics, morphology, and appendages of an Early Ordovician pilekiine trilobite Anacheirurus from Fezouata Shale and the early diversification of Cheiruridae

Fig. 8. Reconstructions of cranidia (A1–E1) and pygidia (A2–E2) of different members of the subfamily Pilekiinae. A. Anacheirurus adserai (Vela and Corbacho, 2008). B. Parapilekia olesnaensis (Růžička, 1935), based on Mergl (2006). C. Tesselacauda depressa Ross, 1951, based on Adrain and Karim (2019). D. Landyia elizabethae Jell, 1985, based on Jell (1985). E. Macrogrammus rafi Edgecombe, Chatterton, Vaccari, and Waisfeld, 1999, based on Edgecombe et al. (1999).

Fig. 2 in Systematics, morphology, and appendages of an Early Ordovician pilekiine trilobite Anacheirurus from Fezouata Shale and the early diversification of Cheiruridae

Fig. 2. Cheirurid trilobites Anacheirurus adserai (Vela and Corbacho, 2007) from the Fezouata Shale, Araneograptus murrayi Zone, Tremadocian, Lower Ordovician, near Beni Zouli, Zagora Province, Morocco (A, B) and Lehua vinculum (Barrande, 1852) from the Dobrotivá Formation, upper Darriwilian to lowermost Sandbian, Zaječov-Svatá Dobrotivá, Czech Republic (C–E). A. YPM 522182, part, complete holaspid with hypostome impressed. B. YPM 530933, complete holaspid. C. NM L19066, complete holaspid. D. NM L19075, complete cranidium. E. JV1607, anterior half of an holaspid specimen. Specimens in C–E covered by ammonium chloride.

Fig. 9 in Systematics, morphology, and appendages of an Early Ordovician pilekiine trilobite Anacheirurus from Fezouata Shale and the early diversification of Cheiruridae

Fig. 9. Biramous appendages reconstruction for the cheirurid trilobite Anacheirurus adserai, showing the anterior (A) and the posterior (B) morphology. Dashed lines indicate inferred proximal parts of the appendages.

Fig. 5 in Systematics, morphology, and appendages of an Early Ordovician pilekiine trilobite Anacheirurus from Fezouata Shale and the early diversification of Cheiruridae

Fig. 5. Endopodites of the cheirurid trilobite Anacheirurus adserai (Vela and Corbacho, 2007) from the Fezouata Shale, Araneograptus murrayi Zone, Tremadocian, Lower Ordovician, near Beni Zouli, Zagora Province, Morocco. A. Part of YPM 226573, general view (A1), close-up of the endopodites (A2) and explanatory drawing (A4), close-up of the distal claw (A3) and explanatory drawing (A5). B. Counterpart of YPM 226573, general view (B1), close up of the endopodites (B2) and explanatory drawing (B3), close up of the endopodites (B4) and explanatory drawing (B5), close up of the area pointed out in B4 (B6), arrows showing long endites on podomere 2 and 3. Numbers represent podomere number. Abbreviations: ar, axial ring.

Fig. 7 in Systematics, morphology, and appendages of an Early Ordovician pilekiine trilobite Anacheirurus from Fezouata Shale and the early diversification of Cheiruridae

Fig. 7. Exopodities of the cheirurid trilobite Anacheirurus adserai (Vela and Corbacho, 2007) (YPM 517074) from the Fezouata Shale, Araneograptus murrayi Zone, Tremadocian, Lower Ordovician, near Beni Zouli, Zagora Province, Morocco. Photographs: general view (A1), close-up of the exopodites (A2) and explanatory drawing (A3), close up to the ninth exopodite (A4) and explanatory drawing (A5). Scale bars 1 mm. Abbreviations: ar, axial ring; ex, exopodite.

Fig. 1 in Systematics, morphology, and appendages of an Early Ordovician pilekiine trilobite Anacheirurus from Fezouata Shale and the early diversification of Cheiruridae

Fig. 1. Cheirurid trilobite Anacheirurus adserai (Vela and Corbacho, 2007) from the Fezouata Shale, Araneograptus murrayi Zone, Tremadocian, Lower Ordovician, near Beni Zouli, Zagora Province, Morocco. A. MGL 102179, complete specimen (A1) and anterior region of the counterpart (A2); arrow pointing the antennae. B. MGL 102170, close-up of the posterior region of the trunk; arrow pointing the disarticulated pygidium. C. ML20-269198, latex cast of the counterpart. D. YPM 525125, close up of the posterior region of the trunk; arrow pointing the articulation between the thorax and the pygidium. Specimens in A1 and C coated with ammonium chloride. Scale bars 1 mm.

Fig. 6 in Systematics, morphology, and appendages of an Early Ordovician pilekiine trilobite Anacheirurus from Fezouata Shale and the early diversification of Cheiruridae

Fig. 6. Cheirurid trilobite Anacheirurus adserai (Vela and Corbacho, 2007) (MGL 102172) from the Fezouata Shale, Araneograptus murrayi Zone, Tremadocian, Lower Ordovician, near Beni Zouli, Zagora Province, Morocco. Photographs under alcohol: general view (A1), close-up of the exopodites A2) and explanatory drawing (A3). Scale bars 1 mm. Abbreviations: ar, axial ring.

Fig. 11 in Systematics, morphology, and appendages of an Early Ordovician pilekiine trilobite Anacheirurus from Fezouata Shale and the early diversification of Cheiruridae

Fig. 11. Ordovician diversity of Cheiruridae species across individual time slices, as defined in Adrain (2013). The dashed line represents the boundary between Tremadocian and Floian; blue, members of the subfamily Pilekiinae; red, members of the rest of Cheiruridae subfamilies excluding pilekiids. Data based on Adrain (2013, personal communication 2020).