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171 results for “shell morphology”
Figure 4 in Anatomy, shell morphology, and microstructure of the living fossil Pulvinites exempla (Hedley, 1914) (Mollusca: Bivalvia: Pulvinitidae)
Figure 4. Surface features of prodissoconch 1 in Pulvinites exempla (scanning electron microscopy; NMNZ M.150090). A, overview of the interior of joined valves in lateral view showing the D-shaped outline and straight hinge (scale bar = 100 µm). B, exterior surface of a valve in lateral view; the close-up of the squared area (inset) shows a nodulose surface; the arrow indicates the commarginal fold demarcating the marginal rim (scale bar = 100 µm). C, exterior surface of a valve in dorsal view showing faint commarginal and radial striae; the arrow indicates the periostracal ligament (scale bar = 10 µm). D, lateral view of the inner surface showing the granular interior surface and smooth valve margin (scale bar = 2 µm).
Figure 6. Prodissoconch 2 in Anatomy, shell morphology, and microstructure of the living fossil Pulvinites exempla (Hedley, 1914) (Mollusca: Bivalvia: Pulvinitidae)
Figure 6. Prodissoconch 2 (P2) of the left valve of Pulvinites exempla (juvenile, AMS C.129659, 3.91 mm). The orientation of P2 is given with regard to its placement in the dissoconch. A, dorsal view of the exterior showing the concentric sculpture of P2 and its opisthogyrate placement. The white arrows indicate the P1–P2 transition; the black arrow indicates the metamorphic line. The hinge axis is orientated horizontally with the anterior at the left. B, ventral view showing the interior surface of P2 and the initial crenulation of the hinge plate underlying the first resilium. The arrow indicates the border of confluent scars of the posterior adductor–posterior pedobyssal retractor muscles. C, lateral view of the exterior surface showing the extent of inflation of P2. The white arrow indicates the P1–P2 transition; the black arrow indicates the metamorphic line. lg, resilium of ligament.
Figure 1 in Anatomy, shell morphology, and microstructure of the living fossil Pulvinites exempla (Hedley, 1914) (Mollusca: Bivalvia: Pulvinitidae)
Figure 1. The shell of Pulvinites exempla, major features (lectotype; AMS C.170923, 140 mm). The shells are arranged with the hinge axis orientated horizontally. A, exterior of the right valve (RV). B, exterior of the left valve (LV). C, interior of the LV. D, interior of the RV. E, byssus. arms, anterior (pedobyssal) retractor muscle scar; cf, commarginal folds; cl, calcitic lamellae; cti, impressions of ctenidia; fo, foramen; fog, foramen groove; hl, hinge line; mlg, multivincular ligament; nb, border of nacreouos layer; pams, posterior adductor muscle scar; pmg, prismatic margin; pmi, impressions of pallial retractor muscles; pms, pallial muscle scars; prms, posterior (pedobyssal) retractor muscle scar; su, suture; u, umbo.
Figure 12 in Anatomy, shell morphology, and microstructure of the living fossil Pulvinites exempla (Hedley, 1914) (Mollusca: Bivalvia: Pulvinitidae)
Figure 12. Overview of the soft anatomy of Pulvinites exempla (AMS C.129659, 62.2 mm). A, right lateral view of the soft anatomy with the valves, byssus, right mantle lobe, and right ctenidium removed. B, right lateral view of the intact soft anatomy with the right valve removed. C, left lateral view of the soft anatomy with the byssus, valves, right mantle lobe, and right ctenidium removed. D, diagrammatic view of the soft anatomy showing the alimentary tract and musculature. E, diagrammatic posterior view of transverse section through midline showing relative arrangement of principle muscles. arm, anterior pedobyssal retractor muscle; by, byssus (cut); byf, byssal fissure; ct, ctenidium; f, foot; h, heart; in, intestine; k, kidney; lg, ligament; li, lips; lp, labial palp; LV, left valve; mi, mantle isthmus; ml, mantle lobe; mo, mouth; oe, oesophagus; pam, posterior adductor muscle; pm, pallial muscles; prm, posterior pedobyssal retractor muscle; psk, pallial skirt; RV, right valve; sm, suspensory membrane; ss, supramyal septum; st, stomach; vg, visceral ganglia; vm, visceral mass.
Figure 5 in Anatomy, shell morphology, and microstructure of the living fossil Pulvinites exempla (Hedley, 1914) (Mollusca: Bivalvia: Pulvinitidae)
Figure 5. Morphology of the provinculum in prodissoconch 1 of Pulvinites exempla (scanning electron microscopy; NMNZ M.150090). A, interior view of the hinge plate of an articulated shell; the inset lettering refers to magnified views of outlined areas in corresponding figures (scale bar = 50 µm). B, transverse denticles (scale bar = 2 µm). C, D, terminal teeth and corresponding sockets (scale bar = 10 µm). The arrow indicates the periostracal ligament.
Figure 3 in Anatomy, shell morphology, and microstructure of the living fossil Pulvinites exempla (Hedley, 1914) (Mollusca: Bivalvia: Pulvinitidae)
Figure 3. Juvenile specimen of Pulvinites exempla (AMS C.129659, 3.91 mm). A, exterior of the left valve (LV) in lateral view, with the arrow indicating the metamorphic line. B, exterior of the right valve (RV; fragment) in lateral view showing prodissoconch 2 and byssal-related structures. C, interior of the RV (fragment) in lateral view showing the interior of prodissoconch 2. fog, foramen groove; lg, resilium of ligament; su, suture.
Figure 2 in Anatomy, shell morphology, and microstructure of the living fossil Pulvinites exempla (Hedley, 1914) (Mollusca: Bivalvia: Pulvinitidae)
Figure 2. The diversity of shell shape in Pulvinites exempla: right valve exterior. The shells are arranged with the hinge axis orientated horizontally. A, AMS C.037004 (paralectotype; 140 mm); B, AMS C.122000 (90 mm); C, NMNZ M.153627 (68.1 mm); D, AMS C.129659 (45.2 mm); E, AMS C.129659 (62.2 mm); F, AMS C.129659 (46.7 mm). Evidence of external physical damage is indicated by arrows.
Figure 9 in Anatomy, shell morphology, and microstructure of the living fossil Pulvinites exempla (Hedley, 1914) (Mollusca: Bivalvia: Pulvinitidae)
Figure 9. Myostracum in Pulvinites exempla (scanning electron microscopy; AMS C.129659, 45.2 mm). A, cross-section of shell showing the myostracum separating the inner and outer nacreous layers (scale bar = 100 µm). B, magnified crosssection of the interface of the myostracum and the outer nacreous layer showing the orientation of the irregular prismatic myostracum (scale bar = 5 µm). M, myostracum; Ni, inner nacreous layer; No, outer nacreous layer; P, prismatic layer. The figures were prepared by polishing and etching sections of epoxy-embedded left valve.
Fig. 2. Shell morphometric variables. A in Morphology and taxonomic assessment of eight genetic clades of Mercuria Boeters, 1971 (Caenogastropoda, Hydrobiidae), with the description of five new species
Fig. 2. Shell morphometric variables. A. Image of a specimen of Mercuria similis (Draparnaud, 1805) indicating the landmarks (red) and semilandmarks (blue) used for the geometric morphometric analysis (PCA). B–C. Drawings of shells of Mercuria Boeters, 1971, showing the linear measurements made on the shell and protoconch.
Figures 19 in Xeropicta (Gastropoda, Hygromiidae) goes west: the first record of X. krynickii (Krynicki, 1833) for Montenegro, with a description of its shell and genital morphology, and an additional record of X. derbentina (Krynicki, 1836) for Italy
Figures 19. Genitalia of Xeropicta krynickii from Podgorica, Montenegro. 12 whole genitalia, gonad excluded; 3 inner structureof distal genitalia; 4 dart sac complex; 5 section of penial papilla; 6 section of vagina; 7 penial papilla; 8 digitiform glands; 9 inner structure of epiphallus.
Figures 1424 in Xeropicta (Gastropoda, Hygromiidae) goes west: the first record of X. krynickii (Krynicki, 1833) for Montenegro, with a description of its shell and genital morphology, and an additional record of X. derbentina (Krynicki, 1836) for Italy
Figures 1424. Genitalia of Xeropicta krynickii from Livadia (Sterea Ellada, Greece). 14 whole genitalia, gonad excluded; 15 inner structure of distal genitalia; 16 section of penial papilla; 17 section of epiphallus; 18 section of distal stylophore; 19 section of vagina; 20 digitiform glands; 21 mantle edge; 22 first hermaphrodite duct; 23 penial papilla; 24 dart sac complex.
Figures 1013. 1012 in Xeropicta (Gastropoda, Hygromiidae) goes west: the first record of X. krynickii (Krynicki, 1833) for Montenegro, with a description of its shell and genital morphology, and an additional record of X. derbentina (Krynicki, 1836) for Italy
Figures 1013. 1012 genitalia and jaw of Xeropicta krynickii from Podgorica, Montenegro. 10 mantle edge; 11 first hermaphrodite duct; 12 jaw; 13 whole genitalia, gonad excluded, ofXeropicta derbentina from Trieste (Italy).
Figures 2528. 2526 in Xeropicta (Gastropoda, Hygromiidae) goes west: the first record of X. krynickii (Krynicki, 1833) for Montenegro, with a description of its shell and genital morphology, and an additional record of X. derbentina (Krynicki, 1836) for Italy
Figures 2528. 2526 shells of Xeropicta krynickiifrom Podgorica, Montenegro; 27 shell of X. krynickii from Livadia (Beozia, Greece); 28 shell ofX. derbentina from Trieste (Italy).
Stay in shape: assessing the adaptive potential of shell morphology and its sensitivity to temperature in the invasive New Zealand Mud Snail Potamopyrgus antipodarum through phenotypic plasticity and natural selection in Europe
<p>Climate change may force organisms to adapt genetically or plastically to new environmental conditions. Invasive species show a remarkable potential for rapid adaptation. The ovoviviparous New Zealand mud snail (NZMS), <em>Potamopyrgus antipodarum</em>, has successfully established across Europe with two clonally reproducing mitochondrial lineages since its arrival in the first half of the 19th century. Its remarkable variation in shell morphology was shown to be fitness relevant. We investigated the effects of temperature on shell morphology across eleven populations from Germany and the Iberian Peninsula in a common garden across three temperatures. We analysed size and shape using geometric morphometrics. For both, we compared reaction norms and estimated heritabilities. For size, the interaction of temperature and haplotype explained about 50% of the total variance. We also observed more genotype by environment interactions indicating a higher degree of population differentiation than in shape. Across the three temperatures, size followed the expectations of the temperature-size rule, with individuals growing larger in cold environments. Changes in shape may have compensated changes in size affecting space for brooding embryos. Heritability estimates were relatively high. As indicated by the very low coefficients of variation for clonal repeatability (<em>CV<sub>A</sub></em>), they can probably not be compared in absolute terms. However, they showed some sensitivity to temperature, in haplotype t more so than in z, which was only found in Portugal. The low <em>CV<sub>A</sub></em>-values indicate that genetic variation among European populations is still restricted with low potential to react to selection. A considerable fraction of the genetic variation was due to differences between the clonal lineages. The NZMS has apparently not been long enough in Europe to accumulate significant genetic variation relevant for morphological adaptation. As temperature is obviously not the sole factor influencing shell morphology, their interaction will probably not be a factor limiting population persistence under a warming climate in Europe.</p>
Fig. 3 in Morphological and Morphometric Description of a Novel Shelled Amoeba Arcella gandalfi sp.nov. (Amoebozoa:Arcellinida) fromBrazilianContinental Waters
Fig. 3. Top view of the Arcella gandalfi shell showing the top in-
Figure 3 in The Black Sea Flexopecten species-complex (Mollusca: Bivalvia: Pectinidae): Shell morphology and 16S rDNA variation
Figure 3. Plot of shell length (H: in mm) versus Index of Morphological Plasticity (ΓK1).
Fig. 10 in Ecophenotypic plasticity versus evolutionary trends-morphological variability in Upper Jurassic bivalve shells from Portugal
Fig. 10. Box plot of rib numbers in Arcomytilus. Numbers in squared brackets refer to Fig. 2.
Riverine flow rate drives widespread convergence in the shell morphology of imperiled freshwater mussels
<p>Frequent and strong morphological convergence suggests that determinism tends to supercede historical contingencies in evolutionary radiations. For many lineages living within the water-column of rivers and streams, hydrodynamic forces drive widespread morphological convergence. Living below the sediment-water interface may release organisms from these hydrodynamic pressures, permitting a broad array of morphologies and thus less convergence. However, here, we show that the semi-infaunal freshwater mussels have environmentally determined convergence in shell morphology. Using 3D morphometric data from 715 individuals among 164 Nearctic species, we find that species occurring in rivers with high flow rates have evolved traits that resist dislodgement from their burrowed position in the streambed: thicker shells for their body size, with the thickest sector of the shell being the most deeply buried. Species occurring in low-flow environments have evolved thinner and more uniformly thickened shells, corresponding to an alternative adaptation to dislodgement: increased burrowing efficiency. Within species, individuals also show increased shell thickness for their body size at higher flow rates, suggesting that ecophenotypy may, in part, be an important mechanism for establishing populations in new environments and thus evolutionary divergence in this highly imperiled invertebrate group.</p>
Apparent differential phenotypic responses by kelp forest grazers to disease-driven removal of sea star predators; [Data: Tegula shell morphology, GSI, stable isotope analysis]
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Data from: Biogeography of shell morphology in over-exploited shellfish reveals adaptive tradeoffs on human-inhabited islands and incipient selectively driven lineage bifurcation
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