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151 results for “skull morphology”
Supplementary material for "Quantitative morphological analysis of skulls of pterosaurs and early birds highlight a functional shift during the Mesozoic" by Gauweiler J. et al.
<p>This data repository contains additional information and supplemental material for the publication "Quantitative morphological analysis of skulls of pterosaurs and early birds highlight a functional shift during the Mesozoic". For information on the authors, see the original publication.</p> <p>The folder "Prehistoric_Ornithodira_BMPs.zip" contains outline images in .bmp format of all skulls used for the analysis.</p> <p>The file "Groups.csv" contains the grouping variables for all data points.</p> <p>The file "PC_Scores.csv" contaisn the principal component scores of the SHAPE analysis for all individuals used in the analysis.</p> <p>The file "Pterosaur_Avian_Script.R" contaisn the R code used for statistical analysis and plotting of the data.</p>
FIG. 23. Hsiangolestes youngi skull, IVPP V5346 in Cranial And Postcranial Morphology Of The Insectivoran-Grade Mammals Hsiangolestes And Naranius (Mammalia, Eutheria) With Analyses Of Their Phylogenetic Relationships
FIG. 23. Hsiangolestes youngi skull, IVPP V5346, left lateral view
FIG. 22. Hsiangolestes youngi skull, IVPP V5797 in Cranial And Postcranial Morphology Of The Insectivoran-Grade Mammals Hsiangolestes And Naranius (Mammalia, Eutheria) With Analyses Of Their Phylogenetic Relationships
FIG. 22. Hsiangolestes youngi skull, IVPP V5797: A. dorsal and B. left lateral views.
FIG. 19. Hsiangolestes youngi skull, IVPP V5797 in Cranial And Postcranial Morphology Of The Insectivoran-Grade Mammals Hsiangolestes And Naranius (Mammalia, Eutheria) With Analyses Of Their Phylogenetic Relationships
FIG. 19. Hsiangolestes youngi skull, IVPP V5797: A. ventral and B. right lateral views.
Data from: A bird-like skull in a Triassic diapsid reptile increases heterogeneity of the morphological and phylogenetic radiation of Diapsida
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Data from: Skull morphology diverges between urban and rural populations of red foxes mirroring patterns of domestication and macroevolution
<p class="western"><span><span><span>Human activity is drastically altering the habitat use of natural populations. This has been documented as a driver of phenotypic divergence in a number of wild animal populations. Here we show that urban and rural populations of red foxes (<i>Vulpes vulpes</i>) from London and surrounding boroughs are divergent in skull traits. These changes are primarily found to be involved with snout length, with urban individuals tending to have shorter and wider muzzles relative to rural individuals, smaller braincases, and reduced sexual dimorphism. Changes were widespread and related to muscle attachment sites and thus are likely driven by differing biomechanical demands of feeding or cognition between habitats. Through extensive sampling of the genus <i>Vulpes</i>, we found no support for phylogenetic effects on skull morphology, but patterns of divergence found between urban and rural habitats in <i>V. vulpes</i> quantitatively aligned with macroevolutionary divergence between species. The patterns of skull divergence between urban and rural habitats matched the description of morphological changes that can occur during domestication. Specifically, urban populations of foxes show variation consistent with 'domestication syndrome'. Therefore, we suggest that occurrences of phenotypic divergence in relation to human activity, while interesting themselves, also have the potential to inform us of the conditions and mechanisms that could initiate domestication. Finally, this also suggests that patterns of domestication may be developmentally biased toward larger patterns of interspecific divergence. </span></span></span></p>
FIGURE 4. Skulls. A, B in Phylogenetic relationships and morphology of the Pristimantis leptolophus species group (Amphibia: Anura: Brachycephaloidea), with the recognition of a new species group in Pristimantis Jiménez de la Espada, 1870
FIGURE 4. Skulls. A, B) Ventral and dorsal view of Pristimantis acatallelus (ICN28978, female; scale bar: 2 mm and 5 mm, respectively). C, D) Ventral and dorsal view of P. leptolophus (ICN7033, female; scale bar: 2 mm and 2.5 mm, respectively). E, F) Ventral and dorsal view of P. uranobates (ICN22738, female; scale bar: 2.5 mm).
Figure 4. Selected skull features. A, B in The phylogeny of charadriiform birds (shorebirds and allies) - reassessing the conflict between morphology and molecules
Figure 4. Selected skull features. A, B, cranium (ventrolateral view) of A, Haematopus ostralegus (Haematopodidae) and B, Burhinus oedicnemus (Burhinidae). C, D, caudal section of orbita of C, H. ostralegus and D, Sterna paradisaea (Sternidae). E, cranium of Rostratula benghalensis (Rostratulidae) in ventral view. F–I, os lacrimale/os ectethmoidale complex of F, Sterna paradisaea (Sternidae); G, Larus fuscus (Laridae); H, Alca torda (Alcidae); and I, Pluvianus aegyptius (Pluvianidae). J–M, basicranial area (ventral view) of J, Sterna paradisaea (Sternidae); K, Chionis minor (Chionidae); L, Haematopus ostralegus (Haematopodidae); and M, Burhinus oedicnemus (Burhinidae). Abbreviations: bpt, processus basipterygoideus; ccv, concavity next to condylus medialis of quadratum; cdf, foramen caudal of foramen nervi maxillomandibularis; fnm, foramen nervi maxillomandibularis; for, foramen formed by duct of nasal gland; hlp, hook-like projection on os pterygoideum; mpA, maxillopalatine strut A; orb, processus orbitalis of os lacrimale; plp, processus lateralis parasphenoidalis; smt, processus suprameaticus; unc, os uncinatum; zyg, processus zygomaticus. Figures not to scale.
Nesokia is sister to Bandicota and are nested in Rattus phylogenetically, making Rat- tus paraphyletic. Tarsomys, Limnomys, and Diplothrix are also phylogenetically in Rat- tus, and the clade is in need of focused re- vision at the generic level. Nesokia bunnui was originally described as a separate ge-nus, Erythronesokia, because it is morphologically very distinctive from N. indica. Type specimen was destroyed during the Iraq War, and a neotype was recently designated to replace it. Monotypic. Distribution. Tigris and Euphrates river valleys, SE Iraq. Descriptive notes. Head—body 230-260 mm, tail 205-270 mm, ear 18-21 mm, hindfoot 49-58 mm; weight 519 g. The Long-tailed Bandicoot Rat is larger than the Short-tailed Bandicoot Rat (N. indica). Pelage is soft and woolly, interspersed with harsher coarse hair and long black hairs near mid-back. Dorsum is fawn to ocherous red, washed with purple or chestnuton darker individuals. Hairs are basally slate-gray and distally rufous, occasionally with whitish or black tips. Muzzle is drab. Sides arefawn, with gray edge toward venter. Venteris whitish, extending onto cheeks where the same pattern from gray to fawn to dorsal pelage occurs. Feet are large and robust, being light brown and well-furred dorsally. Claws are amber on forefeet and dull brown on hindfeet; pollux is extremely small. Ears are moderately long and brownish, with no hair internally. Tail is ¢.82-104% of head-body length and deep brownish drab, interspersed with visible white hair. Skull is large and robust, similarly to the Short-tailed Bandicoot Rat. Habitat. Marsh and swamp land. Food and Feeding. No information. Breeding. No information. Activity patterns. The Long-tailed Bandicoot Rat is terrestrial, although it isfound in swampy and marshy areas and is probably amphibious. Movements, Home range and Social organization. No information. Status and Conservation. Classified as Endangered on The IUCN Red List. The Longtailed Bandicoot Rat is apparently rare and is known from very few specimens. Marsh and swamp habitats in which it is found were completely destroyed during the Iraq War by draining, war damage, and agricultural expansion. In recent years, flooding from Tigris and Euphrates rivers and high snow fall and melt haveresulted in partial restoration ofits native habitat, although restoration is not a complete. Populations are now probably highly fragmented. Bibliography. Al-Ansari et al. (2012), Al-Robaae & Felten (1990), Khajuria (1981), Krystufek et al. (2017), Musser & Carleton (2005), Richardson & Hussain (2006), Stuart (2008). in Muridae
Nesokia is sister to Bandicota and are nested in Rattus phylogenetically, making Rat- tus paraphyletic. Tarsomys, Limnomys, and Diplothrix are also phylogenetically in Rat- tus, and the clade is in need of focused re- vision at the generic level. Nesokia bunnui was originally described as a separate ge-nus, Erythronesokia, because it is morphologically very distinctive from N. indica. Type specimen was destroyed during the Iraq War, and a neotype was recently designated to replace it. Monotypic. Distribution. Tigris and Euphrates river valleys, SE Iraq. Descriptive notes. Head—body 230-260 mm, tail 205-270 mm, ear 18-21 mm, hindfoot 49-58 mm; weight 519 g. The Long-tailed Bandicoot Rat is larger than the Short-tailed Bandicoot Rat (N. indica). Pelage is soft and woolly, interspersed with harsher coarse hair and long black hairs near mid-back. Dorsum is fawn to ocherous red, washed with purple or chestnuton darker individuals. Hairs are basally slate-gray and distally rufous, occasionally with whitish or black tips. Muzzle is drab. Sides arefawn, with gray edge toward venter. Venteris whitish, extending onto cheeks where the same pattern from gray to fawn to dorsal pelage occurs. Feet are large and robust, being light brown and well-furred dorsally. Claws are amber on forefeet and dull brown on hindfeet; pollux is extremely small. Ears are moderately long and brownish, with no hair internally. Tail is ¢.82-104% of head-body length and deep brownish drab, interspersed with visible white hair. Skull is large and robust, similarly to the Short-tailed Bandicoot Rat. Habitat. Marsh and swamp land. Food and Feeding. No information. Breeding. No information. Activity patterns. The Long-tailed Bandicoot Rat is terrestrial, although it isfound in swampy and marshy areas and is probably amphibious. Movements, Home range and Social organization. No information. Status and Conservation. Classified as Endangered on The IUCN Red List. The Longtailed Bandicoot Rat is apparently rare and is known from very few specimens. Marsh and swamp habitats in which it is found were completely destroyed during the Iraq War by draining, war damage, and agricultural expansion. In recent years, flooding from Tigris and Euphrates rivers and high snow fall and melt haveresulted in partial restoration ofits native habitat, although restoration is not a complete. Populations are now probably highly fragmented. Bibliography. Al-Ansari et al. (2012), Al-Robaae & Felten (1990), Khajuria (1981), Krystufek et al. (2017), Musser & Carleton (2005), Richardson & Hussain (2006), Stuart (2008).
The first comprehensive revision of all the species attributed to Melomys led J. I. Menzies in 1996 to resurrect the genus Paramelomys and to redefine its morphologicallimits and species content. Menzies created P. gressitti as a new species belonging to a group displaying morphological similarities and including also P. lorentzii and P. moncktoni. Monotypic Distribution. E New Guinea. Descriptive notes. Head-body 135-162 mm, hindfoot 30-34 mm; no specific data are available for body weight. Gressitt's Mosaic-tailed Rat is a medium-sized Paramelomys with a soft, thick and woolly pelage, a long narrow foot, and a tail with three hairs per scale. It exhibits a medium-sepia dorsal pelage and a gray-buff ventral one. Tail is slightly shorter (99%) than head-body length. The skull has a narrow zygomatic plate. Habitat. Moist tropical mountain forest between 2300 m and 2400 m. Food and Feeding. No information. Breeding. No information. Activity patterns. Gressitt's Mosaic-tailed Rat is terrestrial. Movements, Home range and Social organization. No information. Status and Conservation. Classified as Endangered on The IUCN Red List owing to its small geographic range (less than 3500 km?*) and the destruction ofits habitat by mining and logging activities. The major threat to Gressitt's Mosaic-tailed Rat is ongoing habitat degradation caused by nearby human populations; habitat on Mount Kandy has been destroyed by gold-miners and wood-cutters. Bibliography. Menzies (1996). in Muridae
The first comprehensive revision of all the species attributed to Melomys led J. I. Menzies in 1996 to resurrect the genus Paramelomys and to redefine its morphologicallimits and species content. Menzies created P. gressitti as a new species belonging to a group displaying morphological similarities and including also P. lorentzii and P. moncktoni. Monotypic Distribution. E New Guinea. Descriptive notes. Head-body 135-162 mm, hindfoot 30-34 mm; no specific data are available for body weight. Gressitt's Mosaic-tailed Rat is a medium-sized Paramelomys with a soft, thick and woolly pelage, a long narrow foot, and a tail with three hairs per scale. It exhibits a medium-sepia dorsal pelage and a gray-buff ventral one. Tail is slightly shorter (99%) than head-body length. The skull has a narrow zygomatic plate. Habitat. Moist tropical mountain forest between 2300 m and 2400 m. Food and Feeding. No information. Breeding. No information. Activity patterns. Gressitt's Mosaic-tailed Rat is terrestrial. Movements, Home range and Social organization. No information. Status and Conservation. Classified as Endangered on The IUCN Red List owing to its small geographic range (less than 3500 km?*) and the destruction ofits habitat by mining and logging activities. The major threat to Gressitt's Mosaic-tailed Rat is ongoing habitat degradation caused by nearby human populations; habitat on Mount Kandy has been destroyed by gold-miners and wood-cutters. Bibliography. Menzies (1996).
Supplementary material 4 from: Slater G, Scheel D, Kolokotronis S, Potter C, Rotstein D, Tsangaras K, Greenwood A, Helgen K (2014) Biogeography and taxonomy of extinct and endangered monk seals illuminated by ancient DNA and skull morphology. ZooKeys 409: 1-33. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.409.6244
Fifty percent majority-rule consensus tree based on 1000 bootstrap pseudoreplicates generated using the maximum parsimony phylogenetic optimality criterion.: Explanation note: Values at nodes indicate the proportion of bootstrap trees (>50%) for which a particular bipartition was recovered.
Supplementary material 2 from: Slater G, Scheel D, Kolokotronis S, Potter C, Rotstein D, Tsangaras K, Greenwood A, Helgen K (2014) Biogeography and taxonomy of extinct and endangered monk seals illuminated by ancient DNA and skull morphology. ZooKeys 409: 1-33. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.409.6244
Alignment of Neomonachus tropicalis cytb with extant monk seal cytb sequences.: Explanation note: The extinct Caribbean monk seal sequence was used as a reference. Dots indicate identity to the reference. Differences are shown as the base change relative to the reference. Numbering starts from the first base of the ATG start codon.
Supplementary material 1 from: Slater G, Scheel D, Kolokotronis S, Potter C, Rotstein D, Tsangaras K, Greenwood A, Helgen K (2014) Biogeography and taxonomy of extinct and endangered monk seals illuminated by ancient DNA and skull morphology. ZooKeys 409: 1-33. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.409.6244
Amplicons covering cytb in this study.: Explanation note: Sequence of the cytb gene and the resulting PCR amplicons with length in number of base pairs (bp). Asterisks indicate that the sequence extends over the 3' or 5' border of the target sequence.
Supplementary material 3 from: Slater G, Scheel D, Kolokotronis S, Potter C, Rotstein D, Tsangaras K, Greenwood A, Helgen K (2014) Biogeography and taxonomy of extinct and endangered monk seals illuminated by ancient DNA and skull morphology. ZooKeys 409: 1-33. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.409.6244
Alignment of three Neomonachus tropicalis D-loop hypervariable region sequences (from USNM 100358, 102527, and 102534).: Explanation note: The Neomonachus schauinslandi sequence was used as a reference. Dots indicate identity to the reference. Differences are shown as the base change relative to the reference. Numbering starts at the first base after the primer closest to the 5' end. The X symbols indicate the break between the two amplicons that are approximately 200 bp apart. Sequences were generated from consensus sequences of 3–5 individual PCR product clones. Several products were cloned and sequenced from more than one amplicon to confirm that the differences observed were not DNA damage related or due to sequencing errors.
Figure 14. Pruned maximum credibility Bayesian trees. Dataset C in Redescription of the skull of the Australian flatback sea turtle, Natator depressus, provides new morphological evidence for phylogenetic relationships among sea turtles (Chelonioidea)
Figure 14. Pruned maximum credibility Bayesian trees. Dataset C based on the matrix from Evers & Benson (2019). Dataset D based on matrix from Evers & Benson (2019) with added characters found in this study. Colours at nodes represent base of clades. Numbers at the node show posterior probability value of node.
Figure 12 in Redescription of the skull of the Australian flatback sea turtle, Natator depressus, provides new morphological evidence for phylogenetic relationships among sea turtles (Chelonioidea)
Figure 12. Ventro-posterior-lateral view of Natator depressus (WAM R112123) (A) to highlight the foramen jugulare posterious, and Eretmochelys imbricata (WAM R120113) (B) for comparison. Displaying the states of character 2 based on the descriptor in the Appendix. Abbreviations: bas.con, basioccipital condyle; fn.po, fenestra postotica; for.ju.po, foramen jugulare posterious; for.mag, foramen magnum; for.ner.hyp, foramen nervi hypoglossi; fpcci, foramen posterior canalis cartotici. Scale bars = 20mm.
Figure 13. Maximum credibility Bayesian trees. Dataset A in Redescription of the skull of the Australian flatback sea turtle, Natator depressus, provides new morphological evidence for phylogenetic relationships among sea turtles (Chelonioidea)
Figure 13. Maximum credibility Bayesian trees. Dataset A based on the matrix from Evers & Benson (2019). Dataset B based on matrix from Evers & Benson (2019) with added characters found in this study. Different colours at nodes represent base of clades. Numbers at the node show posterior probability value of node.
Figure 10 in Redescription of the skull of the Australian flatback sea turtle, Natator depressus, provides new morphological evidence for phylogenetic relationships among sea turtles (Chelonioidea)
Figure 10. Antero-medial view of braincase of Natator depressus (WAM R112123) (A) and Lepidochelys olivacea (SAMA BM670) (B) showing the closed (A) and open (B) states of the medial foramen nervi acustici. Abbreviations: for.ner.ac, foramen nervi acustici; for.ner.hy, foramen nervi hypoglossi; hia.acu, hiatus acusticus. Scale bars = 20mm.
Figure 9 in Redescription of the skull of the Australian flatback sea turtle, Natator depressus, provides new morphological evidence for phylogenetic relationships among sea turtles (Chelonioidea)
Figure 9. Parasagital cross-section of Natator depressus (WAM R112123). A, D, skull, exposing the lateral wall of the braincase. B, C, represent the lateral wall of the braincase of Chelonia mydas (SAMA Unregistered) and Lepidochelys olivacea (SAMA BM670), respectively. A, the original surface file; B, the surface file redrawn and labelled. Areas which are 'cut through' are shaded with diagonal lines. Displaying the states of characters 1, 3, 7, based on the descriptors in the Appendix. Abbreviations: BO, basioccipital; BS, basisphenoid; EPT, epipterygoid; EX, exoccipital; for.ner.hyp., foramen nervi hypoglossi; for.ner.tri., foramen nervi trigemini; for.jug.ant.,foramen jugulare anterius; hia.acu., hiatus acousticus; OP, opisthotic; PAR, parietal; PT, pterygoid; PRO, prootic: SUP, supraoccipital. Scale bars = 20mm.
Figure 7 in Redescription of the skull of the Australian flatback sea turtle, Natator depressus, provides new morphological evidence for phylogenetic relationships among sea turtles (Chelonioidea)
Figure 7. Dorsal view of the mandibles of the five extant extant cheloniid sea turtles. Images are of surface files constructed in Avizo lite 8.0. A, Natator depressus (WAM R112123). B, Chelonia mydas (NHMUK 1969.776) C, Eretmochelys imbricata (WAM R120113). D, Lepidochelys olivacea (SMNS 11070). E, Caretta caretta (SAM unregistered). Abbreviations: ANG, angular; ART, articular; COR, coronoid; DEN, dentary; fs.mk, fossa Makelii; Scale bar = 50mm.
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Allen Brain Atlas
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