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66 results for “social signal”

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dryad28/100

Data from: Experimental evidence that primate trichromacy is well suited for detecting primate social colour signals

Primate trichromatic colour vision has been hypothesized to be well tuned for detecting variation in facial coloration, which could be due to selection on either signal wavelengths or the sensitivities of the photoreceptors themselves. We provide one of the first empirical tests of this idea by asking whether, when compared with other visual systems, the information obtained through primate trichromatic vision confers an improved ability to detect the changes in facial colour that female macaque monkeys exhibit when they are proceptive. We presented pairs of digital images of faces of the same monkey to human observers and asked them to select the proceptive face. We tested images that simulated what would be seen by common catarrhine trichromatic vision, two additional trichromatic conditions and three dichromatic conditions. Performance under conditions of common catarrhine trichromacy, and trichromacy with narrowly separated LM cone pigments (common in female platyrrhines), was better than for evenly spaced trichromacy or for any of the dichromatic conditions. These results suggest that primate trichromatic colour vision confers excellent ability to detect meaningful variation in primate face colour. This is consistent with the hypothesis that social information detection has acted on either primate signal spectral reflectance or photoreceptor spectral tuning, or both.

opencc-zeroDec 2016View details →

dryad28/100

Data from: Socially selected ornaments and fitness: signals of fighting ability in paper wasps are positively associated with survival, reproductive success, and rank

Many animals have ornaments that mediate choice and competition in social and sexual contexts. Individuals with elaborate sexual ornaments typically have higher fitness than those with less elaborate ornaments, but less is known about whether socially selected ornaments are associated with fitness. Here, we test the relationship between fitness and facial patterns that are a socially-selected signal of fighting ability in Polistes dominula wasps. We found wasps that signal higher fighting ability have larger nests, are more likely to survive harsh winters, and obtain higher dominance rank than wasps that signal lower fighting ability. In comparison, body weight was not associated with fitness. Larger wasps were dominant over smaller wasps, but showed no difference nest size or survival. Overall, the positive relationship between wasp facial patterns and fitness indicates that receivers can obtain diverse information about a signaler's phenotypic quality by paying attention to socially selected ornaments. Therefore, there are surprisingly strong parallels between the information conveyed by socially and sexually selected signals. Similar fitness relationships in social and sexually selected signals may be one reason it can be difficult to distinguish the role of social versus sexual selection in ornament evolution.

opencc-zeroDec 2014View details →

dryad28/100

Data from: Gaze-contingent reinforcement learning reveals incentive value of social signals in young children and adults

While numerous studies have demonstrated that infants and adults preferentially orient to social stimuli, it remains unclear as to what drives such preferential orienting. It has been suggested that the learned association between social cues and subsequent reward delivery might shape such social orienting. Using a novel, spontaneous indication of reinforcement learning (with the use of a gaze contingent reward-learning task), we investigated whether children and adults' orienting towards social and non-social visual cues can be elicited by the association between participants' visual attention and a rewarding outcome. Critically, we assessed whether the engaging nature of the social cues influences the process of reinforcement learning. Both children and adults learned to orient more often to the visual cues associated with reward delivery, demonstrating that cue–reward association reinforced visual orienting. More importantly, when the reward-predictive cue was social and engaging, both children and adults learned the cue–reward association faster and more efficiently than when the reward-predictive cue was social but non-engaging. These new findings indicate that social engaging cues have a positive incentive value. This could possibly be because they usually coincide with positive outcomes in real life, which could partly drive the development of social orienting.

opencc-zeroDec 2016View details →

dryad28/100

Data from: Conflict between background matching and social signalling in a colour-changing freshwater fish

The ability to change coloration allows animals to modify their patterning to suit a specific function. Many freshwater fishes, for example, can appear cryptic by altering the dispersion of melanin pigment in the skin to match the visual background. However, melanin-based pigments are also used to signal dominance among competing males; thus colour change for background matching may conflict with colour change for social status signalling. We used a colour-changing freshwater fish to investigate whether colour change for background matching influenced aggressive interactions between rival males. Subordinate males that had recently darkened their skin for background matching received heightened aggression from dominant males, relative to males whose coloration had not changed. We then determined whether the social status of a rival male, the focal male's previous social status, and his previous skin coloration, affected a male's ability to change colour for background matching. Social status influenced skin darkening in the first social encounter, with dominant males darkening more than subordinate males, but there was no effect of social status on colour change in the second social encounter. We also found that the extent of skin colour change (by both dominant and subordinate males) was dependent on previous skin coloration, with dark males displaying a smaller change in coloration than pale males. Our findings suggest that skin darkening for background matching imposes a significant social cost on subordinate males in terms of increased aggression. We also suggest that the use of melanin-based signals during social encounters can impede subsequent changes in skin coloration for other functions, such as skin darkening for background matching.

opencc-zeroDec 2015View details →

dryad28/100

Is the conspicuous flag-waving behavior in Anisoscelis alipes (Hemiptera:Coreidae) a social signal?

Exaggerated traits and conspicuous behavior are often assumed to act as social signals, yet some highly ornamented signals have been shown to primarily function in non-social contexts. The matador bug, Anisoscelis alipes (Hemiptera:Coreidae), has large brightly-colored tibial expansions of its hind legs which are used to perform a stereotypic 'waving' behavior, the function of which is unknown. If this phenotype functions primarily as a sexually selected signal, we predicted they would be sexual dimorphic both in morphology and behavior, as well as exhibit positive size allometry. Alternatively, if traits function as non-sexual social signals, the frequency or rate of flag-waving should increase with proximity to conspecifics regardless of sex. Morphologically, we found that both males and females exhibited hind leg expansions, which scaled isometrically with body size. Behaviorally, in experimentally constructed social groups we documented 318 bouts of leg waving with 745 instances of leg-waves. We found no difference in the overall number of waves or the rate of waving between males and females. Further, the sex of individuals in the immediate social environment did not alter the number or rate of leg-waving. In contrast to both sexual and social selection hypotheses, our results reveal that the exaggerated morphology and leg-waving behavior in the matador bug is not sex-specific and occurs more frequently as individuals become further away from each other. The function of leg-waving in A. alipes remains unconfirmed; however, our findings and observations strongly hint at a potential anti-predator function which merits testing in future studies.

opencc-zeroMay 2024View details →

zenodo28/100

A Dataset of Patients Reviews on Doctissimo Forum of the 2017 Levothyrox Scandal in France for the Early Detection of Safety Signals from Social Networks

In France, the Levothyrox case is an extremely mediated pharmacovogilance case which received a lot of media coverage in August 2017 following the change, in March of the same year, of the pharmaceutical formulation of the specialty (modification of the type and content of excipients at the initial request of the french's national agency of drug safety - ANSM). Many patients have experienced adverse effects related to fluctuating thyroid function when they were already treated and stabilized with Levothyrox (3 million french patients with thyroid pathologies). This dataset presents patients posts collected from the French health forum <a href="http://forum.doctissimo.fr">Doctissimo</a>, Thyroid and Endocrine Problems sub-forum using a web scraping algorithm. The main idea is to find out whether the result of the processing of the data exchanged on the Doctissimo forum can be used in pharmacovigilance and whether it would have allowed better reactivity from the  public authorities and responsible laboratories. Doctissimo was chosen since it is the most used health forum  in France by drug consuming patients (ranking first with 61\% of users). Other sources of information could have been chosen such as Twitter which is the most used website in the world by drug consuming patients. Twitter brings together 52% of these patients against 27% for all discussion forums combined. However, access to Twitter data is chargeable, which is why Doctissimo has been selected. The extraction was performed on the ``Thyroide et Problemes Endocriniens (Thyroid and Endocrine Problems)''  sub-forum with the keyword ``levothyrox''. The choice of extracting information from this forum using the particular relevant keyword ``levothyrox'' was to limit the amount of extracted data. Indeed, during data extraction, Doctissimo blocks the scraping task when reaching a limit of 8,000 extracted discussion threads, since it detects an automatic machine activity. We collected the messages written between years 2000 and 2020. This resulted in a total of 110,260  comments written by a total of 7650 subjects. For each of the comments, we extract the date, pseudo of the person who wrote the comment, the comment's text, and  URL link.

opencc-by-4.0Dec 2022View details →

dryad28/100