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100 results for “soil fungi”
Belowground fungi, soil, and root chemistry in tropical landuse systems
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Soil fungi and fine root biomass mediate drought-induced reductions in soil respiration
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Diverse ectomycorrhizal fungi communities found in urban reserve soils and scats of small mammals when compared to native forest
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Data from: Soil fungi underlie a phylogenetic pattern in plant growth responses to nitrogen enrichment
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Data for: Rewilding soil and litter invertebrates and fungi increases decomposition rates and alters detritivore communities
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Data from: Environmental filtering by pH and soil nutrients drives community assembly in fungi at fine spatial scales
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Data from: Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi communities shaped by host-plant affect the outcome of plant-soil feedback in dryland restoration
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Temporal dynamics of soil fungi in a pyrodiverse dry-sclerophyll forest
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Data from: Fuel accumulation shapes post-fire fuel decomposition through soil heating effects on plants, fungi, and soil chemistry
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Mineral nitrogen nutrition of Fagus sylvatica L roots colonized by ectomycorrhizal fungi in native forest soil
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Decay by ectomycorrhizal fungi couples soil organic matter to nitrogen availability
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Island biogeography of soil bacteria and fungi: similar patterns, but different mechanisms
<p>Microbes, similar to plants and animals, exhibit biogeographic patterns. However, in contrast with the considerable knowledge on the island biogeography of higher organisms, we know little about the distribution of microorganisms within and among islands. Here, we explored insular soil bacterial and fungal biogeography and underlying mechanisms, using soil microbiota from a group of land-bridge islands as a model system. Similar to island species-area relationships observed for many macroorganisms, both island-scale bacterial and fungal diversity increased with island area; neither diversity, however, was affected by island isolation. By contrast, bacterial and fungal communities exhibited strikingly different assembly patterns within islands. The loss of bacterial diversity on smaller islands was driven primarily by the systematic decline of diversity within samples, whereas the loss of fungal diversity on smaller islands was driven primarily by the homogenization of community composition among samples. Lower soil moisture limited within-sample bacterial diversity, whereas smaller spatial distances among samples restricted among-sample fungal diversity, on smaller islands. These results indicate that among-island differences in habitat quality generate the bacterial island species-area relationship, whereas within-island dispersal limitation generates the fungal island species-area relationship. Together, our study suggests that different mechanisms underlie similar island biogeography patterns of soil bacteria and fungi.</p>
Data from: Agroforestry coffee soils increase the insect-suppressive potential offered by entomopathogenic fungi over full-sun soils: a case proposing a "bait-survival technique"
Entomopathogenic fungi are important natural enemies of insects. However, there is little information on the insect-suppressive potential of these fungi and possible effects of farming management on this. Meanwhile, changes in natural landscapes due to agricultural intensification have caused considerable biodiversity loss and consequent decay of ecosystem services. However, the adoption of practices such as agroforestry in agroecosystems can foster abiotic and biotic conditions that conserve biodiversity, consequently restoring the provision of ecosystems services. Here, we assessed the effect of management systems (agroforestry or full-sun) on the pest-suppressive potential of entomopathogenic fungi in Brazilian coffee plantations. We used the insect-bait method coupled with survival analyses to assess the speed of kill by entomopathogenic fungi and their presence in soil samples from both farming systems. We found that insects exposed to agroforestry soils died more quickly than insects exposed to full-sun soils. Of the fungi isolated from the insect-baits, Metarhizium was found most frequently, followed by Beauveria. Meanwhile, Fusarium was frequently isolated as primary or secondary infections. We propose that the differential survival of insects is indicative of a greater suppressive potential by entomopathogenic fungi in agroforestry, and that this could be promoted by the diversified landscape, microclimatic stability and reduced soil disturbance in agroforestry systems. Furthermore, our results provide a useful demonstration of the potential use of the insect bait method to investigate pest suppressive potential through insect-bait mortality, and we term this the "bait survival technique".
Sympatric pairings of dryland grass populations, mycorrhizal fungi, and associated soil biota enhance mutualism and ameliorate drought stress
<p>1. There is evidence that the distribution of ecotypes of plants and their symbiotic arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi and other associated soil biota may be structured by the availability of essential soil nutrients; and that locally adapted partnerships most successfully acquire limiting nutrients. This study tests the hypotheses that plant genotypes are adapted to the water availability of their local environment, and this adaptation involves associations with local soil biota, including AM fungi. </p> <p>2. We grew semi-arid Bouteloua gracilis ecotypes from relatively wet and dry sites, with either sympatric or allopatric soil inoculum under moderate and extreme soil drying treatments to examine 1) how varying degrees of water limitation influence grass responses to soil biota, and 2) the relationship between AM fungal structures and these responses. </p> <p>3. Under extreme soil drying, the dry-site ecotype tended to perform better than the wet-site ecotype. Both ecotypes performed best in either drying treatment when inoculated with their sympatric soil biota. Sympatric pairings produced more AM fungal hyphae, arbuscules and dark septate fungi. Extreme soil drying tended to accentuate these apparent benefits of sympatry to both plants and fungal symbionts, relative to the moderate drying treatment. </p> <p>4. Our findings support the hypothesis that AM symbioses help Bouteloua gracilis ecotypes adapt to local water availability. This conclusion is based on the observations that as water became increasingly limited, sympatric partnerships produced more AM fungal hyphae and arbuscules and fewer vesicles. The abundances of hyphae and arbuscules were positively correlated with plant growth, suggesting that in sympatric pairs of plants and AM fungi, allocation to fungal structures is optimized to maximize benefits and minimize the costs of the symbioses. This provides strong evidence that co-adaptation among plants and their associated AM fungi can ameliorate drought stress.</p> <p>5. Synthesis: Our study documents the role of locally adapted soil borne plant symbionts in ameliorating water stress. We found a relationship between AM fungal structures in roots and plant performance. Generally, plants and fungi from the same site resulted in more positive effects on plant growth.</p>
Data from: Subordinate plants mitigate drought effects on soil ecosystem processes by stimulating fungi
The subordinate insurance hypothesis suggests that highly diverse communities contain greater numbers of subordinate species than less diverse communities. It has previously been reported that subordinate species can improve grassland productivity during drought, but the underlying mechanisms remain undetermined. Using a combination of subordinate species removal and summer drought, we show that soil processes play a critical role in community resistance to drought. Interestingly, subordinate species drive soil microbial community structure and largely mitigate the effect of drought on grassland soil functioning. Our results highlight subordinate species in shifting the balance within the phospholipid fatty acid (PLFA) microbial community towards more fungal dominance. Fungal communities promoted by subordinate species were more resistant to drought and maintained higher rates of litter decomposition and soil respiration. These results emphasize the important role of subordinate species in mitigating drought effects on soil ecosystem functions. Reciprocal effects between fungi and subordinate species explain also how subordinate species better resisted to drought conditions. Our results point to a delayed plant–soil feedback following environmental perturbation. Additionally, they extend the diversity insurance hypothesis by showing that more diverse communities not only contain species well adapted to perturbations, but also species with higher impacts on soil microbial communities and related ecosystem functions.
Data from: Taxonomic survey of Agaricomycetes (Fungi: Basidiomycota) in Ontario tallgrass prairies determined by fruiting body and soil rDNA sampling
The fungal composition of North America's grasslands is poorly known, but an important area of study due to grassland conservation concerns and their close relation to agricultural lands. This study is a survey of Agaricomcyetes from fifteen diverse tallgrass prairies across southwestern Ontario, determined through fruiting body surveys (above-ground) and next-generation sequencing of soil ribosomal DNA (below-ground), and makes comparisons between the results of these two techniques. The most species rich taxa were the Clavariaceae, Hygrophoraceae, and Entolomataceae, each detected by both techniques, with the addition of the Sebacinaceae and Polyporaceae sensu lato below-ground, and Hymenogastraceae (Hebeloma spp.) and Mycenaceae above-ground. Many of the most abundant species belonged to these species-rich taxa and were highly abundant by either technique. The above-ground surveys found at least 73 species and the below-ground technique 238 operatonal taxonomic units. Although many fine-scale taxa (species and approximate families) were unique to one technique or the other (only eight genetic species were shared between both), the below-ground technique uncovered a greater breadth of higher taxa (mostly equivalent to orders), including ones undetected by the above-ground technique. A review of grassland fungi surveys around the world shows many similarities and the potential for grassland fungal conservation in North America. Given current technological advancements and grassland conservation concerns, it is prudent to further study North America's grassland fungi.
Plant landscape abundance and soil fungi modulate drought effects on plant-soil feedbacks
<p class="MsoNormal"><span>Plant-soil feedbacks (PSF) play an important role in determining plant community structure and dynamics. However, previous studies have provided mixed results for the relationship between PSF and plant landscape abundance (i.e., abundance across local communities). This may reflect the mediation of climate factors on PSF. Here, we tested how PSF of tree species varied with local abundances by growing seedlings in conspecific versus heterospecific soil and how simulated drought altered PSF-plant abundance relationships. Six tree species were selected and half of the seedlings were grown under ambient moisture conditions, while the others experienced a 2-month period of drought following 3-months of growth under ambient moisture conditions. Fungal communities in the rhizosphere soil were analysed using DNA </span><span>amplicon</span><span> sequencing to link shifts in soil fungi to the observed PSF. We found that drought reduced negative PSF for all plant species except one species (</span><em><span>Lithocarpus lohangwu</span></em><span>)</span><span>. In the drought treatments, PSF were positively correlated with the relative abundance of total putative pathogens, but negatively correlated with the proportion of unique pathogens (those pathogens that were present in conspecific soil rather than heterospecific soil, thereby potentially species-specific). </span><span>In addition, we found that PSF </span><span>only significantly predicted plant relative abundance in the drought treatment, indicating that abiotic stress made PSF a stronger predictor of plant landscape abundance. This finding also implies that future extreme drought events could promote the dominance of the abundant plant species, thereby leading to the loss of biodiversity.</span><span> Collectively, our results provide evidence for microbial mechanisms of PSF and suggest that accounting for abiotic stress can make PSF a stronger predictor of plant landscape abundance due to the omnipresence of stress under natural conditions.</span></p>
FIGURE 1. Maximum likelihood phylogram inferred from 53 taxa from ITS and 28S in Expanding the diversity of mucoralean fungi from northern Thailand: novel Backusella species from soil
FIGURE 1. Maximum likelihood phylogram inferred from 53 taxa from ITS and 28S genetic markers. Bootstrap support (BS) from RAxML and IQ-tree, and the posterior probability from Bayesian analysis are provided near the nodes as BS/BS (IQ-tree)/ PP. Values <70% for bootstrap support and <0.80 for posterior probability are indicated by a minus sign (–). Unrecovered branching is indicated by (*) sign. The novel strain proposed in the current study is shown in bold. T, ET, LT, and NT indicate ex-type, ex-epitype, ex-lectotype and ex-neotype strains, respectively. Mucor indicus (CBS 226.29) and M. koreanus (EML-QT1) were used as outgroup taxa.
FIGURE 2. Backusella solicola MFLUCC 22-0067 in Expanding the diversity of mucoralean fungi from northern Thailand: novel Backusella species from soil
FIGURE 2. Backusella solicola MFLUCC 22-0067 (ex-type). A, B. branching pattern of sporangiophores. C. short branched sporophore with columellae. D, E, H. developmental stages of the sporangium. F. unispored sporangiola. G. sporangiospores. I–J. multispored sporangiolum. K. obverse and reverse of colony in PDA. L–Q. various shaped columellae. Bars: B, C, E, H, J, L–N, P, Q = 20 µm; D, G, O = 10 µm.
FIGURE 2 in Absidia thailandica sp. nov., an addition to the diversity of soil fungi from Thailand
FIGURE 2. Morphology of Absidia thailandica sp. nov. MFLUCC 23-0073 (a,b) Colony on PDA at 28 °C after 4 days, (a) obverse, (b) reverse, (c) rhizoids, (d) columella with apical projections, (e) branched sporangiophore, (f) young sporangium, (g) mature sporangium, (h) unbranched sporangiophore with a terminal sporangium, (i,j) sporangiospores. Scale bars: c,f,g,h = 30 μm; d,e,i,j = 10 μm.
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