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Fig. 3 in New Findings Of White Clawed Crayfish, Austropotamobius Pallipes (Decapoda, Astacidae), And Peculiarities Of Its Spatial Distribution In Neretvica (Bosnia And Herzegovina)

Fig. 3. Isobath map (depth, m) and isopach map (velocity, m/s) (the locations of the crayfish catches are marked with red dots).

Fig. 6 in New Findings Of White Clawed Crayfish, Austropotamobius Pallipes (Decapoda, Astacidae), And Peculiarities Of Its Spatial Distribution In Neretvica (Bosnia And Herzegovina)

Fig. 6. Extraction of the crayfish from the trap at Neretvica near the confluence with the Crny Potok.

Fig. 5 in New Findings Of White Clawed Crayfish, Austropotamobius Pallipes (Decapoda, Astacidae), And Peculiarities Of Its Spatial Distribution In Neretvica (Bosnia And Herzegovina)

Fig. 5. Isobath map (depth, m) and isotach map (velocity, m/s) (the locations of the crayfish catches using scuba diving are marked with red dots).

opencc-by-4.0Dec 2021View details →

Maps of depths are created for the site of 50 m length. Flow types are turbulent, broken standing waves, unbroken standing waves, and rippled. The average width was 8 m and varied from 5.5 to 12 m. Bed elements included bars, rocks, and step/pools. The average depth was 0.35 m, with a maximum of 0.6 m. The average velocity was 0.4 m/s, with a maximum of 1.2 m/s (figs 10). Distribution of bottom habitats at the locations with the crayfish are as follows: megalital — 5 %, macrolithal — 30 %, mesolithal — 25 %, microlithal — 15 %, psammal — 15 %, CPOM — 10 %. Assessment by hydrobiological parameters showed that the presence of Lyngbya and Oscillatoria, as well as the increase of the number of Oligochae- in New Findings Of White Clawed Crayfish, Austropotamobius Pallipes (Decapoda, Astacidae), And Peculiarities Of Its Spatial Distribution In Neretvica (Bosnia And Herzegovina)

Maps of depths are created for the site of 50 m length. Flow types are turbulent, broken standing waves, unbroken standing waves, and rippled. The average width was 8 m and varied from 5.5 to 12 m. Bed elements included bars, rocks, and step/pools. The average depth was 0.35 m, with a maximum of 0.6 m. The average velocity was 0.4 m/s, with a maximum of 1.2 m/s (figs 10). Distribution of bottom habitats at the locations with the crayfish are as follows: megalital — 5 %, macrolithal — 30 %, mesolithal — 25 %, microlithal — 15 %, psammal — 15 %, CPOM — 10 %. Assessment by hydrobiological parameters showed that the presence of Lyngbya and Oscillatoria, as well as the increase of the number of Oligochae-

Fig. 4 in New Findings Of White Clawed Crayfish, Austropotamobius Pallipes (Decapoda, Astacidae), And Peculiarities Of Its Spatial Distribution In Neretvica (Bosnia And Herzegovina)

Fig. 4. Habitat with the highest concentration of the crayfish in Neretvica at the confluence with the Crni Potok.

opencc-zeroAug 2022View details →

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Spatial confounding in Bayesian species distribution modeling

<ol> <li>Species distribution models (SDMs) are currently the main tools to derive species niche estimates and spatially explicit predictions for species geographical distribution. However, unobserved environmental conditions and ecological processes may confound the model estimates if they have a direct impact on the species and, at the same time, they are correlated with the observed environmental covariates. This, so-called spatial confounding, is a general property of spatial models but it has not been studied in the context of SDMs before.</li> <li>Here we examine how the estimation accuracy of SDMs depends on the type of spatial confounding. We construct two simulation studies where we alter spatial structures of the observed and unobserved covariates and the level of dependence between them. We fit generalized linear models with and without spatial random effects applying Bayesian inference and record the bias induced to model estimates by spatial confounding. After this, we examine spatial confounding also with real vegetation data from northern Norway.</li> <li>Our results show that model estimates for coarse-scale covariates, such as climate covariates, are likely to be biased if a species distribution depends also on an unobserved covariate operating on a finer spatial scale. Pushing higher probability for a relatively weak and spatially smoothly varying spatial random effect compared to the observed covariates improved estimation accuracy. The improvement was independent of the actual spatial structure of the unobserved covariate.</li> <li>Our study addresses the major factors of spatial confounding in SDMs and provides a list of recommendations for pre-inference assessment of spatial confounding and for inference-based methods to decrease the chance of biased model estimates.</li> </ol>

opencc-by-4.0Aug 2022View details →

Data used for developing a parameterization for spatial distribution of solar irradiance over rugged terrain

This dataset includes data and results produced while developing a parameterization for the spatial distribution of solar radiation over mountainous terrain. The method is designed for applications in Earth System Models. The four items included in this dataset are the following: GFDL_preproc_dems includes digital elevations maps derived from the Shuttle Radar Topography Mission (SRTM) for three sample domains. single-time-step Includes atmospheric optical properties used as input for Monte Carlo simulations. gmd_2021_grids_light_* Include maps of terrain parameters derived from SRTM elevation data, and the partition of the domains in homogeneous tiles (sub-grid units) for different number and types of of land units. rmc_simul_res results of the Monte Carlo simulations, consisting of maps of simulated solar radiation for different domains and solar angles.

FIGURE 21 in Spatial And Temporal Distribution Of The Island-Dwelling Kogaionidae (Mammalia, Multituberculata) In The Uppermost Cretaceous Of Transylvania (Western Romania)

FIGURE 21. Latest Cretaceous Transylvanian kogaionid occurrences, highlighting the spatial distribution of the different chronofaunal tiers represented. Numbers within kogaionid silhouettes refer to their respective tiers (see fig. 3). A. Hațeg Basin; B. southwestern Transylvanian Basin; C. Rusca Montană Basin.

FIGURE 23 in Spatial And Temporal Distribution Of The Island-Dwelling Kogaionidae (Mammalia, Multituberculata) In The Uppermost Cretaceous Of Transylvania (Western Romania)

FIGURE 23. Chronostratigraphic distribution of the sedimentary facies represented, combined with the nature of the kogaionid remains recovered, at the different uppermost Cretaceous Transylvanian kogaionid sites. Dark gray, marine deposits; light gray, continental deposits.

FIGURE 22 in Spatial And Temporal Distribution Of The Island-Dwelling Kogaionidae (Mammalia, Multituberculata) In The Uppermost Cretaceous Of Transylvania (Western Romania)

FIGURE 22. Chronostratigraphic distribution of the estimated body sizes of known latest Cretaceous Transylvanian kogaionid occurrences. Dark gray, marine deposits; light gray, continental deposits.

FIGURE 20 in Spatial And Temporal Distribution Of The Island-Dwelling Kogaionidae (Mammalia, Multituberculata) In The Uppermost Cretaceous Of Transylvania (Western Romania)

FIGURE 20. Chronostratigraphic distribution of the different kogaionid taxa identified in the uppermost Cretaceous beds of Transylvania. Dark gray, marine deposits; light gray, continental deposits. For color-coding of the taxa, see legend in figure 19.

FIGURE 12 in Spatial And Temporal Distribution Of The Island-Dwelling Kogaionidae (Mammalia, Multituberculata) In The Uppermost Cretaceous Of Transylvania (Western Romania)

FIGURE 12. In situ remains of the referred specimen of Barbatodon transylvanicus, LPB (FGGUB) M.1635, Pui Beds, site PB3, documenting their associated nature. A. Remains of M.1635 as first spotted in the field, July 2002, showing the dentaries and one of the femora exposed on the bed surface by river erosion. B. Closeup from the initial preparation stage of the plaster jacket containing the partial skeleton M.1635, with the fully exposed dentaries and right femur. C. Presence of further postcranial remains revealed within the plaster jacket; boxed area in left center (B) highlights the position of the first discovered remains. Abbreviations: de, dentary; fe, femur; fi, fibula; l, left; r, right.

FIGURE 14 in Spatial And Temporal Distribution Of The Island-Dwelling Kogaionidae (Mammalia, Multituberculata) In The Uppermost Cretaceous Of Transylvania (Western Romania)

FIGURE 14. Isolated kogaionid teeth from the Pui Beds, site PB4. A–C. Isolated left I2, LPB (FGGUB) M.1706, in A. labial, B. distal, and C. mesial views. D–F. Isolated left I3, LPB (FGGUB) M.1670, in D. mesial, E. labial, and F. distal views. Arrows in B, C, and F point to the demarcation line between thicker and thinner enamel cover. G. Isolated left M1, LPB (FGGUB) M.1671, in occlusal view. H. Holotype of Litovoi tholocephalos, LPB (FGGUB) M.1700, left M1 in occlusal view, for comparison.

FIGURE 16 in Spatial And Temporal Distribution Of The Island-Dwelling Kogaionidae (Mammalia, Multituberculata) In The Uppermost Cretaceous Of Transylvania (Western Romania)

FIGURE 16. Kogaionid-bearing fossiliferous localities from the Densuș-Ciula Formation, Hațeg Basin. A. The Tuștea-Oltoane nesting locality, corresponding to site DC1; large-scale excavation on the newly created platform, August 1998. B. Close-up of the fossiliferous bed at Vălioara-Fântânele, hosting site DC2; C. Close-up of the fossiliferous bed at Vălioara-Fântânele 2, location of site DC3. D. Ravines north of Livezi with outcrops of uppermost Cretaceous continental beds; in the middle foreground, below the grass cover, is site DC4; E. Limited exposures of the uppermost Cretaceous continental beds north of General Berthelot, locality GB1, with the lower red silty mudstones hosting site DC5.

FIGURE 19 in Spatial And Temporal Distribution Of The Island-Dwelling Kogaionidae (Mammalia, Multituberculata) In The Uppermost Cretaceous Of Transylvania (Western Romania)

FIGURE 19. Latest Cretaceous Transylvanian kogaionid occurrences, highlighting the spatial distribution of the different taxa; estimated body sizes taken from figure 18. A. Hațeg Basin; B. southwestern Transylvanian Basin; C. Rusca Montană Basin. Question-mark refers to taxonomical uncertainty concerning the small kogaionid taxon from site RB1, in the Hațeg Basin.

FIGURE 9 in Spatial And Temporal Distribution Of The Island-Dwelling Kogaionidae (Mammalia, Multituberculata) In The Uppermost Cretaceous Of Transylvania (Western Romania)

FIGURE 9. Kogaionid remains from the Sînpetru Formation. A. Close-up of the left upper molars (M1 and M2) of Kogaionon ungureanui (ISER SPT/001), site SP1. B, C. Isolated right M2, LPB (FGGUB) M.1631, of an indeterminate kogaionid, site SP3, occlusal view as B. reflected light stereomicroscopic image; C. SEM image.

FIGURE 18 in Spatial And Temporal Distribution Of The Island-Dwelling Kogaionidae (Mammalia, Multituberculata) In The Uppermost Cretaceous Of Transylvania (Western Romania)

FIGURE 18. Latest Cretaceous Transylvanian kogaionid occurrences, highlighting the spatial distribution of their estimated body size (see text and figure 2 for identity of the fossiliferous sites marked in red in figures 18–23; see text and tables 4–7 for details of body size estimates). A. Hațeg Basin; B. southwestern Transylvanian Basin; C. Rusca Montană Basin.

FIGURE 5 in Spatial And Temporal Distribution Of The Island-Dwelling Kogaionidae (Mammalia, Multituberculata) In The Uppermost Cretaceous Of Transylvania (Western Romania)

FIGURE 5. Craniodental morphology of the Kogaionidae. Skull structure in dorsal view (A, B, D, E) and occlusal view of upper dentition (C, F) in different kogaionid genera (skulls and tooth rows, respectively, drawn to the same scale). A, B. Skull of Litovoi tholocephalos, A. Reconstructed, with missing elements (shaded) mirrored from their counterparts, and B. Simplified outline drawing (from Csiki-Sava et al., 2018). C. Left-side upper dentition of Litovoi tholocephalos (from Csiki-Sava et al., 2018). D. Skull of Kogaionon ungureanui, simplified outline drawing (from Rădulescu and Samson, 1996: Kielan-Jaworowska et al., 2004). E. Skull of Barbatodon transylvanicus, simplified outline drawing (from Smith and Codrea, 2015). F. Left-side upper dentition of Kogaionon ungureanui, in occlusal view (from Rădulescu and Samson, 1996).

FIGURE 3 in Spatial And Temporal Distribution Of The Island-Dwelling Kogaionidae (Mammalia, Multituberculata) In The Uppermost Cretaceous Of Transylvania (Western Romania)

FIGURE 3. Approximate chronostratigraphic distribution of the latest Cretaceous kogaionid occurrences from the Transylvanian area (red stars), alongside other important fossil sites (gray stars) using the biochronofaunal tier system developed by Csiki-Sava et al. (2016), in the main kogaionid-bearing successions: A, the Sînpetru Formation (SP sites); B, the Râul Mare Beds (RB sites); C, the Pui Beds (PB sites); D, the Densuș-Ciula Formation (DC sites), all in the Hațeg Basin; E, the Rusca Montană Basin (RM sites); F, the southwestern Transylvanian Basin, eastern (left column) and western (right column) outcropping areas (TB sites); dark gray, marine deposits; light gray, continental deposits. For kogaionid site abbreviations, see text and figure 2; for other abbreviations, see Csiki-Sava et al. (2016) and Botfalvai et al. (2021). Question mark added in the Râul Mare Beds succession reflects current lack of details as to the relative straigraphic positions of sites RB2 and RB3 (see text).

FIGURE 11 in Spatial And Temporal Distribution Of The Island-Dwelling Kogaionidae (Mammalia, Multituberculata) In The Uppermost Cretaceous Of Transylvania (Western Romania)

FIGURE 11. Isolated kogaionid incisors from the Pui Beds, site PB1. A–E, Isolated left i1, ISER PUI.004, of an indeterminate kogaionid, A. Specimen identified as "ptilodontoid," puncturing-grasping type of i1; drawing from Rădulescu and Samson (1997). B. apical, C. labial, D. dorsal, and E. lingual views. F. Holotype of Litovoi tholocephalos, LPB (FGGUB) M.1700, left i1 in lingual view, for comparison. G–K, Isolated left I2, ISER PUI.003, of an indeterminate kogaionid, G. Specimen identified as "taeniolabidoid," gnawing type of i1; drawing from Rădulescu and Samson (1997), H. apical, I. labial, J. dorsal, and K. lingual views. L. Holotype of Litovoi tholocephalos, LPB (FGGUB) M.1700, right premaxilla with in situ I2–I3 in labial view, for comparison.