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Fig. 5 in Ontogenetic, spatial and temporal variations in the feeding ecology of Deuterodon langei Travassos, 1957 (Teleostei: Characidae) in a Neotropical stream from the Atlantic rainforest, southern Brazil

Fig. 5. MDS on the different sizes, sites and seasonal groups. Total length (Lt) categories compared were Juveniles (J = Lt <3 cm), Semi-adults(S = 3 8 cm) and seasons were: VER=summer (December, January and February), OUT=Autumn (March, April and May), INV=Winter (June, July andAugust) and Spring=PRI (September, October and November).

Fig. 2 in Ontogenetic, spatial and temporal variations in the feeding ecology of Deuterodon langei Travassos, 1957 (Teleostei: Characidae) in a Neotropical stream from the Atlantic rainforest, southern Brazil

Fig. 2. Geographical location of the rio Ribeirão basin, with indication of the three sampling sites (P1, P2, and P3).

Fig. 3 in Ontogenetic, spatial and temporal variations in the feeding ecology of Deuterodon langei Travassos, 1957 (Teleostei: Characidae) in a Neotropical stream from the Atlantic rainforest, southern Brazil

Fig. 3. UPGMA cluster analysis using Morisita-Horn similarity coefficient on the different sizes, sites and seasonal groups. Total length (Lt) categories compared were Juveniles (J = Lt <3 cm), Semi-adults (S = 3 8 cm). The three sites sampled along the catchment were: site 1 (P1), an upstream first order section of the basin near its spring; site 2 (P2), a second order middle section of the basin; and site 3 (P3), a downstream third order section of the basin. The seasons are: VER=summer (December, January and February), OUT=Autumn (March, April and May), INV=Winter (June, July and August), and Spring=PRI (September, October, November). A (> 70 % similarity) = with a predominance of Autochthonous Insects, Allochthonous Insects and Non Identifiable Arthropod Parts; B (> 80 % similarity) = with a predominance of Detritus and Allochthonous and Autochthonous Insects; and C (> 80 % similarity)= with a predominance of Allochthonous plants and Detritus.

Fig. 1. Monthly rainfall for 2002 in Ontogenetic, spatial and temporal variations in the feeding ecology of Deuterodon langei Travassos, 1957 (Teleostei: Characidae) in a Neotropical stream from the Atlantic rainforest, southern Brazil

Fig. 1. Monthly rainfall for 2002 (x) and 2003 (filled triangles) in the study region, and average temperature in 2002 (filled squares) and 2003 (open squares). Source: IAPAR.

FIGURE 1 in Testing spatial and environmental factors to explain body shape variation in the widespread Central American Blackbelt cichlid Vieja maculicauda (Teleostei: Cichlidae)

FIGURE 1 | Points representing geographic location for the lots of Vieja maculicauda used in the current study. Straight black lines represent the approximate location of geological block divisions. Purple shading represents a modified version of IUCN redlist data for the distribution of this species (Lyons, 2019).

FIGURE 4 in Testing spatial and environmental factors to explain body shape variation in the widespread Central American Blackbelt cichlid Vieja maculicauda (Teleostei: Cichlidae)

FIGURE 4 | Canonical variate analysis and shape changes along both axes. Shape change has been magnified by two for increased visualization.

FIGURE 3 in Testing spatial and environmental factors to explain body shape variation in the widespread Central American Blackbelt cichlid Vieja maculicauda (Teleostei: Cichlidae)

FIGURE 3 | Principal component analysis of size-corrected shape and deformation grids along each axis.

FIGURE 2 in Testing spatial and environmental factors to explain body shape variation in the widespread Central American Blackbelt cichlid Vieja maculicauda (Teleostei: Cichlidae)

FIGURE 2 | Landmarks (in blue) and semilandmarks (in red) as placed on each specimen. Landmark positions are described on Tab. S1.

opencc-by-4.0Sep 2024View details →

Data from: Temporal and spatial variation in reproductive benefits in a partial migrant

Abstract In partial migrant systems, where residents and migrants co-exist within a population, residents are commonly predicted to gain a reproductive advantage over migrants through priority access to high quality territories and an earlier breeding start. Annual variation in reproductive benefits has been suggested to be important for the co-existence of both strategies in a population, as differences in wintering conditions experienced by the two strategies may result in a periodic reproductive advantage for migrants. However, the importance of spatial environmental variation for reproductive output in partially migrant populations remains largely unexplored. We investigated variation in the reproductive output of migrants and residents in a population of Swiss red kites (Milvus milvus) both temporally, across and within years, and spatially, along an elevational gradient. We gathered four years of reproductive data combined with 183 GPS-derived full annual cycles from individuals breeding in the Swiss Alpine foothills. At low, but not high elevations residents produced more fledglings than migrants. We also found evidence for annual variation in the reproductive advantage of the two strategies. Furthermore, while reproductive output did decline with a later breeding start, there was no difference in the start of breeding between the two migration strategies. The results of this study suggest that differences in reproductive output between migrants and residents in partial migrant populations can vary due to both the use of spatially distinct overwintering grounds, as well as being differently affected by spatial variables in breeding areas, such as elevation. The study emphasizes that spatial and temporal variation in reproductive benefits must be considered when predicting how migratory species will respond to future environmental change.

Fig. 4 in Spatial, seasonal and ontogenetic variation in the diet of Astyanax aff. fasciatus (Ostariophysi: Characidae) in an Atlantic Forest river, Southern Brazil

Fig. 4. Representation of the similarity patterns (Euclidean distances) in the seasonal and spatial diet composition of Astyanax aff. fasciatus at two sites on the rio das Pedras, Guarapuava, PR, Brazil.

Fig. 3 in Spatial, seasonal and ontogenetic variation in the diet of Astyanax aff. fasciatus (Ostariophysi: Characidae) in an Atlantic Forest river, Southern Brazil

Fig. 3. Diet composition of Astyanax aff. fasciatus at two sites on the rio das Pedras, according to season. Categories: plants, invertebrates, terrestrial invertebrates, aquatic invertebrates, terrestrial vegetation, aquatic vegetation and sediments and detritus.

Fig. 6 in Spatial, seasonal and ontogenetic variation in the diet of Astyanax aff. fasciatus (Ostariophysi: Characidae) in an Atlantic Forest river, Southern Brazil

Fig. 6. Ordination of individuals of Astyanax aff. fasciatus of different sizes according to the higher feeding preference. (SL1:> 50 mm; SL2: 51-75 mm and SL3: <76 mm).

Fig. 2 in Spatial, seasonal and ontogenetic variation in the diet of Astyanax aff. fasciatus (Ostariophysi: Characidae) in an Atlantic Forest river, Southern Brazil

Fig. 2. Diet composition of Astyanax aff. fasciatus at sites A (a) and B (b) on the rio das Pedras, according to the origin of the ingested items (value between parentheses corresponds to the feeding index of each category).

Fig. 5 in Spatial, seasonal and ontogenetic variation in the diet of Astyanax aff. fasciatus (Ostariophysi: Characidae) in an Atlantic Forest river, Southern Brazil

Fig. 5. Diet composition of Astyanax aff. fasciatus among the three established standard length classes, and according to the plant or animal origin of the item. (SL1:> 50 mm; SL2: 51-75 mm and SL3: <76 mm; value between parentheses corresponds to the feeding index of each category).

Fig. 4 in Life-history of the South American darter, Characidium pterostictum (Crenuchidae): evidence for small scale spatial variation in a piedmont stream

Fig. 4. Seasonal variation in proportion (%) of maturity stages for Characidium pterostictum at Lajeado river (southern Brazil). Values for PA and PB were pooled.

Fig. 3 in Life-history of the South American darter, Characidium pterostictum (Crenuchidae): evidence for small scale spatial variation in a piedmont stream

Fig. 3. Seasonal variation of the gonadosomatic index (GSI) of Characidium pterostictum in Lajeado river, southern Brazil.

Fig. 5 in Life-history of the South American darter, Characidium pterostictum (Crenuchidae): evidence for small scale spatial variation in a piedmont stream

Fig. 5. Boxplots comparing the total length of mature Characidium pterostictum at two sampling sites at Lajeado river (southern Brazil). PA, upstream site; PB, downstream site. Circles are outliers.

Fig. 2 in Life-history of the South American darter, Characidium pterostictum (Crenuchidae): evidence for small scale spatial variation in a piedmont stream

Fig. 2. Boxplots comparing the total length (Lt) of Characidium pterostictum in Lajeado river (southern Brazil). PA, upstream site; PB downstream site. Numbers in parenthesis are sample size; filled circles are outliers, asterisks are extreme values, dotted line is the mean Lt.

Fig. 1 in Life-history of the South American darter, Characidium pterostictum (Crenuchidae): evidence for small scale spatial variation in a piedmont stream

Fig. 1. Size frequency distribution (total length, Lt) for Characidium pterostictum in two sampling sites at Lajeado river, southern Brazil (PA, n = 62; PB, n = 188).