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FIGURE 2 in Extinction risk or lack of sampling in a threatened species: Genetic structure and environmental suitability of the neotropical frog Pristimantis penelopus (Anura: Craugastoridae)

FIGURE 2: (Left) Maximum clade credibility tree depicting the phylogenetic position of Pristimantis penelopus within the P. ridens series. Numbers on nodes indicate posterior probabilities. Numbers below nodes represent nodal support using the ultrafast bootstrap (see methods). Asterisks indicate nodal support above 95% in both Bayesian and ML methods. (Right) Haplotype network based on 460 bp of the COI region. Numbers of mutational steps are shown on the lines connecting haplotypes. Colors refer to geographic locations shown in Figure 1.

FIGURE 4 in Extinction risk or lack of sampling in a threatened species: Genetic structure and environmental suitability of the neotropical frog Pristimantis penelopus (Anura: Craugastoridae)

FIGURE 4: Potential distribution of Pristimantis penelopus based on ecological niche modeling (red). Yellow dots represents occurrence localities used to calibrate the model. See main text for details.

FIGURE 1 in Extinction risk or lack of sampling in a threatened species: Genetic structure and environmental suitability of the neotropical frog Pristimantis penelopus (Anura: Craugastoridae)

FIGURE 1: Geographic sampling of Pristimantis penelopus. Colored circles indicate sequenced specimens. Different colors represent the populations used in the genetic analysis (see Figure 2 for color codes).

FIGURE 3 in Extinction risk or lack of sampling in a threatened species: Genetic structure and environmental suitability of the neotropical frog Pristimantis penelopus (Anura: Craugastoridae)

FIGURE 3: Phenotypic variation of Pristimantis penelopus across its distribution. Localitites are shown in Appendix 1.

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FIGURE 14. Non-astacidean decapod species with pectinate claws. A–B in Taxonomic revision of the extinct clawed lobster genus Oncopareia Bosquet, 1854 (Decapoda, Astacidea, Nephropidae)

FIGURE 14. Non-astacidean decapod species with pectinate claws. A–B, Ctenocheles cookei (Rathbun, 1935), left propodus in inner (A) and outer (B) lateral views (holotype, USNM 371511). C–D, Ctenocheles cultellus (Rathbun, 1935), incomplete dactylus (A) and fixed finger (B) in upper, lower and lateral views (from Rathbun, 1935, pl. 14, figs. 7–12). E, Ctenocheles inaequidens (Pelseneer, 1886), right major claw (holotype, from Pelseneer, 1886, text-fig. 1). F,?Ctenocheles pectiniformis (Böhm, 1891), isolated claw (from Böhm, 1891, pl. 1, fig. 2, 2a). G, "Ischnodactylus" dentatus Rathbun, 1935, isolated finger (USNM MO 495109).

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Fig. 1. A in Trichomycterus venulosus (Steindachner, 1915), a junior synonym of Eremophilus mutisii Humboldt, 1805 (Siluriformes: Trichomycteridae) and not an extinct species

Fig. 1. A. Trichomycterus venulosus, syntype of Pygidium venulosum, 87 mm SL, illustration from Steindachner (1915b); B. Eremophilus mutisii, MPUJ 2528, 54.0 mm SL, Colombia, Cundinamarca, Municipio Guatavita, embalse de Tominé, Vereda Chaleche, Club Náutico Refugio de Tominé, 4º59'10.7"N 73º49'09"W, 2622 m asl, río Magdalena basin; C. E. mutisii, MPUJ 2528, 72.1 mm SL; D. E. mutisii, MBUCV-V-32796, 221.9 mm SL, Colombia, Nariño, Laguna de La Cocha, río Guamuéz drainage, tributary of río Putumayo, Amazon River basin. Scale bars 1 cm.

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Fig. 2 in Trichomycterus venulosus (Steindachner, 1915), a junior synonym of Eremophilus mutisii Humboldt, 1805 (Siluriformes: Trichomycteridae) and not an extinct species

Fig. 2. Dorsal view of head of syntype of Pygidium venulosum (NMW 44476: 1, 108.0 mm SL), showing cephalic sensory pores. Abbreviations: i1, infraorbital sensory pore 1; i3, infraorbital sensory pore 3; i10-11, infraorbital sensory pores 10 and 11; pre, preopercular sensory pore; s1-3, supraorbital sensory pores 1-3; s6, supraorbital sensory pore 6 (epiphyseal branch).

Figure 1 in The first extinct species of Acritus LeConte, 1853 (Histeridae: Abraeinae) from Eocene Baltic amber: a microscopic beetle inclusion studied with X-ray micro-computed tomography

Figure 1. Photomicrographs of Acritus sutirca sp. nov., holotype, no. 5541 (MAIG), habitus: (a) ventral view; (b) dorsal view; (c) left lateral view; (d) frontal view. Scale bar represents 0.2 mm.

Figure 2. X in The first extinct species of Acritus LeConte, 1853 (Histeridae: Abraeinae) from Eocene Baltic amber: a microscopic beetle inclusion studied with X-ray micro-computed tomography

Figure 2. X-ray micro-CT renderings of Acritus sutirca sp. nov., holotype, no. 5541 (MAIG), habitus: (a) dorsal view; (b) left lateral view; (c) ventral view; (d) right lateral view. Scale bar represents 0.2 mm.

Figure 4. X in The first extinct species of Acritus LeConte, 1853 (Histeridae: Abraeinae) from Eocene Baltic amber: a microscopic beetle inclusion studied with X-ray micro-computed tomography

Figure 4. X-ray micro-CT renderings of Acritus sutirca sp. nov., holotype, no. 5541 (MAIG): (a–d) aedeagus in dorsal, ventral view and lateral views; (e) antennae. Scale bar represents 0.1 mm.

Figure 3. X in The first extinct species of Acritus LeConte, 1853 (Histeridae: Abraeinae) from Eocene Baltic amber: a microscopic beetle inclusion studied with X-ray micro-computed tomography

Figure 3. X-ray micro-CT renderings of Acritus sutirca sp. nov., holotype, no. 5541 (MAIG), habitus: (a) frontal view; (b) caudal view. Scale bar represents 0.2 mm. Abbreviations: a1 – antennomere 1 (scape); ey – compound eye; py – pygidium; pp – propygidium.

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Figure 1 in Evidence of an Undescribed, Extinct Philodoria Species (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae) from Hawaiian Hesperomannia Herbarium Specimens

Figure 1. Philodoria pupal tents on the adaxial surface of Hesperomannia arborescens leaves from Lanai (BISH1022034).

Fig. 8 in Taxonomic, biogeographic, and taphonomic reassessment of a large extinct species of paca from the Quaternary of Brazil

Fig. 8. Taphonomic aspects of the extinct paca Cuniculus rugiceps (Lund, 1837) from Cuvieri Cave (minimum age of ~30 ky), Lagoa Santa. A. Stratigraphic distribution of plotted specimens (specimens recovered by sieving are not represented) relative to the flowstone dated. Clusters of dots in the lower layers of Locus 3A and 3B represent bones preserved in anatomical association. Black arrow indicates the position of the 8 m deep pitfall. B. Excavation record of specimens in anatomical association (B1) with schematic indication of bone elements (B2). C. Left femur in posterior view (CVL3P13911), showing bone modifications caused by rodent gnawing (arrows; see the remarkable circular opening of diaphysis). D. Right innominate in medial view (CVL3B2165a), showing initial cracking caused by weathering (arrows).

Fig. 7 in Taxonomic, biogeographic, and taphonomic reassessment of a large extinct species of paca from the Quaternary of Brazil

Fig. 7. Distribution of the extinct Cuniculus rugiceps and extant species of Cuniculus and its fossil record. References in the text.

Fig. 3 in Taxonomic, biogeographic, and taphonomic reassessment of a large extinct species of paca from the Quaternary of Brazil

Fig. 3. Fossils of the extinct paca Cuniculus rugiceps (Lund, 1837) from Cuvieri Cave (minimum age of ~30 ky). A. Fossil 7 (CVL3 P13160), dorsal portion of the skull in dorsal (A1), ventral (A2), right lateral (A3), left lateral (A4), and posterior (A5) views. B. Fossil 8 (CVL3 P13168), right zygomatic arch in dorsal (B1), lateral (B2), and anterior (B3) views. C. Fossil 4 (CVL3 P13342), right dentary in lateral (C1) and medial (C2) views. D. Fossil 2 (CVL3 P11221), anteroventral face of the mentonian region of a right dentary showing rugosities. White arrows, discrete notch on the dorsal edges of the orbits; black arrows, large and deep notch on the bottom of the infraorbital foramen.

Fig. 1 in Taxonomic, biogeographic, and taphonomic reassessment of a large extinct species of paca from the Quaternary of Brazil

Fig. 1. Map showing the location of the Brazilian studied areas (A), and maps of Cuvieri Cave (Lagoa Santa, Minas Gerais) (B), and Toca de Cima dos Pilão Cave (Serra da Capivara, Piauí) (C). In Cuvieri Cave, fossils were excavated from Locus 3, and in Toca de Cima dos Pilão, fossils were excavated from Salão Terezinha. Map in B courtesy of Laboratório de Estudos Evolutivos Humanos and Grupo Bambuí de Pesquisas Espeleológicas, map in C adapted from Acervo da Fundação Museu do Homem Americano.

Fig. 6 in Taxonomic, biogeographic, and taphonomic reassessment of a large extinct species of paca from the Quaternary of Brazil

Fig. 6. Principal component analysis performed using the pooled-within species covariance matrix based on six dentary linear distances. Graydotted lines and associated numbers show the variables that have high correlations (r> 0.5) with each of the PCs. The gray numbers represent the measurements described in SOM 1.

Fig. 2 in Taxonomic, biogeographic, and taphonomic reassessment of a large extinct species of paca from the Quaternary of Brazil

Fig. 2. Fossils from the Lagoa Santa, Minas Gerais, Brazil, attributed to extinct pacas (ages unknown). A, B. Specimens assigned to "Cuniculus paca forma major" Lund, 1839. A. ZMK 1/1845:2029, mandible in occlusal (A1) and lateral (A2) views. B. ZMK 1/1845:13450, maxilla with P4–M3 series in occlusal view (B1); fragment of jugal in lateral view (B2). C. Atlas (ZMK 1/1845:2989) assigned to "Cuniculus paca forma laticeps" by Winge (1887), which Lund (1837) described as Cuniculus rugiceps. Arrow is pointing to the rugosities on the dorsal surface. D. Syntypes of Cuniculus rugiceps from Lagoa Santa with the original label of Herluf Winge (D1) and Lund's (1837) illustration (D2) comparing the right jugal of C. rugiceps ("Fig. 3") with C. paca ("Fig. 4") (Lund 1837: pl. 3, 1840 [1841c]: pl. 20).

Fig. 4 in Taxonomic, biogeographic, and taphonomic reassessment of a large extinct species of paca from the Quaternary of Brazil

Fig. 4. Fossils of the extinct paca Cuniculus rugiceps (Lund, 1837) from Cuvieri Cave (minimum age of ~30 ky) (A, B) and modern specimen of Cuniculus paca Linnaeus, 1766 from Rio Grande do Sul (C). A. Fossil 7 (CVL3 P13160), cranial roof in dorsal (A1) and lateral (A3) views, detail (A2). B. Fossil 8 (CVL3 P13168), right zygomatic arch in dorsal (B1) and lateral (B2) views, detail (B3). C. MCN.D 207, skull in dorsal (C1) and lateral (C3) views, details (C2, C4).

Fig. 5 in Taxonomic, biogeographic, and taphonomic reassessment of a large extinct species of paca from the Quaternary of Brazil

Fig. 5. Lower cheek teeth of the extinct paca Cuniculus rugiceps (Lund, 1837) from Cuvieri Cave (minimum age of ~30 ky). A1, B–F, ontogenetic sequence of cheek teeth. A. Fossil 6 (CVL3 P13344) (image inverted). A1, dp4–m2, the m3 is lacking due to fragmentation. A2, dentary in medial view showing p4 replacing the dp4 (arrow). B. Fossil 4 (CVL3 P13342) (image inverted), showing dp4–m3. C. Fossil 1 (CVL3 4052), showing the p4 erupting and the m3 completely functional. D. Fossil 5 (CVL3 P13145), showing p4–m3. E. Fossil 3 (CVL3 P13149), showing p4–m3. F. Fossil 2 (CVL3 P11221), showing p4–m3. G, H. Isolated molars from Toca de Cima dos Pilão deposits; in occlusal (G1, H1) and lingual (G2, H2) views. G. FUMDHAM 188-19036, possible right m3. H. FUMDHAM 188-19521, possible right m2.