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FIGURE 2 in Flightless Catapionus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Entiminae) in Southwest China survive the Holocene trapped on mountaintops: new species, unknown phylogeny and clogging taxonomy

FIGURE 2. Habitats and live adults of Catapionus mopsus sp. n. on Mt. Gongga (A–C) and on Mt. Haba (D–F).

FIGURE 1 in Flightless Catapionus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Entiminae) in Southwest China survive the Holocene trapped on mountaintops: new species, unknown phylogeny and clogging taxonomy

FIGURE 1. Known distribution of Catapionus weevils; two new records in Southwest China are indicated by numbered red circles.

FIGURE 5 in Flightless Catapionus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Entiminae) in Southwest China survive the Holocene trapped on mountaintops: new species, unknown phylogeny and clogging taxonomy

FIGURE 5. Catapionus mopsus sp. n., male, Mt. Gongga, specimen 2740. A–D: habitus; E–G: aedeagus and parameres; H: sternites 8 and 9.

FIGURE 7. A–D in Flightless Catapionus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Entiminae) in Southwest China survive the Holocene trapped on mountaintops: new species, unknown phylogeny and clogging taxonomy

FIGURE 7. A–D: rostra of specimens of Catapionus mopsus sp. n. depicted on Figs. 3–6, respectively. E: ultrametric time tree obtained using BEAST software to date evolutionary events of Catapionus in Southwest China. Numbers at nodes are million years before present. Node bars represent 95% confidence interval of the age estimate. GenBank accessions are preceded by four digit specimen number; HT denotes the holotype. F: rate on introduction of 38 valid Catapionus nominal species grouped by decades (37 names from Alonso-Zarazaga 2013, plus C. mopsus sp. n. described herein; taxonomic changes pertaining to Japanese fauna by Morimoto et al. 2015 are not included); note that the vast majority of species was named in the XIX century followed by a remarkable decline.

FIGURE 4 in Flightless Catapionus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Entiminae) in Southwest China survive the Holocene trapped on mountaintops: new species, unknown phylogeny and clogging taxonomy

FIGURE 4. Catapionus mopsus sp. n., female, Mt. Haba, specimen 4584, paratype. A–D: habitus; E: sternites 9; F: sternite 8; G; spermatheca.

FIGURE 3 in Flightless Catapionus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Entiminae) in Southwest China survive the Holocene trapped on mountaintops: new species, unknown phylogeny and clogging taxonomy

FIGURE 3. Catapionus mopsus sp. n., male, Mt. Haba, specimen 5402, holotype. A–D: habitus; E–G: aedeagus and parameres; H: sternites 8 and 9.

opencc-zeroNov 2023View details →

Mean survival rate and their temporal environmental (process) variance for 93 species of vertebrates

Current environmental changes may increase temporal variability of life-history traits of species, which can significantly affect their long-term population growth rate and their extinction risk. There is a need to estimate environmental variance of life-history traits (EV) and to examine whether there is a general relationship between EV and average survival rate that can be used as a guideline for analyses of population growth and extinction risk for populations where only information about mean survival is available. For this purpose we present a comprehensive compilation of 285 EV estimates from 93 species belonging to five vertebrate taxa (mammals, birds, reptiles, amphibians and fish) covering mean survival rates from 0.01 to 0.98. Since variances are dependent on the mean and tightly constrained for lower and upper mean survival rates, we assessed whether any observed relationship persisted after applying two types of variance stabilizing transformations: relativized EVs (observed / mathematical maximum) and logit scaled EVs. With raw EVs at the arithmetic scale, mean-variance relationships of survival rates and their EVs were hump-shaped with small EVs at low and high survival rates, and higher (and widely variable) EVs at intermediate survival rates. When mean survival rates were related to relativized EVs the hump-shaped pattern remained albeit less distinct than for raw EVs, but when transforming EVs to logit scale the pattern of the relationship between mean survival rates and their EVs largely disappeared.

opencc-zeroNov 2021View details →

Exceptionally high apparent adult survival in three tropical species of plovers in Madagascar

Adult survival is a key component of population dynamics and understanding variation in and the drivers of adult survival rates and longevity is critical for ecological and evolutionary studies, as well as for conservation biology and practice. Tropical species of landbirds are often selected to have higher adult survival due to high nest predation rates, but it is unclear if the same patterns occur in other avian lineages with different life history strategies. Here, we investigate adult survival of three sympatrically breeding species of shorebirds in south-west Madagascar: the endemic and endangered Madagascar Plover Charadrius thoracicus, and two more widely distributed African species: the White-fronted Plover C. marginatus and the Kittlitz's Plover C. pecuarius. Using mark-recapture data from 1843 individuals breeding at an intensely monitored saltmarsh over a 13-year period, we estimated annual rates of apparent survival (φ) corrected for encounter probability. Adult apparent survival rates were high for all three species (mean ± SE): Madagascar (φ = 0.899 ± 0.010) and White-fronted Plovers (φ = 0.923 ± 0.008). Kittlitz's Plovers showed a difference between the first (φ1 = 0.719 ± 0.026) and subsequent transitions (φ2+ = 0.892 ± 0.014), suggesting that transient breeders are common in this species. For birds first captured as adults, these survival estimates translate to life-expectancies of 9.72 (± 1.11) years in Kittlitz's plovers, 9.36 (± 0.98) years in Madagascar Plovers and 12.48 (± 1.32) in White-fronted Plovers. We hypothesise that long lifespan could be an adaptation arising from the unique climatic pressures on the island of Madagascar that would otherwise lead to reduced fitness. However, long lifespans may not sufficiently compensate for a reduction in breeding opportunities due to possible climatic disruption in the future. Consequently, at least two of these plover species seem vulnerable to ongoing habitat destruction and changing climate cycles.

opennotspecifiedAug 2011View details →

Distribution. Balabac, Ramos, and Bugsuk Is, Palawan region, Phillipines. In the late 1990s, a small stock of eight Balabac Chevrotains escaped from their enclosures on Calauit Island, a small island off the coast of Busuanga Island, north of Palawan, where the species had been maintained and bred since 1982. These animals were reported to have increased to at least 21 free-living individuals by 2006. Apparently the species was also introduced to the larger island of Palawan. No recent records confirm that it is still extant there, although unconfirmed reports suggest that it may survive in southern Palawan. in Tragulidae

Distribution. Balabac, Ramos, and Bugsuk Is, Palawan region, Phillipines. In the late 1990s, a small stock of eight Balabac Chevrotains escaped from their enclosures on Calauit Island, a small island off the coast of Busuanga Island, north of Palawan, where the species had been maintained and bred since 1982. These animals were reported to have increased to at least 21 free-living individuals by 2006. Apparently the species was also introduced to the larger island of Palawan. No recent records confirm that it is still extant there, although unconfirmed reports suggest that it may survive in southern Palawan.

opennotspecifiedAug 2011View details →

Distribution. Sulawesi and adjacent Is (Buton, Kabaena, Muna, Peleng, Lembeh, and on some of the Togian Is); thought to be extinct on Selayar I. Pigs have been widely domesticated through the Indonesian archipelago and beyond. This primarily involved the Eurasian Wild Pig (S. scrofa), but also S. celebensis, the only other species of pig successfully domesticated. Mitochondrial DNA studies of the dispersion of these domesticated forms agree on three major dispersal events, two involving S. scrofa and one S. celebensis. Evidence supports an early human-mediated translocation of S. celebensis to Flores and Timor and two later, separate human-mediated dispersals of domestic pig through islands of SE Asia into Oceania. In addition to Flores and Timor, S. celebensis is also thought to occur in its domesticated form on Halmahera, Lendu, Roti, and Savur Is, and even on Simeulue and Nias Is to the W of Sumatra and far from its island of origin, Sulawesi. In the Moluccas, and possibly elsewhere in this region, introduced S. celebensis are thought to have hybridized with other introduced pigs of S. scrofa derivation, and apparent hybrids between these species are now reported to survive on a number of islands, including Salawatti, Great Kei, Dobu, Seram, Ambon, Bacan, Ternate, Morotai, and New Guinea. It is also reported that in the 19" century the sows of domestic pigs in Sulawesi frequently mated with wild animals, after which they returned to their villages. in Suidae

Distribution. Sulawesi and adjacent Is (Buton, Kabaena, Muna, Peleng, Lembeh, and on some of the Togian Is); thought to be extinct on Selayar I. Pigs have been widely domesticated through the Indonesian archipelago and beyond. This primarily involved the Eurasian Wild Pig (S. scrofa), but also S. celebensis, the only other species of pig successfully domesticated. Mitochondrial DNA studies of the dispersion of these domesticated forms agree on three major dispersal events, two involving S. scrofa and one S. celebensis. Evidence supports an early human-mediated translocation of S. celebensis to Flores and Timor and two later, separate human-mediated dispersals of domestic pig through islands of SE Asia into Oceania. In addition to Flores and Timor, S. celebensis is also thought to occur in its domesticated form on Halmahera, Lendu, Roti, and Savur Is, and even on Simeulue and Nias Is to the W of Sumatra and far from its island of origin, Sulawesi. In the Moluccas, and possibly elsewhere in this region, introduced S. celebensis are thought to have hybridized with other introduced pigs of S. scrofa derivation, and apparent hybrids between these species are now reported to survive on a number of islands, including Salawatti, Great Kei, Dobu, Seram, Ambon, Bacan, Ternate, Morotai, and New Guinea. It is also reported that in the 19" century the sows of domestic pigs in Sulawesi frequently mated with wild animals, after which they returned to their villages.

opencc-zeroNov 2021View details →

Data from: Topography in tropical forests enhances growth and survival differences within and among species via water availability and biotic interactions

Topography is associated with variation in soil water, biogeochemical properties and climate, which drive diversity by filtering species and promoting niche differences. However, the potential for topography to promote fitness differences and diversity among tree species and populations remains poorly tested in tropical rainforests, especially at small spatial scales in everwet climates. We reciprocally transplanted tree seedlings between ridge and riparian sites and manipulated neighbour abundance and water availability to assess growth and survival differences both among species and between populations within species in response to changes in biotic interactions and soil water gradients associated with topographic heterogeneity. Seedling growth rates were higher on the ridge, but probability of survival was lower on the ridge than the riparian site. Topography also altered growth and survival responses to water availability such that seedlings in the inundated soils in the riparian site had the lowest growth and survival but increased rapidly with moderate soil drying. By contrast, growth and survival on the ridge were generally unresponsive to drying, although severe drought on the ridge reinforced differences among species in growth rates and probability of survival. The patterns of growth and survival within species did not provide evidence of local adaptation between seedlings from lowland and upslope origins. However, within species, topographic seed-origin determined the response of seedling growth and survival to increasing neighbour abundance, indicative of divergent selective pressures between individuals growing in different topographic environments. Combined, these results suggest that topographic heterogeneity promotes tropical forest diversity both at the species level via environmental filtering due to water availability and at the population level via functional responses to the density of neighbouring vegetation.

opencc-zeroJan 2022View details →

Tropical forest restoration in the Eastern Himalaya: Evaluating early survival and growth of native tree species

Asian tropical forests have among the highest rates of forest loss in the world. Ecological restoration is a vital step for biodiversity maintenance and climate change mitigation. For restoration practice, evaluation of species performance at early stages is crucial to avoid failure of the efforts and for screening species suitable to a region. Though the long-term performance of restoration plantings has been well-documented, few studies have evaluated the performance during the establishment of the planted saplings, especially in South and Southeast Asia. Restoration efforts in Northeast India, a region experiencing high forest loss, is limited by the lack of species-specific data on survival and growth. We compared inter-specific variation in seasonal survival and growth rates (diameter and height) for multiple native rainforest species from this region. We planted 3022 saplings of 50 species at a degraded open forest site. After 18 months, sapling survival varied between 9.1–94.3% for 32 species, and only six species showed "excellent" survival after 18 months. Eight out of 17 species that were tested for seasonal variation in survival showed significant differences in survival between seasons. While the diameter growth rate varied for species between seasons, the height growth rate was different between both species and season, but the interaction term between species and season was not significant. Certain animal-dispersed, medium to large-seeded primary forest species performed well and are vital for future restoration efforts in this region.

opencc-zeroMar 2022View details →

Supplementary material 1 from: Di Lorenzo T, Di Marzio W, Piccini L, Messana G, Sáenz M, Galassi D (2018) Survival, metabolic rates and locomotory activities of a groundwater-obligate copepod species under long-term exposures to tetrachloroethylene. ARPHA Conference Abstracts 1: e29966. https://doi.org/10.3897/aca.1.e29966

Survival, metabolic rates and locomotory activities of a groundwater-obligate copepod species under long-term exposures to tetrachloroethylene

opencc-zeroApr 2022View details →

Demographic rates and stature of tree species in 13 sub-tropical forests: annual growth, annual survival, annual recruitment >( 1 cm dbh), stature (max dbh)

Organisms of all species must balance their allocation to growth, survival and recruitment. Among tree species, evolution has resulted in different life-history strategies for partitioning resources to these key demographic processes. Life-history strategies in tropical forests have often been shown to align along a trade-off between fast growth and high survival, i.e. the well-known fast-slow continuum. In addition, an orthogonal trade-off has been proposed between tall stature – resulting from fast growth and high survival – and recruitment success, i.e. a stature−recruitment trade-off. However, it is not clear if these two independent dimensions of life-history variation structure tropical forests worldwide. We used data from 13 large-scale and long-term tropical forest monitoring plots in three continents to explore the principal trade-offs in annual growth, survival and recruitment as well as tree stature. These forests included relatively undisturbed forests as well as typhoon-disturbed forests. Life-history variation in twelve forests was structured by two orthogonal trade-offs, the growth−survival trade-off and the stature−recruitment trade-off. Pairwise Procrustes analysis revealed a high similarity of demographic relationships among forests. The small deviations were related to differences between African and Asian plots. Synthesis. The fast-slow continuum and tree stature are two independent dimensions structuring many, but not all tropical tree communities. Our discovery of the consistency of demographic trade-offs and life-history strategies across different forest types from three continents substantially improves our ability to predict tropical forest dynamics worldwide.

opencc-by-4.0Oct 2022View details →

Supporting Information: DATA and CODE. Contrasted impacts of weather conditions in species sensitive to both survival and fecundity: a montane bird case study.

This folder contains the R code (file “Rock_partridge_IPM.r “) of the integrated population model (IPM) used to study the population dynamics of the rock partridge in the French Alps, along with associated data (file “jags.data”). The integrated population model allowed us to model survival and breeding success (split in several steps) simultaneously. Data were collected by the French Office for Biodiversity (OFB) and the Observatory of mountain galliformes (OGM: <a href="https://www.observatoire-galliformes-montagne.com/">https://www.observatoire-galliformes-montagne.com/</a>). The “Read.me” file provides a detailed description of the different datasets. We also included values of the covariates used to study the influence of weather variation on survival and breeding success (files “covariates_survival”, “covariates_brood_size” and “covariates_brood_size_per_site”).

opencc-by-4.0Jan 2017View details →

Supplementary material 1 from: El-Barougy RF, Cadotte MW, Khedr A-HA, Nada RM, Maclvor SJ (2017) Heterogeneity in patterns of survival of the invasive species Ipomoea carnea in urban habitats along the Egyptian Nile Delta. NeoBiota 33: 1-17. https://doi.org/10.3897/neobiota.33.9968

Table 1S. Comparison of stratified multivariable generalized linear models : Explanation note: Comparison of stratified multivariable generalized linear models that model the relationship between survival probability and different variables. The best model, selected by AIC, p-value of chi square, deviance explained (DE) and (AW). AW is the Akaikes weight which is the probability of the model being the best model explaining the relationship between survival probability and different variables. DE is the percentage of deviance explained (DE) as a measure of the model's goodness-of-fit.

opencc-zeroDec 2016View details →

Data from: Effect of light-level geolocators on apparent survival of two highly aerial swift species

Light-level geolocators are currently widely used to track the migration of small-sized birds, but their potentially detrimental effects on survival of highly aerial species have been poorly investigated so far. We recorded capture-recapture histories of 283 common swifts Apus apus and 107 pallid swifts Apus pallidus breeding in 14 colonies in Italy, Spain, Sweden and Switzerland that were deployed with 10 different types of geolocators ('geolocator birds'), and compared their survival with that of, respectively, 215 common and 101 pallid swifts not equipped with geolocators ('control birds'). We performed both traditional GLMM using return rate as a proxy for survival and mark-recapture models to estimate survival while accounting for recapture probability. In all the analyses, geolocator birds showed reduced apparent survival compared to controls. The extent of the negative effect on survival differed between the species but the direction of the difference between species was opposite in either type of analysis. Geolocator weight was always lower 3% of body mass or less, and did not affect survival per se. Geolocators with a light-stalk, which is used in some geolocator models to reduce light sensor shading by feathers, decreased apparent survival more than models without light-stalk. Apparent survival of geolocator birds significantly varied among sites, being much higher in northern Europe. Despite in our analyses we could only partly account for variable recapture probabilities among sites and for inter-annual variability in survival, our results generally showed that equipping swifts with geolocators decreased their survival prospects, but also that the magnitude of this effect may depend on species-specific traits. These conclusions are in line with those of other studies on aerial foragers. We suggest that future studies tracking the movements of aerial insectivorous birds should use devices designed to minimize drag.

opencc-zeroJul 2021View details →

Data from: Long-term and interactive effects of different mammalian consumers on growth, survival and recruitment of dominant tree species

Throughout the world, numerous tree species are reported to be in decline, either due to increased mortality of established trees or reduced recruitment. The situation appears especially acute for oaks, which are dominant features of many landscapes in the northern hemisphere. Although numerous factors have been hypothesized to explain reductions in tree performance, vertebrate herbivores and granivores may serve as important drivers of these changes. Here, using data from 8- and 14-year-old exclosure experiments, we evaluated the individual and interactive effects of large and small mammalian herbivores on the performance of three widespread oak species in California – coast live oak (Quercus agrifolia), California black oak (Q. kelloggii) and Oregon white oak (Q. garryana). Although impacts varied somewhat by species and experiment, herbivory by black-tailed deer (Odocoileus hemionus columbianus) reduced the height and survival of juvenile coast live oaks and altered their architecture, as well as reduced the abundance of black oak seedlings, the richness of woody species and the cover of non-oak woody species. Small mammals (Microtus californicus and Peromyscus maniculatus) had even more widespread effects, reducing the abundance of black oak seedlings and the height and cover of all three oak species. We also detected numerous interactions between small mammals and deer, with one herbivore having positive or negative effects on oak abundance and cover when the other herbivore was either present or absent. For example, deer often had negative effects on seedling abundance only when, or even more so when, small mammals were present. In summary, mammalian consumers play crucial roles in limiting oak recruitment by reducing seedling abundance, maintaining trees in stunted states and preventing them from reaching sapling stages and becoming reproductive. Interactions between large and small mammals can also alter the intensity and direction of their effects on trees.

opencc-zeroDec 2018View details →

Data from: Integrating fitness components reveals that survival costs outweigh other benefits and costs of group living in two closely related species

Group living can be beneficial when individuals reproduce or survive better in the presence of others, but simultaneously there might be costs due to competition for resources. Positive and negative effects on various fitness components might thus counteract each other, so integration is essential to determine their overall effect. Here, we investigated how an integrated fitness measure (reproductive values; RV) based on six fitness components varied with group size among group members in cooperatively-breeding red-winged and superb fairy-wrens (Malurus elegans and M. cyaneus). Despite life historie differences between the species, patterns of RVs were similar, suggesting that the same behavioural mechanisms are important. Group living reduced RVs for dominant males, but for other group members this was only true in large groups. Decomposition analyses showed that our integrated fitness proxy was most strongly affected by group size effects on survival, which was amplified through carry-over effects between years. Our study shows that integrative consideration of fitness components and subsequent decomposition analysis provide much needed insights into the key behavioural mechanisms shaping the costs and benefits of group living. Such attribution is crucial if we are to synthesize the relative importance of the myriad group size costs and benefits currently reported in the literature.