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Figure 2 in Population ecology of the orb-weaver spider Eustala taquara (Keyserling) (Araneidae)

Figure 2. Circular histogram of abundance of the Eustala taquara population. The black vector line inside the circle indicates the mean angle; the transverse line on the external sector of the circle indicates the confidence interval (95%).

Figure 7 in Population ecology of the orb-weaver spider Eustala taquara (Keyserling) (Araneidae)

Figure 7. Ivlev's electivity index indicating the preference for or rejection of food items, according to the prey type (a, b) and body length in cm (c, d), by juveniles and subadult/adult individuals of the orb-web spider Eustala taquara. Dip = Diptera, Hym = Hymenoptera, Hem = Hemiptera, Col = Coleoptera, Ara = Araneae, Lep = Lepidoptera, Pso = Psocoptera, Thy = Thysanoptera.

Figure 6 in Population ecology of the orb-weaver spider Eustala taquara (Keyserling) (Araneidae)

Figure 6. Circular frequency histograms of adult females and adult males of Eustala taquara. The black vector line inside the circle indicates the mean angle or direction of the data. The transverse line on the external sector of the circle indicates the confidence interval of 95%.

Figure 1 in Population ecology of the orb-weaver spider Eustala taquara (Keyserling) (Araneidae)

Figure 1. Climatic diagram of Serra do Japi, São Paulo, Brazil, registering the temperature and precipitation of the period 2011–2013. Areas containing vertical lines indicate humid periods; dark areas indicate super-wet periods; and dotted areas indicate dry periods.

Fig. 3. A 50 in Phylogenomic Variation at the Population-Species Interface and Assessment of Gigantism in a Model Wolf Spider Genus (Lycosidae, Schizocosa)

Fig. 3. A 50% majority rule consensus tree from MSC-bootstrap analysis of the "All individuals" dataset. Color labels as in figures 1 and 2.

Fig. 2 in Phylogenomic Variation at the Population-Species Interface and Assessment of Gigantism in a Model Wolf Spider Genus (Lycosidae, Schizocosa)

Fig. 2. Maximum likelihood tree of the "All individuals" concatenated dataset generated with IQ-TREE.Topology with branch lengths in substitutions/site shown in bottom left. Black dots indicate deeper nodes with bootstrap and SH-like aLRT both under 90, otherwise deeper nodes are above 90. Support values for shallow nodes not shown.

Fig. 1 in Phylogenomic Variation at the Population-Species Interface and Assessment of Gigantism in a Model Wolf Spider Genus (Lycosidae, Schizocosa)

Fig. 1. Collection locations in western North America. Colors for S. MCCooki are based on phylogenetic group assignment (see Fig. 2). Female (left) and male (right) S. MaxiMa from Davis, CA shown in inset.

Fig. 5 in Phylogenomic Variation at the Population-Species Interface and Assessment of Gigantism in a Model Wolf Spider Genus (Lycosidae, Schizocosa)

Fig. 5. Cluster analysis of unlinked SNPs using VAE and carapace length of (a) male and (b) female individuals from Davis, CA. Individuals with carapace length (a)>8.5 mm (male) and (b)>10.0 mm (female) are indicated as S. MaxiMa.

Fig. 4 in Phylogenomic Variation at the Population-Species Interface and Assessment of Gigantism in a Model Wolf Spider Genus (Lycosidae, Schizocosa)

Fig. 4. Cluster analysis of unlinked SNPs using VAE for "Western group" individuals. Individuals are assigned to clades from the concatenated analysis (see Fig. 1).

Fig. 8 in Phylogenomic Variation at the Population-Species Interface and Assessment of Gigantism in a Model Wolf Spider Genus (Lycosidae, Schizocosa)

Fig. 8. Waveforms from substrate-borne vibrations produced by males in response to female pheromone cues. Phylogeny is based on maximum likelihood analysis of the concatenated dataset generated with IQ-TREE (see Fig. 2).

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Data from: Northern range expansion of European populations of the wasp spider Argiope bruennichi is associated with global warming correlated genetic admixture and specific temperature adaptations

Poleward range expansions are observed for an increasing number of species, which may be an effect of global warming during the past decades. However, it is still not clear in how far these expansions reflect simple geographical shifts of species ranges, or whether new genetic adaptations play a role as well. Here, we analyse the expansion of the wasp spider Argiope bruennichi into Northern Europe during the last century. We have used a range-wide sampling of contemporary populations and historical specimens from museums to trace the phylogeography and genetic changes associated with the range shift. Based on the analysis of mitochondrial, microsatellite and SNP markers, we observe a higher level of genetic diversity in the expanding populations, apparently due to admixture of formerly isolated lineages. Using reciprocal transplant experiments for testing overwintering tolerance, as well as temperature preference and tolerance tests in the laboratory, we find that the invading spiders have possibly shifted their temperature niche. This may be a key adaptation for survival in Northern latitudes. The museum samples allow a reconstruction of the invasion's genetic history. A first, small-scale range shift started around 1930, in parallel with the onset of global warming. A more massive invasion of Northern Europe associated with genetic admixture and morphological changes occurred in later decades. We suggest that the latter range expansion into far Northern latitudes may be a consequence of the admixture that provided the genetic material for adaptations to new environmental regimes. Hence, global warming could have facilitated the initial admixture of populations and this resulted in genetic lineages with new habitat preferences.

Figure 7 in Population dynamics and phenology of two congeneric and sympatric lynx spiders Peucetia rubrolineata Keyserling, 1877 and Peucetia flava Keyserling, 1877 (Oxyopidae)

Figure 7. Circular histograms of the frequency of age structure established for the population of Peucetia rubrolineata (Oxyopidae) from July 2013 to December 2015 in Serra do Japi, SP, Brazil. The black line vector inside the circle indicates the angular mean or direction of the data. The transverse line in the sector outside the circle indicates the 95% confidence interval.

Figure 6 in Population dynamics and phenology of two congeneric and sympatric lynx spiders Peucetia rubrolineata Keyserling, 1877 and Peucetia flava Keyserling, 1877 (Oxyopidae)

Figure 6. Phenogram of the population of Peucetia flava (Oxyopidae) on plants of Trichogoniopsis adenantha (Asteraceae, n = 200) between July 2013 and December 2015, Serra do Japi, SP, Brazil.

Figure 5 in Population dynamics and phenology of two congeneric and sympatric lynx spiders Peucetia rubrolineata Keyserling, 1877 and Peucetia flava Keyserling, 1877 (Oxyopidae)

Figure 5. Phenogram of the population of Peucetia rubrolineata (Oxyopidae) on Trichogoniopsis adenantha (Asteraceae, n = 100) between July 2013 and December 2015, Serra do Japi, SP, Brazil.

Figure 2 in Population dynamics and phenology of two congeneric and sympatric lynx spiders Peucetia rubrolineata Keyserling, 1877 and Peucetia flava Keyserling, 1877 (Oxyopidae)

Figure 2. Instars of Peucetia rubrolineata (a–h) and Peucetia flava (i–o) (Oxyopidae) recorded in the Trichogoniopsis adenantha (Asteraceae) plant in the Serra do Japi, SP, Brazil. (a, i) second instar; (b, j) third instar; (c, k) fourth instar; (d, l) fifth instar; (e, m) sixth instar; (f, n) seventh instar (subadult); (g, h, n) eighth instar (adult).

Figure 1 in Population dynamics and phenology of two congeneric and sympatric lynx spiders Peucetia rubrolineata Keyserling, 1877 and Peucetia flava Keyserling, 1877 (Oxyopidae)

Figure 1. Climatic diagram of the Serra do Japi, SP, Brazil, based on the climatic data collected from the Jundiaí experimental station. Areas in black indicate very humid periods. Areas with vertical lines indicate humid periods. Dotted areas indicate dry periods.

Figure 4 in Population dynamics and phenology of two congeneric and sympatric lynx spiders Peucetia rubrolineata Keyserling, 1877 and Peucetia flava Keyserling, 1877 (Oxyopidae)

Figure 4. Circular histogram of the abundance of the two spider populations: right, Peucetia rubrolineata; left, Peucetia flava, from July 2013 to December 2015 in Serra do Japi, SP, Brazil. The black line outside the circle indicates the average angle or direction of the data. The transverse line on the outside of the circle indicates the 95% confidence interval.

Figure 3 in Population dynamics and phenology of two congeneric and sympatric lynx spiders Peucetia rubrolineata Keyserling, 1877 and Peucetia flava Keyserling, 1877 (Oxyopidae)

Figure 3. Population fluctuation of Peucetia rubrolineata and Peucetia flava (Oxyopidae) in 100 and 200 plants, respectively, of Trichogoniopsis adenantha (Asteraceae).

Figure 8 in Population dynamics and phenology of two congeneric and sympatric lynx spiders Peucetia rubrolineata Keyserling, 1877 and Peucetia flava Keyserling, 1877 (Oxyopidae)

Figure 8. Circular histograms of the frequency of the age structure established for the population of Peucetia flava (Oxyopidae) from July 2013 to December 2015 in Serra do Japi, SP, Brazil. The black line vector inside the circle indicates the angular mean or direction of the data. The transverse line in the sector outside the circle indicates the 95% confidence interval.