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46 results for “sunbirds”
Video of nest predation of an African Paradise Flycatcher (Terpsiphone viridis) by an Olive Sunbird (Cyanomitra olivacea)
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Data from: Evolution of multiple colour mechanisms enhances opportunities for diversification in sunbirds (Nectariniidae)
<p>How and why certain groups become speciose is a key question in evolutionary biology. Novel traits that enable diversification by opening new ecological niches are likely important mechanisms. However, ornamental traits can also promote diversification by opening up novel sensory niches and thereby creating novel inter-specific interactions. More specifically, ornamental colours may enable more precise and/or easier species recognition, and may act as key innovations by increasing the number of species-specific patterns and promoting diversification. While the influence of colouration on diversification is well-studied, the influence of the mechanisms that produce those colours (e.g. pigmentary, nanostructural) is less so, even though the ontogeny and evolution of these mechanisms differ. We estimated a new phylogenetic tree for 121 sunbird species and combined colour data of 106 species with a range of phylogenetic tools to test the hypothesis that the evolution of novel colour mechanisms increases diversification in sunbirds, one of the most colourful bird clades. Results suggest that (1) the evolution of novel colour mechanisms expands the visual sensory niche, increasing the number of achievable colours. (2) Structural colouration diverges more readily across the body than pigment-based colouration, enabling an increase in colour complexity. (3) Novel colour mechanisms might minimize trade-offs between natural and sexual selection such that colour can function both as camouflage and conspicuous signal. (4) Despite structural colours being more colorful and mobile, only melanin-based colouration is positively correlated with net diversification. Together, these findings explain why colour distances increase with increasing number of sympatric species, even though packing of colour space would predict otherwise.</p>
Table 3 in Variable foraging and flower probing behaviour of sunbird pollinators of the South African Pelargonium fulgidum
<p><b>Table 3.</b> Summary of sunbird foraging behaviour. During consistent bouts none of the aspects of foraging behaviour quantified here changed during a plant visit, whereas during variable bouts foraging behaviour and/or flower probing direction changed during a plant visit. Values represent total number of foraging bouts (2022/2023 bouts).</p><table><tbody><tr><th></th><th></th><th></th><th></th><th></th><th></th><th>Nototrobic and</th></tr></tbody><tbody><tr><th></th><td></td><td>Nototribic flower</td><td>Sternotribic flower</td><td>sternotrobic</td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td>probing</td><td>probing</td><td>flower probing</td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td>Female</td><td>Male</td><td>Female</td><td>Male</td><td>Female</td><td>Male</td></tr><tr><th>Consistent</th><td>Hovering</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>9 (0/9)</td><td>10 (0/10)</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th></th><td>Alternative perch</td><td>4 (3/1)</td><td>9 (2/7)</td><td>15 (6/9)</td><td>10 (2/8)</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th></th><td>Inflorescence perch</td><td>23 (3/20)</td><td>10 (3/7)</td><td>2 (0/2)</td><td>2 (1/1)</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th>Variable</th><td>Inflorescence perch</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>2 (0/2)</td><td></td></tr><tr><th></th><td>Hovering and alternative perch</td><td></td><td></td><td>1 (0/1)</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th></th><td>Hovering and inflorescence perch</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>1 (0/1)</td><td></td></tr><tr><th></th><td>Alternative perch and inflorescence perch</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>1 (0/1)</td><td>1 (0/1)</td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>
Table 2 in Variable foraging and flower probing behaviour of sunbird pollinators of the South African Pelargonium fulgidum
<p><b>Table 2.</b> Mean ± standard deviation (SD) (sample size) of sunbird measurements.</p><table><tbody><tr><th></th><th><i>Cinnyris chalybeus</i></th></tr></tbody><tbody><tr><th></th><td>Male</td><td>Female</td></tr><tr><th>Bill length (mm)**</th><td>18.59 ± 1.03 (21)</td><td>16.45 ± 0.73 (6)</td></tr><tr><th>Bill base diameter (mm)</th><td>2.88 ± 0.27 (20)</td><td>2.92 ± 0.23 (6)</td></tr><tr><th>Bill height (mm)</th><td>3.53 ± 0.40 (21)</td><td>3.30 ± 0.44 (6)</td></tr></tbody></table><p>**Differed significantly between male and female sunbirds (P <0.05).</p>
Table 1 in Variable foraging and flower probing behaviour of sunbird pollinators of the South African Pelargonium fulgidum
<p><b>Table 1.</b> Mean ± standard deviation (SD) (sample size) of Pelargonium <i>fulgidum</i> measurements.</p><table><tbody><tr><th></th><th>P. fulgidum</th></tr></tbody><tbody><tr><th>Peduncle length (mm)</th><td>45.5 ± 12.3 (35)</td></tr><tr><th>Peduncle angle (°)</th><td>24.2 ± 15.1 (35)</td></tr><tr><th>Pedicel length (mm)</th><td>32.4 ± 3.2 (35)</td></tr><tr><th>Number of open flowers per inflorescence</th><td>5.3 ± 1.5 (21)</td></tr><tr><th>Angle between peduncle and nearest flower (°)</th><td>94.7 ± 18.4 (21)</td></tr><tr><th>Angle between two outermost flowers of inflorescence (°)</th><td>145.3 ± 31.8 (21)</td></tr><tr><th>Most upright flower angle (°)</th><td>18.1 ± 10.5 (35)</td></tr><tr><th>Most downward flower angle (°)</th><td>−1.7 ± 12.6 (35)</td></tr><tr><th>Hypanthium length (mm)</th><td>26.0 ± 2.2 (20)</td></tr><tr><th>Reproductive organ length (mm)</th><td>5.55 ± 1.3 (20)</td></tr><tr><th>Nectar volume (μL)</th><td>12.8 ± 8.2 (19)</td></tr><tr><th>Sugar concentration (% brix)</th><td>18.2 ± 3.2 (19)</td></tr></tbody></table>
Data from: Evolution of multiple colour mechanisms enhances opportunities for diversification in sunbirds (Nectariniidae)
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