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222 results for “surprise”
Figure 10 in Paedomorphosis and sexuality in Eulohmanniidae (Acari, Oribatida): surprising diversity in a relictual family of oribatid mites
Figure 10 Eulohmannia ribagai(Berlese): A – larva, subcapitulum, ventral view, palps omitted; B – protonymph, adoral lip; C – deutonymph, subcapitulum, ventral view, one palp omitted; D – tritonymph, rutellum, ventral view; E – larva, palp, abaxial view; F – same, enlarged tarsus; G – larva, chelicera, abaxial view; H – tritonymph, chelicera, adaxial view. Scale bars 20 µm (A-E, G, H); 5 µm (F).
Figure 21 in Paedomorphosis and sexuality in Eulohmanniidae (Acari, Oribatida): surprising diversity in a relictual family of oribatid mites
Figure 21 Paedolohmannia metzin. sp., adult: A – lateral view (legs represented only by trochanters, palp lacking tibia and tarsus); B – posterior view of hysterosoma; C – subcapitulum, ventral view; D – chelicera, adaxial view; E – palp, abaxial view (* marks superficial crease between fused femur and genu). Scale bars 100 µm (A); 50 µm (B); 20 µm (C-E).
Figure 7 in Paedomorphosis and sexuality in Eulohmanniidae (Acari, Oribatida): surprising diversity in a relictual family of oribatid mites
Figure 7 Eulohmannia ribagai(Berlese): A – seta c1 of larva; B – seta c1 of adult; C – adult, metapodosomal region, lateral view of cleared specimen; D – same, closeup of leg IV region; E – same, surface closeup of leg III region; F – same as E, but deeper focus to show apodemes; G – left sejugal apodeme and apodeme III, dorsal view; H – adult, ventral aspect, region near leg IV insertion (specimen from Alberta). Scale bars 20 µm (C, H); 10 µm (A, B, D-G).
Figure 5 in Paedomorphosis and sexuality in Eulohmanniidae (Acari, Oribatida): surprising diversity in a relictual family of oribatid mites
Figure 5 Eulohmannia ribagai(Berlese): A – larval bothridium, dorsomedial view (only one of two saccules visible); B – deutonymph, bothridial saccules; C – adult, bothridium, dorsomedial view; D – adult, rostral tectum, sagittal view; E –sejugal articulation of extended specimen, dorsal midline (sagittal section), anterior to right; F – same, but contracted specimen; G – as in E, but ventral midline; H – bothridial region, dorsolateral view. Scale bars 10 µm (H); 5 µm (A-G).
Figure 4 in Paedomorphosis and sexuality in Eulohmanniidae (Acari, Oribatida): surprising diversity in a relictual family of oribatid mites
Figure 4 Eulohmannia ribagai(Berlese), nymphs (appendages incompletely shown): A – protonymph, ventral view (prodorsum incomplete); B – deutonymph, ventral view of hysterosoma; C – tritonymph, dorsal view; D – tritonymph, ventral view; E – tritonymph, partial dorsal view of gastronotum showing artifactual transverse crease (see text, R3). Scale bars 100 µm: A, B to same scale, C-E to same scale.
Figure 15 in Paedomorphosis and sexuality in Eulohmanniidae (Acari, Oribatida): surprising diversity in a relictual family of oribatid mites
Figure 15 Eulohmannia ribagai(Berlese): A – pretarsus of leg IV, deutonymph, lateral view; B – distal part of tarsus IV, adult (insert = enlargement of vestigial empodial claw); C – postpalpal seta of NY larva (top) and adult from Sweden (bottom); D – famulus of tritonymph abaxial view (with insertion of broken setaft"); E – same, adult from Cape Breton; F – same, adult from Sweden; G – larva, partial dorsal view of right genu I; H – larva, left tarsus I, ventral view (setaea" andpl" out of focus); I – same, deutonymph (setaplʹ out of focus); J – same, tritonymph; K – adult from Sweden, left tarsus I, adaxial view; L – same, but right tarsus, abaxial view; M – adult, lower portion of left tarsus I, adaxial view; N – microsculpture of tarsus I. Scale bars 20 µm (K, L); 10 µm (H-J, M); 5 µm (A, B, D-F); 2 µm (C, G, N).
Figure 3 in Paedomorphosis and sexuality in Eulohmanniidae (Acari, Oribatida): surprising diversity in a relictual family of oribatid mites
Figure 3 Eulohmannia ribagai(Berlese), larva (appendages incompletely shown): A – dorsal view B – posterior view of hysterosoma; C – ventral view; D – lateral view. Scale bar 100 µm.
Figure 1 in Paedomorphosis and sexuality in Eulohmanniidae (Acari, Oribatida): surprising diversity in a relictual family of oribatid mites
Figure 1 Eulohmannia ribagai(Berlese): A – larva, lateral view, epi-illumination; B – tritonymph, same; C – living adult, stereomicroscope (arrow to cervical collar); D – gravid female, with single egg (provenance uncertain, photo D.E. Walter); E – tritonymph, lateral view of gastronotum contour, with epicuticle separated by clearing; F – same, closeup optical section in polarized light; G – adult, notogastral cuticle at edge of sagittal section; H – tritonymph, right gastronotic setaec1, c2 and lyrifissure ia (lower left insert = im from adult, right =im from deutonymph, showing canal). Scale bars 100 µm (A-D); 20 µm (E); 10 µm (H); 2 µm (F, G).
Figure 19 in Paedomorphosis and sexuality in Eulohmanniidae (Acari, Oribatida): surprising diversity in a relictual family of oribatid mites
Figure 19 Paedolohmannia metzin. sp., SEM images, adult (except G, larva): A – lateral view (insert = enlargement of notogastral cuticle); B – same, closeup of distal proterosoma (lower right insert = partial enlargement of palp), arrows on faint vestige of femur-genu articulation; C – ventral view (inserts: upper left = genital aperture, right = enlargement of cuticle medial to leg I); D – same, closeup of distal leg I segments; E enlargement of tarsi I, view as in A (insert = magnification of cuticle in middle of tarsus); F – distal proterosoma, view as in C; G – Claparède's organ of larva, lateral view (DIC image, base of seta1c at bottom). Scale bars 100 µm (A, C); 20 µm (D-F); 10 µm (B, G).
Figure 24 in Paedomorphosis and sexuality in Eulohmanniidae (Acari, Oribatida): surprising diversity in a relictual family of oribatid mites
Figure 24 Paedolohmannia metzin. sp. (adult, except C): A – spermatopositor of male from California, three increasing focal depths (arrow on small, island-like surface sclerite); B – food bolus from ventriculus, crushed to show components; C – setad2 and lyrifissureim, anterior to right; D – left tarsus I of deutonymph, ventral view; E – cuticle of tarsus I, around insertion of setapl′; F – left tarsus I, adaxial view (insert = enlargement of empodium); G – distal half of right tarsus I, abaxial view (insert = famulus). Many leg setae only partially in focus. Scale bars 20 µm (B, D, F, G); 10 µm (C); 5 µm (A, E).
Figure 14 in Paedomorphosis and sexuality in Eulohmanniidae (Acari, Oribatida): surprising diversity in a relictual family of oribatid mites
Figure 14 Eulohmannia ribagai(Berlese), tritonymph: A – right leg I, abaxial view (distal segments slightly ventral), with insert showing position of variable femoral seta vʹ; B – left leg II, ventro-adaxial (slightly twisted, some setae in distorted positions); C – left leg III, abaxial; D – left leg IV, abaxial. Scale bar 20 µm.
Figure 12 in Paedomorphosis and sexuality in Eulohmanniidae (Acari, Oribatida): surprising diversity in a relictual family of oribatid mites
Figure 12 Eulohmannia ribagai(Berlese), larva: A – right leg I, abaxial view; B – left genu I, dorsal view; C – left leg II, adaxial view (slightly rotated dorsad); D – right leg III, adaxial view (slightly rotated dorsad). Scale bar 20 µm.
Figure 11 in Paedomorphosis and sexuality in Eulohmanniidae (Acari, Oribatida): surprising diversity in a relictual family of oribatid mites
Figure 11 Eulohmannia ribagai(Berlese): A – adult, left anal and adanal plates, ventral view; B – larva, paraproctal region, slightly flattened
Figure 6 in Paedomorphosis and sexuality in Eulohmanniidae (Acari, Oribatida): surprising diversity in a relictual family of oribatid mites
Figure 6 Eulohmannia ribagai(Berlese), uncleared specimens in glycerine: A – deutonymph, lateral view (musclem.pdv out of focus); B – adult hysterosoma, dorsal view, showing major organs; C – same, lateral view (one fascicle of musclem.pdv out of focus); D – as in C, closeup of humeral region; E – adult, anterior hysterosoma, showing some proterosomal retractor muscles. Scale bars 50 µm (A-C, E); 20 µm (D).
Figure 23 in Paedomorphosis and sexuality in Eulohmanniidae (Acari, Oribatida): surprising diversity in a relictual family of oribatid mites
Figure 23 Paedolohmannia metzin. sp., adult: A – leg I, right, abaxial view; B – leg II, right, abaxial view; C – leg III, left, abaxial view; D – leg IV, left, abaxial view. Scale bar 50 µm.
Figure 22 in Paedomorphosis and sexuality in Eulohmanniidae (Acari, Oribatida): surprising diversity in a relictual family of oribatid mites
Figure 22 Paedolohmannia metzin. sp., adult: A – lateral view of gravid female; B – cuticle of prodorsum near rostral setaero(), anterior to right; C – supracoxal seta (eI), left (top), right (bottom) from same specimen; D – left bothridium, near-dorsal view; E – secretory saccules at base of bothridium; F – proterosoma, partial lateral view; G – ventral view of hysterosoma, uncleared specimen, showing food bolus precursor (pfb) in ventriculus, complete food bolus (fb) in colon, and fecal pellet (fp) in postcolon; H – venter, just posterior to leg III insertion (aggenital region to right); I – same, but to further right of H (arrow to neotrichous seta; several alveoli from broken setae visible); J – sejugal region ventral view; K – epimere III, just anterior to insertion of leg III, slightly deeper focus than in J (arrow to extrinsic muscles of trochanter). Scale bars 50 µm (A, G); 20 µm (B, F, J); 10 µm (H, I, K); 5 µm (D, E); 2 µm (C).
Figure 2 in Paedomorphosis and sexuality in Eulohmanniidae (Acari, Oribatida): surprising diversity in a relictual family of oribatid mites
Figure 2 Eulohmannia ribagai(Berlese), adult, SEM images: A – lateral view; B – closeup of posterior proterosoma; C – dorsal view; D – frontal view (black arrow to narrow solid rostral rim); E – sejugal region, dorsal view. Scale bars 100 µm (A, C); 20 µm (B, D, E).
Figure 26 in Paedomorphosis and sexuality in Eulohmanniidae (Acari, Oribatida): surprising diversity in a relictual family of oribatid mites
Figure 26 Paedolohmannia metzin. sp.: A – larva, leg I, abaxial view; B – same, leg II; C – same, leg III; D – protonymph, ventral view, anterior not shown; E – deutonymph, ventral view of hysterosoma; F – tritonymph, dorsal view; G – same, ventral view of hysterosoma. D-G with legs represented only by trochanters or absent. Scale bars 100 µm (D-G, to same scale); 20 µm (A-C, to same scale).
Figure 18 in Paedomorphosis and sexuality in Eulohmanniidae (Acari, Oribatida): surprising diversity in a relictual family of oribatid mites
Figure 18 Eulohmannia bifurcataFujikawa (A-D) andEulohmanniaspp. (E-I): A – holotype (13642), right anogenital region seen by transparency (black arrow to separate, ′island-like′ sclerite); B – paratype 13643A, genu and tibia I; C – same, tibia and tarsus II; D – same, leg IV (arrows to edge of adaxial declivity); E –Eulohmanniasp. A from Aborigen, Russian Far East, lateral view of gravid female; F – same specimen, ventral lobe of ovipositor (rectangle in A); G – male of same species, ventral view of spermatopositor; H –Eulohmanniasp. B from Kashmir, lateral view of gravid female; I – same specimen tarsus II (indicated by rectangle in H), with enlargement of distal region (arrow basal spine of empodial claw). Scale bars 50 µm (E, H); 20 µm (B, C); 10 µm (A, D, I); 5 µm (F, G).
Transcriptome analysis of anuran breeding glands reveals a surprisingly high expression and diversity of NNMT-like genes
<p><strong>Abstract</strong></p> <p>In many amphibians, males have sexually dimorphic breeding glands, which can produce proteinaceous or volatile pheromones, used for intraspecific communication. In this study we analyse two types of glands in the Mexican treefrog species <em>Ptychohyla macrotympanum </em>(Hylidae) – large ventrolateral glands and small nuptial pads on their fingers – using histology, whole-transcriptome sequencing and phylogenetic analyses. We found strong differences in glandular tissue composition and gene expression patterns between the two breeding gland types. In both glands we only found low expression of protein pheromone candidates. Instead, in the ventrolateral glands, gene expression was strikingly dominated by nicotinamide N-methyltransferase (NNMT)-like genes. Diversity of these genes was remarkably high, with at least 68 distinct NNMT-like genes. Our phylogenetic comparative analysis of the diversity of NNMT-like genes across vertebrates indicates that the extreme diversity of this gene is largely a frog-specific phenomenon and can be traced to large numbers of relatively recent gene duplications occurring independently in many lineages. The strong dominance and astonishing diversity of NNMT-like genes found in anurans in general, and in their sexually dimorphic breeding glands specifically, suggests an important function of NNMT-like proteins for anuran reproduction, possibly being related to volatile pheromone production.In many amphibians, males have sexually dimorphic breeding glands, which can produce proteinaceous or volatile pheromones, used for intraspecific communication. In this study we analyse two types of glands in the Mexican treefrog species <em>Ptychohyla macrotympanum </em>(Hylidae) – large ventrolateral glands and small nuptial pads on their fingers – using histology, whole-transcriptome sequencing and phylogenetic analyses. We found strong differences in glandular tissue composition and gene expression patterns between the two breeding gland types. In both glands we only found low expression of protein pheromone candidates. Instead, in the ventrolateral glands, gene expression was strikingly dominated by nicotinamide N-methyltransferase (NNMT)-like genes. Diversity of these genes was remarkably high, with at least 68 distinct NNMT-like genes. Our phylogenetic comparative analysis of the diversity of NNMT-like genes across vertebrates indicates that the extreme diversity of this gene is largely a frog-specific phenomenon and can be traced to large numbers of relatively recent gene duplications occurring independently in many lineages. The strong dominance and astonishing diversity of NNMT-like genes found in anurans in general, and in their sexually dimorphic breeding glands specifically, suggests an important function of NNMT-like proteins for anuran reproduction, possibly being related to volatile pheromone production.</p> <p> </p> <p><strong>Supplementary datasets accompanying the paper:</strong></p> <p>- final RNAseq assemblies of the ventrolateral glands and the nuptial pads of <em>Ptychohyla macrotympanum</em><br> - fasta-file of all <em>Ptychohyla</em>-NNMT-like genes found in this study</p>
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Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.