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opencc-by-4.0Dec 2005View details →

Figure 11 in Biological characterization of the obligate symbiosis between Acropyga sauteri Forel (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) and Eumyrmococcus smithii Silvestri (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae: Rhizoecinae) on Okinawa Island, southern Japan

Figure 11. Adult male, right side shows venter of the adult male; left side shows dorsum of the adult male. (a) Lateral view of genitalia of the adult male; (b) ventral view of genitalia of the adult male. Scale bar: 0.1 mm.

opencc-by-4.0Dec 2005View details →

Figure 2 in Biological characterization of the obligate symbiosis between Acropyga sauteri Forel (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) and Eumyrmococcus smithii Silvestri (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae: Rhizoecinae) on Okinawa Island, southern Japan

Figure 2. Schematic illustration of the method used to determine colony identity. (a) Distance (D) between two particular ant aggregations was defined as the distance between the centre of the two clods containing the two aggregations; (b) five workers were placed in a plastic cup covered with black paper; (c) an ant worker was introduced into another cup (of recipient workers); (d) the contact behaviour of recipient and introduced workers was observed; (e) the trial ended after contact had occurred two or three times, after which the introduced worker was returned to the original cup. In a match between two aggregations, the method described from (c) to (e) was repeated five times.

Fig. 9 in Acropyga and Azteca Ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) with Scale Insects (Sternorrhyncha: Coccoidea): 20 Million Years of Intimate Symbiosis

Fig. 9. Electromyrmococcus inclusus Williams and Agosti, new species a. Adult female, dorsal aspect. b. Cephalothorax, ventral aspect.

Fig. 10. Electromyrmococcus reginae Williams, new species a in Acropyga and Azteca Ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) with Scale Insects (Sternorrhyncha: Coccoidea): 20 Million Years of Intimate Symbiosis

Fig. 10. Electromyrmococcus reginae Williams, new species a. Adult female, dorsolateral aspect. Arrow points to area held by ant with mandibles. b. Posterior segment, dorsal aspect. c. Antenna.

Fig. 5. a in Acropyga and Azteca Ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) with Scale Insects (Sternorrhyncha: Coccoidea): 20 Million Years of Intimate Symbiosis

Fig. 5. a. Acropyga sp. 1, gyne with mealybug between mandibles in amber from the Dominican Republic (Frankfurt collection piece, detail). b. Acropyga sp. 1, alate gyne and male in Dominican amber (Frankfurt collection piece). c. Acropyga sp. 2, dealate gyne and mealybug in Miocene amber from the Dominican Republic (Harvard collection piece, AMNH DR10228). d. Acropyga sp. 2, alate gyne and mealybug in Miocene amber from the Dominican Republic (Harvard collection piece, AMNH DR14403).

Fig. 4 in Acropyga and Azteca Ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) with Scale Insects (Sternorrhyncha: Coccoidea): 20 Million Years of Intimate Symbiosis

Fig. 4. Scanning electron micrographs (40–50X) of an Acropyga gyne from Saül, French Guiana, carrying a mealybug (collected by C. Johnson). a. Frontal view. b. Oblique lateral view.

Fig. 3 in Acropyga and Azteca Ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) with Scale Insects (Sternorrhyncha: Coccoidea): 20 Million Years of Intimate Symbiosis

Fig. 3. Alate female of a South African Acropyga carrying a Eumyrmococcus mealybug (redrawn from Prins [1982] by Williams [1993]).

Fig. 8. Electromyrmococcus abductus Williams, new species a in Acropyga and Azteca Ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) with Scale Insects (Sternorrhyncha: Coccoidea): 20 Million Years of Intimate Symbiosis

Fig. 8. Electromyrmococcus abductus Williams, new species a. Adult female, ventral aspect. Arrows point to area held by ant with mandibles. b. Posterior segments, dorsal aspect. c. Posterior segments, ventral aspect. d. Anal area. e. Claw.

Fig. 1 in Acropyga and Azteca Ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) with Scale Insects (Sternorrhyncha: Coccoidea): 20 Million Years of Intimate Symbiosis

Fig. 1. World distribution of Acropyga subgenera (from Emery, 1925; Menozzi, 1936; Weber, 1944; Prins, 1982; Terayama, 1985; Williams, 1998).

Fig. 7 in Acropyga and Azteca Ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) with Scale Insects (Sternorrhyncha: Coccoidea): 20 Million Years of Intimate Symbiosis

Fig. 7. Azteca alpha Wilson workers with mealybugs in Dominican amber (Larimer piece, AMNH DR14–955). A = Azteca alpha Wilson; M = mealybug; C = Cecidomyiidae.

opencc-zeroNov 2022View details →

Dirt cheap: An experimental test of controls on resource exchange in an ectomycorrhizal symbiosis

1. To distinguish among hypotheses on the importance of resource-exchange ratios in outcomes of mutualisms, we measured resource (carbon (C), nitrogen (N), and phosphorus (P)) transfers, and their ratios, between Pinus taeda seedlings and two ectomycorrhizal (EM) fungal species, Rhizopogon roseolus and Pisolithus arhizus in a laboratory experiment. 2. We evaluated how ambient light affected those resource fluxes and ratios over 3 time periods (10, 20, and 30 weeks), and the consequences for plant and fungal biomass accrual, in environmental chambers. 3. Our results suggest that light availability is an important factor driving absolute fluxes of N, P, and C, but not exchange ratios, although its effects vary among EM fungal species. Declines in N:C and P:C exchange ratios over time, as soil nutrient availability likely declined, were consistent with predictions of biological market models. Absolute transfer of P was an important predictor of both plant and fungal biomass, consistent with the excess resource exchange hypothesis, and N transfer to plants was positively associated with fungal biomass. 4. Altogether, light effects on resource fluxes indicated mixed support for various theoretical frameworks, while results on biomass accrual better supported the excess resource exchange hypothesis, although among-species variability is in need of further characterization.

figure 4 in Insights into a putative polychaete-gastropod symbiosis from a newly identiFIed annelid worm that predates upon Conus ermineus eggs

figure 4 Phylogenetic relationships of Dimorphilus oophagus sp. nov. A: Maximum likelihood phylogenetic tree; numbers in nodes indicate bootstrap support. Branches with support values under 50 were collapsed. B: coi sequence identity among the species and/or populations of Dimorphilus.

figure 3 in Insights into a putative polychaete-gastropod symbiosis from a newly identiFIed annelid worm that predates upon Conus ermineus eggs

figure 3 Contents of the capsules of Conus ermineus. A: External appearance of non-infested (left) and infested (right) capsules. B: Contents of capsules filled with eggs (left) and infested with worms (right). Insets: comparison of unaffected (left) and affected (right) eggs. C: Specimens of Dimorphilus oophagus sp. nov.; arrowheads = egg-like contents. D: Enhanced resolution image of a specimen of D. oophagus sp. nov. eating C. ermineus eggs. a = cone snail egg, b = cone snail egg-like content in the gut of the worm, c = worm oocytes. Scale bars: B = 2 mm, C = 1 mm, D = 1 mm.

figure 1 in Insights into a putative polychaete-gastropod symbiosis from a newly identiFIed annelid worm that predates upon Conus ermineus eggs

figure 1 Distribution and phylogeny of cone snails. A: Distribution of Conus ermineus (orange) and Conus purpurascens (purple), modified from Monnier et al. (2018); Red stars: collection sites. B: Phylogenetic tree of fish-hunting species of Conus, modified from Ramiro et al. (2022).

figure 5 in Insights into a putative polychaete-gastropod symbiosis from a newly identiFIed annelid worm that predates upon Conus ermineus eggs

figure 5 Dimorphilus oophagus sp. nov. A: Adult female, dorsal view; cb: ciliary bands, e: eyespot, oo: intracelomic oocytes, pm: pharyngeal musculature, p: pygidium, tc: tuft of cilia. S1–S6 = segment 1–6 B: Juvenile female. C: Immunohistochemistry showing the prostomial ciliary arrangement of an adult female. Acb = anterior ciliary band, pcb = posterior ciliary band D: Immunohistochemistry showing the segmental ciliary bands of an adult female. E: Reconstruction of an adult female of Dimorphilus oophagus sp. nov. Scale bars: A= 100μm, B= 100μm, C= 50μm, D= 100μm.

figure 2 in Insights into a putative polychaete-gastropod symbiosis from a newly identiFIed annelid worm that predates upon Conus ermineus eggs

figure 2 Egg capsules of Conus ermineus. A: Living specimen retracted inside the shell. Photo by Samuel Espino. B: Egg masses attached to coral-like rocks. C: Detail of an egg capsule. D: Schematic representation of an egg capsule; left = convex wall, center = concave wall, right = lateral view. E: Detail of the eggs. Scale bars: A = 1 cm, B = 10 mm, C = 2 mm, D = 2 mm, E= 500μm.

opencc-by-4.0Dec 2022View details →

Data for "Coupled carbon and nitrogen cycling regulates the cnidarian-algal symbiosis"

Raw data associated with the publication "Coupled carbon and nitrogen cycling regulates the cnidarian-algal symbiosis". Data associated with individual figures and corresponding analyses are uploaded as separate tabs in the Excel file. Radecker_etal_NanoSIMS.zip contains the individual NanoSIMS images (names according to treatment). Radecker_etal_Chlorophyll_Fluorescence_Images.zip contains exemplary photographs of chlorophyll fluorescence of Aiptasia (names according to treatment).

publicJul 2024View details →

Trade-off between photo-symbiosis and innate immunity influences cnidarian’s response to pathogenic bacteria

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publicApr 2022View details →

Context-dependence in the symbiosis between Dictyostelium discoideum and Paraburkholderia

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