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Fig. 4 in Variations in infection levels and parasite-induced mortality among sympatric cryptic lineages of native amphipods and a congeneric invasive species: Are native hosts always losing?

Fig. 4. Parasite abundance as a function of amphipod body size (used as a proxy for age) in each of the 8 amphipod MOTUs. The polynomial effect of body size on parasite abundance is modeled with a general mixed effect linear model with a Poisson distribution and a log link function. The y axis is in log scale for representation purposes. Body size is rescaled to initial values in the graph for representation purposes. Predicted curves are represented in plain black lines with their standard errors in dotted lines.

Fig. 2 in Variations in infection levels and parasite-induced mortality among sympatric cryptic lineages of native amphipods and a congeneric invasive species: Are native hosts always losing?

Fig. 2. Mean parasite prevalences (proportion of infected individuals in %) among amphipod populations/sampling sites and their bootstrapped 95% confidence intervals in the different MOTUs sampled and for the three acanthocephalan species, separately and overall (all three parasites grouped). Overall prevalences in MOTUs assigned different letters are significantly different at the 0.05 level.

Fig. 1 in Variations in infection levels and parasite-induced mortality among sympatric cryptic lineages of native amphipods and a congeneric invasive species: Are native hosts always losing?

Fig. 1. Genetic divergence levels (%) among MOTUs of the G. fossarum/G. pulex species complex found in our sampling sites/rivers. Gammarus roeseli was identified morphologically rather than genetically.

Fig. 3 in Variations in infection levels and parasite-induced mortality among sympatric cryptic lineages of native amphipods and a congeneric invasive species: Are native hosts always losing?

Fig. 3. Mean parasite abundances (mean number of acanthocephalan larvae per individual host) among amphipod populations/sampling sites and their bootstrapped 95% confidence intervals in the different MOTUs sampled and for the three acanthocephalan species, separately and overall (all three parasites grouped). Overall abundances in MOTUs assigned different letters are significantly different at the 0.05 level.

opencc-by-4.0Jan 2018View details →

Evolved eavesdropping: sympatric but not allopatric honey bee species can detect and use hornet alarm pheromone for defence

Eavesdropping is predicted to evolve between sympatric, but not allopatric, predator and prey. The evolutionary arms race between Asian honey bees and their hornet predators has led to a remarkable defence, heat-balling, which suffocates hornets with heat and carbon dioxide. We show that the sympatric Asian species, Apis cerana(Ac), formed heat balls in response to Ac and hornet (Vespavelutina) alarm pheromones, demonstrating eavesdropping. The allopatric species, Apismellifera(Am), only weakly responded to a live hornet and Am alarm pheromone, butnot to hornet alarm pheromone. We observed typical hornet alarm pheromone releasing behaviour, hornet sting extension, when guard bees initially attacked. Once heat balls were formed, guards released honey bee sting alarm pheromones: isopentyl acetate, octyl acetate, (E)-2-decen-1-yl acetate, and benzyl acetate. Only Ac heat-balled in response to realistic bee alarm pheromone component levels, <1 bee-equivalent (1 µg), of isopentyl acetate. Detailed eavesdropping experiments showed that Ac, but not Am, formed heat-balls in response to a synthetic blend of hornet alarm pheromone. Only Ac antennae showed strong, consistent responses to hornet alarm pheromone compounds and venom volatiles. These data provide the first evidence that the sympatric Ac, but not the allopatric Am, can eavesdrop upon hornet alarm pheromone and uses this information, in addition to bee alarm pheromone, to heat-ball hornets. Evolution has likely given Ac this eavesdropping ability, an adaptation that the allopatric Am does not possess.

opencc-by-4.0Dec 2019View details →

Fig. 6 in Differences in infection patterns of vector-borne blood-stage parasites of sympatric Malagasy primate species (Microcebus murinus, M. ravelobensis)

Fig. 6. Phylogenetic tree of 33 filarial nematode species constructed on the basis of partial COI sequences using the Maximum Likelihood method. The percentage of replicate trees in which the associated species clustered together in the bootstrap test (1000 replicates) is shown next to the branches. Branch lengths is measured in the number of substitutions per site. Thelazia callipaeda was included as an outgroup. The sequence of the present study is framed in red.

opencc-by-4.0Dec 2019View details →

Fig. 5 in Differences in infection patterns of vector-borne blood-stage parasites of sympatric Malagasy primate species (Microcebus murinus, M. ravelobensis)

Fig. 5. Phylogenetic tree of Onchocercidae species constructed on the basis of partial ITS1 sequences using the Maximum Likelihood method. The percentage of replicate trees in which the associated species clustered together in the bootstrap test (1000 replicates) is shown next to the branches. Branch lengths is measured in the number of substitutions per site. The sequences of the present study are framed in red. (For interpretation of the references to colour in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the Web version of this article.)

opencc-by-4.0Dec 2019View details →

Fig. 3 in Differences in infection patterns of vector-borne blood-stage parasites of sympatric Malagasy primate species (Microcebus murinus, M. ravelobensis)

Fig. 3. Number of samples (blood smears) per month. Microfilaria positive samples are shown in dark blue for M. murinus and dark brown for M. ravelobensis, microfilaria negative samples in light blue for M. murinus and light brown for M. ravelobensis. (For interpretation of the references to colour in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the Web version of this article.)

Figure 3 in Seasonal and ontogenetic diet shift of two sympatric cyprinid fish species from the temperate Karamenderes River, Çanakkale, Turkey

Figure 3. Relationship between prey specific abundance and the frequency of occurrence of the food categories in B. oligolepis (upper) and S. cii (lower) diets based on Costello's method. Bac: Bacillariophyceae, Cya: Cyanophyceae, Fun: fungi, Chl: Chlorophyceae, Ins: Insecta, Zyg: Zygnomophyceae, Oli: Oligochaeta, 1: Byrophyta, 2: Bryozoa, 3: Xantophyceae, 4: Amphipoda, 5: zooplankton.

Figure 5 in Seasonal and ontogenetic diet shift of two sympatric cyprinid fish species from the temperate Karamenderes River, Çanakkale, Turkey

Figure 5. The relationships between fish total body length (TL), gut content weight (GCW), and fish body weight (W) in S. cii. The full circles indicate GCW and the empty circles indicate W.

Figure 4 in Seasonal and ontogenetic diet shift of two sympatric cyprinid fish species from the temperate Karamenderes River, Çanakkale, Turkey

Figure 4. Percent abundance (gray columns) and frequency (white columns) of B. oligolepis (upper) and S. cii (lower) gut contents.

Figure 2 in Seasonal and ontogenetic diet shift of two sympatric cyprinid fish species from the temperate Karamenderes River, Çanakkale, Turkey

Figure 2. The relationships between the total lengths and the gut lengths of two species. Empty circles indicate Squalius cii and full circles indicate Barbus oligolepis.

Figure 3 in Human activity mediates reciprocal distribution and niche separation of two sympatric mongoose species on the Pothwar Plateau, Pakistan

Figure 3. Photomicrographs of whole mounts of hair structure of three rodent species (recovered from fecal samples and reference hairs) consumed by the small Indian mongoose on the Pothwar Plateau. A) Whole mount of recovered hair of Rattus rattus, B) Whole mount of reference hair of Rattus rattus, C) Whole mount of recovered hair of Nesokia indica, D) Whole mount of reference hair of Nesokia indica, E) Whole mount of recovered hair of Mus musculus, F) Whole mount of reference hair of Mus musculus.

Figure 2 in Human activity mediates reciprocal distribution and niche separation of two sympatric mongoose species on the Pothwar Plateau, Pakistan

Figure 2. Average length (cm), mass (g), and diameter (cm) of SIM and GM fecal samples collected from study sites on the Pothwar Plateau.

Figure 5 in Human activity mediates reciprocal distribution and niche separation of two sympatric mongoose species on the Pothwar Plateau, Pakistan

Figure 5. Prey species richness (S), diversity index (H'), and evenness index (E) of the prey species of the small Indian mongoose (Herpestes javanicus) on the Pothwar Plateau during the current study period.

Figure 1 in Human activity mediates reciprocal distribution and niche separation of two sympatric mongoose species on the Pothwar Plateau, Pakistan

Figure 1. GIS-based map showing distribution of the two mongoose species (Herpestes javanicus and H. edwardsii)

Figure 4 in Human activity mediates reciprocal distribution and niche separation of two sympatric mongoose species on the Pothwar Plateau, Pakistan

Figure 4. Photomicrographs of whole mount of hair structure of five different rodent species (recovered from fecal samples of gray mongoose and reference hair of rodents) consumed by the gray mongoose; A) Whole mount of recovered hair of Golunda ellioti, B) Whole mount of reference hair of Golunda ellioti, C) Whole mount of recovered hair of Tetera indica, D) Whole mount of reference hair of Tetera indica, E) Whole mount of recovered hair of Nesokia indica, F) Whole mount of reference hair of Nesokia indica, G) Whole mount of recovered hair of Rattus rattus, H) Whole mount of reference hair of Rattus rattus, I) Whole mount of recovered hair of Mus musculus, J) Whole mount of reference hair of Mus musculus.

opencc-by-4.0Jul 2021View details →

FIGURE 5 in Morphological divergences as drivers of diet segregation between two sympatric species of Serrapinnus (Characidae: Cheirodontinae) in macrophyte stands in a neotropical floodplain lake

FIGURE 5 | Graph of Spearman's correlation coefficient calculated between the morphological traits indicated by CVA and main food items consumed by Serrapinnus notomelas and Serrapinnus sp.1 in a lake in the upper Paraná River floodplain, Brazil. Values of r and p indicate the correlation and statistical significance, respectively. Positive correlations are represented by blue color and negative correlations by red color. ALG – algae; ZOO – zooplankton; DI – Depression index; CI – Compression index; RLPd – Relative lenght of caudal peduncule; RHPd – Relative height of caudal peduncule; RWPd – Relative width of caudal peduncule; RAD – Relative area of dorsal fin; ARC – Aspect ratio of caudal fin; ARA – Aspect ratio of anal fin; ARPt – Aspect ratio of pectoral fin; ARPv – Aspect ratio of pelvic fin; RLHd – Relative length of head; RHHd – Relative height of head; RWHd – Relative width of head; RHM – Relative height of mouth; RWM – Relative width of mouth; EP – Relative position of eye; MT – multicuspid teeth; PT – pentacuspid teeth; ICO – Intestinal coefficient; GRL – Gill raker length.

opencc-by-4.0Jul 2021View details →

FIGURE 4 in Morphological divergences as drivers of diet segregation between two sympatric species of Serrapinnus (Characidae: Cheirodontinae) in macrophyte stands in a neotropical floodplain lake

FIGURE 4 | Canonical variate analysis illustrating differences in morphological traits for the Serrapinnus notomelas and Serrapinnus sp.1 in a lake in the upper Paraná River floodplain, Brazil. CI – Compression index; DI – Depression index; RLPd – Relative lenght of caudal peduncule; RHPd – Relative height of caudal peduncule; RWPd –Relative width of caudal peduncule; RAD – Relative area of dorsal fin; ARC – Aspect ratio of caudal fin; ARA – Aspect ratio of anal fin; ARPt – Aspect ratio of pectoral fin; ARPv – Aspect ratio of pelvic fin; RLHd – Relative length of head; RHHd – Relative height of head; RWHd – Relative width of head; RHM – Relative height of mouth; RWM – Relative width of mouth; EP – Relative position of eye; MT – multicuspid teeth; PT – pentacuspid teeth; ICO – Intestinal coefficient; GRL – Gill raker length.