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179 results for “tapeworms”
FIG. 1 in Larval tapeworms (Platyhelminthes, Cestoda) from sciaenid fishes of the southern coast of Brazil
FIG. 1. — Heteronybelinia nipponica (Yamaguti, 1952); A, larva in toto; B, bothridium; C, basal armature; D, hooks of the first seven
FIG. 5 in Larval tapeworms (Platyhelminthes, Cestoda) from sciaenid fishes of the southern coast of Brazil
FIG. 5. — Progrillotia dollfusi Carvajal & Rego, 1983; A, metabasal armature, antibothridial face; B, basal armature, antibothridial face; C, metabasal armature, external face; D, basal armature, external face. Abbreviations: mh, microhooks; hh, hastiform hooks. Abbreviations: 1-4, falciform hooks of principal row half spiral of metabasal armature in the antibothridial face; 1'-4', in the bothridial face; a-c, intercalar hooks in the antibothridial face; a'-c', in the bothridial face; Bb, Bc, Bd, Be, uncinate hooks of basal armature.
FIG. 3. — A, B in Larval tapeworms (Platyhelminthes, Cestoda) from sciaenid fishes of the southern coast of Brazil
FIG. 3. — A, B, Nybelinia bisulcata (Linton, 1889); A, larva in toto; B, basal armature; C, D, Dollfusiella sp.; C, larva in toto; D, hooks
FIG. 2. — A-C, Heteronybelinia annakohnae n in Larval tapeworms (Platyhelminthes, Cestoda) from sciaenid fishes of the southern coast of Brazil
FIG. 2. — A-C, Heteronybelinia annakohnae n. sp.; A, larva in toto; B, hooks of the first rows of the tentacles; C, basal and metabasal armature; D-F Heteronybelinia estigmena (Dollfus, 1960); D, Larva in toto; E, basal armature; F, hooks of the first rows of the
FIG. 4 in Larval tapeworms (Platyhelminthes, Cestoda) from sciaenid fishes of the southern coast of Brazil
FIG. 4. — Progrillotia dollfusi Carvajal & Rego, 1983; A, larva in toto; B, longitudinal section of the bulb showing implantation of the retrator muscle (rm) in the tentacle and glandular cells (gc) (schematic); C, internal face, metabasal armature; D, internal face, basal armature. Abbreviations: 1-4, falciform hooks of principal row half spiral of metabasal armature in the antibothridial face; 1'-3', in the bothridial face; a, b, intercalar hooks in the antibothridial face; a', b', in the bothridial face; Ba, Bb, Be, uncinate hooks of basal
FIG. 7. — A, B in Larval tapeworms (Platyhelminthes, Cestoda) from sciaenid fishes of the southern coast of Brazil
FIG. 7. — A, B, unidentified procercoid larva; A, larva in toto; B, same with retracted cercomer; C, D, unidentified plerocercoid larva;
Data from: Selection on an extreme-yet-conserved larval life-history strategy in a tapeworm
<p>Evolutionary stasis characterizes many phenotypes, even ones that seem suboptimal. Among tapeworms, <em>Schistocephalus solidus</em> and its relatives have some of the shortest developmental times in their first intermediate hosts, yet their development still seems excessively long considering they can grow faster, larger, and safer in the next hosts in their complex life cycles. I conducted four generations of selection on the developmental rate of <em>S. solidus</em> in its copepod first host, pushing a conserved-but-counterintuitive phenotype towards the limit of known tapeworm life-history strategies. Faster parasite development evolved and enabled earlier infectivity to the stickleback next host, but low heritability for infectivity moderated fitness gains. Fitness losses were more pronounced for slow-developing parasite families, irrespective of selection line, because directional selection released linked genetic variation for reduced infectivity to copepods, developmental stability, and fecundity. This deleterious variation is normally suppressed, implying development is canalized and thus under stabilizing selection. Nevertheless, faster development was not costly; fast-developing genotypes did not decrease copepod survival, even under host starvation, nor did they underperform in the next hosts, suggesting parasite stages in successive hosts are genetically decoupled. I speculate that, on longer time scales, the ultimate cost of abbreviated development is reduced size-dependent infectivity.</p>
Fig. 1 in Secretion of extracellular vesicles during ontogeny of the tapeworm Schistocephalus solidus
Fig. 1. Evidence of secretion of extracellular vesicles (EVs) during the sexual maturation of Schistocephalus solidus (Müller, 1776). A – micrographs from the Cryo-TEM of EVs isolated by ultracentrifugation from the cultivation medium with adults; B, C – Nanosight-based measurements of abundance (B) and volume (C) of different EV subpopulations present in the isolated EVs.
Fig. 2 in Secretion of extracellular vesicles during ontogeny of the tapeworm Schistocephalus solidus
Fig. 2. Transmission electron microscopy of the egg and procercoid stages of Schistocephalus solidus (Müller, 1776). A – solid struc- ture of the egg shell; B – detail of an extracellular vesicle (EV)-like body in the underlying outer envelope; C – multivesicular bodies (MVB)-like structure with two distinct intraluminal vesicles (ILVs) of different sizes observed in the tissue of the developing embryo; D – EV-like bodies of the same structure and size as the observed ILVs in the lumen of the developing egg; E – procercoid of S. solidus in the infected copepod with a distinct layer of excretory-secretory products (ESP) surrounding the surface layer; F – detail of the EVlike bodies in the ESP-layer; G – vesicles/MVB-like structures in the underlying distal cytoplasm. Abbreviations: db – dense body; dc – distal cytoplasm; esp – excretory-secretory products; evl – extracellular vesicle-like body; ilv – intraluminal vesicle; mvb – multivesicular body; ft – filithrix; oe – outer envelope; sh – shell; v – vesicle.
Fig. 3 in Secretion of extracellular vesicles during ontogeny of the tapeworm Schistocephalus solidus
Fig. 3. Transmission electron microscopy of the plerocercoid and adult stages of Schistocephalus solidus (Müller, 1776). A, B – over- view of the internal structure of the syncitial tegument in plerocercoid (A) and adult (B); C, D – extracellular vesicles (EVs) of classical and elongated form (eEV) secreted on the surface of plerocercoids (C) and adults (D). Moreover, fusion of a dense body with the surface membrane is detected (arrow) (C); E, G – detail of multivesicular body (MVB)-like structures and their intraluminal vesicles (ILVs) in the syncitial tegument of plerocercoids (E) and adults (G); F – surface protuberances forming chains of EV-like structures that break (arrow) into separate EVs (F). Abbreviations: db – dense body; dc – distal cytoplasm; eEV – elongated extracellular vesicle; ev – extracellular vesicle; ft – filithrix; ilv – intraluminal vesicle; mvb – multivesicular body; sp – surface protuberance.
Data from: Selection on an extreme-yet-conserved larval life-history strategy in a tapeworm
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First insights into population structure and genetic diversity versus host specificity in trypanorhynch tapeworms using multiplexed shotgun genotyping
<p>Theory predicts relaxed host specificity and high host vagility should contribute to reduced genetic structure in parasites while strict host specificity and low host vagility should increase genetic structure. Though these predictions are intuitive, they have never been explicitly tested in a population genomic framework. Trypanorhynch tapeworms, which parasitize sharks and rays (elasmobranchs) as definitive hosts, are the only order of elasmobranch tapeworms that exhibit considerable variability in their definitive host specificity. This allows for unique combinations of host use and geographic range, making trypanorhynchs ideal candidates for studying how these traits influence population-level structure and genetic diversity. Multiplexed shotgun genotyping (MSG) datasets were generated to characterize component population structure and infrapopulation diversity for a representative of each trypanorhynch suborder: the ray-hosted <em>Rhinoptericola megacantha</em> (Trypanobatoida) and the shark-hosted Callitetrarhynchus gracilis (Trypanoselachoida). Adults of <em>R. megacantha</em> are more host-specific and less broadly distributed than adults of <em>C. gracilis</em>, allowing correlation between these factors and genetic structure. Replicate tapeworm specimens were sequenced from the same host individual, from multiple conspecific hosts within and across geographic regions, and from multiple definitive host species. For <em>R. megacantha</em>, population structure coincided with geography rather than host species. For <em>C. gracilis</em>, limited population structure was found, suggesting a potential link between degree of host specificity and structure. Conspecific trypanorhynchs from the same host individual were found to be as, or more, genetically divergent from one another as from conspecifics from different host individuals. For both species, high levels of homozygosity and positive FIS values were documented.</p>
Fig. 2 in The morphological and molecular identification of the tapeworm, Taenia lynciscapreoli, in intermediate and definitive hosts in Poland
Fig. 2. Measurement scheme used to measure rostellar hooks.
Data from: Non-invasive methods unveil the trophic transmission of the tapeworm Ligula intestinalis in Gull-billed Terns
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First insights into population structure and genetic diversity versus host specificity in trypanorhynch tapeworms using multiplexed shotgun genotyping
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Taxon pulse dynamics, episodic dispersal, and host colonization across Beringia drive diversification of a holarctic tapeworm assemblage
Aim: We test the predictions of the Stockholm Paradigm, a synthesis of eco-evolutionary theory explaining the nature of faunal assembly, host range and parasite diversification. Faunal diversification and assembly, manifested in patterns of host colonization, co-adaptation and parasite speciation, is predicted to emerge as a consequence of alternating episodes of ecological disruption and stability. Specifically, for a diverse cestode genus (Arostrilepis), we evaluate the number and direction of Pleistocene dispersal events across Beringia, the number and relative timing of host colonization events, and the relationship between host and parasite biogeographic histories and associations through time. Location: Beringia and adjacent temperate to arctic biomes in North America and Eurasia. Taxon: Arostrilepis (Cyclophyllidea: Hymenolepididae) and its rodent hosts. Methods: Multi-locus phylogenetic reconstruction and biogeographic ancestral range estimation. Results: Arostrilepis lineages crossed Beringia eastward into North America a minimum of four times and westward into Asia twice in association with temporally disjunct geographic expansions of three major tribes of cricetid rodents (Arvicolini, Myodini, Lemmini). Inferences of ancestral host associations support at least nine instances of host-colonization involving shifts from one rodent tribe or family to another. Several previously unrecognized lineages of Arostrilepis are revealed. Main conclusions: Consistent with expectations of the Stockholm Paradigm, episodes of intercontinental dispersal were both frequent in the history of Arostrilepis and preceded a majority of inferred host-colonization events. Events of historical geographic expansion created numerous opportunities for development of novel host-parasite associations through ecological fitting, as parasites tracked historically conserved resources available across diverse host taxa. Beringia played a major role in shaping rodent/parasite assemblages by mediating dispersal between the northern continents during glacial episodes of the Pleistocene, rather than by serving as a zone of refugial isolation.
Data from: Resist globally, infect locally: a transcontinental test of adaptation by stickleback and their tapeworm parasite
Parasite infections are a product of both ecological processes affecting host-parasite encounter rates and evolutionary dynamics affecting host susceptibility. However, few studies examine natural infection variation from both ecological and evolutionary perspectives. Here, we describe the ecological and evolutionary factors generating variation in infection rates by a tapeworm (Schistocephalus solidus) in a vertebrate host, the threespine stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus). To explore ecological aspects of infection, we measured tapeworm prevalence in Canadian stickleback inhabiting two distinct environments: marine and freshwater. Consistent with ecological control of infection, the tapeworm is very rare in marine environments, even though marine fish are highly susceptible. Conversely, commonly infected freshwater stickleback exhibit substantial resistance in controlled laboratory trials, suggesting that high exposure risk overwhelms their recently evolved resistance. We also tested for parasite adaptation to its host by performing transcontinental reciprocal infections, using stickleback and tapeworm populations from Europe and western Canada. More infections occurred in same-continent host-parasite combinations, indicating parasite "local" adaptation, at least on the scale of continents. However, the recently evolved immunity of freshwater hosts applies to both local and foreign parasites. The pattern of adaptation described here is not wholly compatible with either of the common models of host-parasite coevolution (i.e., matching infection or targeted recognition). Instead, we propose a hybrid, eco-evolutionary model to explain the remarkable pattern of global host resistance and local parasite infectivity.
FIGURES 36–40 in Tapeworms (Cestoda: Proteocephalidea) of Synodontis spp. (Siluriformes) in Africa: survey of species and their redescriptions
FIGURES 36–40. Eggs of Proteocephalus synodontis Woodland, 1925 from Synodontis schall, Lake Turkana, Kenya (36, 37) and S. schall, Khartoum, Sudan (38), and P. membranacei Troncy, 1978 from S. membranacea, Lake Chad, Chad (39, 40). Fig. 39—syntype of P. membranacei (MNHNP 1116H); Fig. 40—syntype of P. largoproglottis (= syn. of P. membranacei; MNHNP 1115H). Abbreviations: em—embryophore; oe—outer envelope; on—oncosphere. Scale bars = 20 µm.
FIGURES 25–35. Proteocephalus synodontis Woodland, 1925 in Tapeworms (Cestoda: Proteocephalidea) of Synodontis spp. (Siluriformes) in Africa: survey of species and their redescriptions
FIGURES 25–35. Proteocephalus synodontis Woodland, 1925 from Synodontis schall, Lake Turkana, Kenya (25–33) and P. membranacei from S. membranacea, Lake Chad, Chad. 25. Scolex, dorsoventral view (note accumulation of gland cells in the apical region—gc). 26. Scolex, longitudinal section. 27, 28, 34, 35. Cross sections of pregravid proglottides at the level of ovary (27, 34), cirrus-sac (28) and testes (35). 29. Premature proglottis, dorsal view. 30, 31. Gravid proglottides of different shape, ventral view. 32. Pregravid proglottis, ventral view. 33. Terminal genitalia, ventral view (note vaginal sphincter—vs). Fig. 34—syntype of P. membranacei (MNHNP 1116H); Fig. 35—syntype of P. largoproglottis (= syn. of P. membranacei; MNHNP 1115H). Abbreviations: cm—circular musculature of suckers; cs—cirrus-sac; do—dorsal osmoregulatory canals; dv—dorsoventral muscle fibres; gc—gland cells; lm—longitudinal internal musculature; mg—Mehlis' gland; od—oviduct; ov—ovary; sc—secondary osmoregulatory canals; sd—sperm duct (vas deferens); te—testes; ud—uterine diverticulum; uouterine orifice; ut—uterus; vd—vitelloduct; vi—vitelline follicles; vo—ventral osmoregulatory canals; vs—vaginal sphincter. Scale bars = 500 μm (25–32, 34, 35); 250 µm (33).
FIGURES 14–24. Proteocephalus synodontis Woodland, 1925. 14 in Tapeworms (Cestoda: Proteocephalidea) of Synodontis spp. (Siluriformes) in Africa: survey of species and their redescriptions
FIGURES 14–24. Proteocephalus synodontis Woodland, 1925. 14, Holotype (BMNH 1961.4.10.87–102), Khartoum, Sudan, scolex, dorsoventral view. 15, 17–20. Apical organs. 15. Holotype, Khartoum. 17. From Synodontis schall, Girba, Sudan; 18. Immature tapeworm from Synodontis schall, Lake Turkana, Kenya; 19. From Synodontis schall, Kostí, Sudan; 20. From Synodontis caudovittata, Kostí, Sudan. 21, 24. Immature proglottides from S. caudovittata, Kostí, Sudan. 22. Holotype, immature proglottis (note median extent of testes not reaching to uterine stem). 23. Holotype, cross section of gravid proglottis. Abbreviations: ao—apical organ; cs—cirrus-sac; do—dorsal osmoregulatory canals; dv—dorsoventral muscle fibres; gc—gland cells; lm—longitudinal internal musculature; ov—ovary; sd—sperm duct (vas deferens); te—testes; ud—uterine diverticulum; uouterine orifice; ut—uterus; vc—vaginal canal; vi—vitelline follicles; vo—ventral osmoregulatory canals. Scale bars = 100 μm (14, 16, 21–24); 50 µm (15, 17–20).
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