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Fig. 11 in A comparison of teeth in Tithonian, Late Jurassic, predatory actinopterygian fishes from Owadów-Brzezinki Lägerstatte and its palaeoecological implications

Fig. 11. Microstructure of teeth of pachycormid fish Orthocormus teyleri Lambers, 1988, ZPAL P. 16/O-B/3 from Tithonian, Upper Jurassic Kcynia Formation, Corbulomima Limestone (Unit III), Owadów-Brzezinki, Poland. A, B. General view. C. Enameloid (en) and orthodentin (ort) surface with visible longitudinal ridging (marked by arrows). D. View of singular denteonal canal of orthodentin. E–G. Visible structure of orthodentin layer in vertical view, developed as series of winding, ridged irregular cannals. H. Basal cross section in transverse plane, with visible osteodentin (H1), arrows indicating denteonal canals (H2).

Fig. 6 in A comparison of teeth in Tithonian, Late Jurassic, predatory actinopterygian fishes from Owadów-Brzezinki Lägerstatte and its palaeoecological implications

Fig. 6. Horizontal cross sections of teeth of pachycormid fish Orthocormus teyleri Lambers, 1988. A–C. NG/PAL/VERT/OB/O2–4, respectively, thin sections from ZPAL P. 16/O-B/3 from Tithonian, Upper Jurassic Kcynia Formation, Corbulomima Limestone (Unit III), Owadów-Brzezinki, Poland. A. Apical plane with visible osteodentin (ost), surrounded by orthodentin (ort), and outermost enameloid (en). B. Mid-crown plane. B1, general view; B2, osteodentin layer encircled by marginal capillaries (arrows), which contact with orthodentin; B3, osteodentin densely packed with denteons with central denteonal canals (arrows). C. Basal plane. C1, general view; C2, individual denteons pronounced due to diagenetic processes (arrows).

Fig. 10 in A comparison of teeth in Tithonian, Late Jurassic, predatory actinopterygian fishes from Owadów-Brzezinki Lägerstatte and its palaeoecological implications

Fig. 10. Structure of orthodentin of tooth of caturoid fish Strobilodus sp. ZPAL P. 16/O-B/2 from Tithonian, Upper Jurassic Kcynia Formation, Corbulomima Limestone (Unit III), Owadów-Brzezinki, Poland. A. Boundary between orthodentin (ort) and enameloid (en). B, C. Overview of horizontal surface of orthodentin with dental tubuli (arrows). D. Vertical view of boundary between enameloid and orthodentin, with compact, regular enameloid and (E) irregular, rugose, porous orthodentin surface.

Fig. 9 in A comparison of teeth in Tithonian, Late Jurassic, predatory actinopterygian fishes from Owadów-Brzezinki Lägerstatte and its palaeoecological implications

Fig. 9. Examples of superficial penetrations present in orthodentin of caturoid fish Strobilodus sp. ZPAL P. 16/O-B/2 from Tithonian, Upper Jurassic Kcynia Formation, Corbulomima Limestone (Unit III), Owadów-Brzezinki, Poland. A. Overview of penetrated teeth with exposed dentin (borings marked by arrows). B. Close view of structure with visible bifurcating canals. C. Example of advanced bioerosion, with substantial surface area of orthodentin penetrated.

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Fig. 8. Representative mammalian teeth from the J&M in New Late Cretaceous microvertebrate assemblage from the Campanian-Maastrichtian Williams Fork Formation, northwestern Colorado, USA, and its paleoenvironmental implications

Fig. 8. Representative mammalian teeth from the J&M site, Colorado, USA, Williams Fork Formation, Campanian–Maastrichtian, Upper Cretaceous. A. Meniscoessus sp., MWC 8848, incisor crown in labial (A1) and lingual (A1) views. B. Multituberculata indet., MWC 8863, tooth crown in occlusal (B1), lingual (B2), and distal (B3) views. C. cf. Cimolodon nitidus Marsh, 1889, MWC 8860, left p4 tooth crown in occlusal (C1), labial (C2), and lingual (C3) views. D.?Leptalestes cooki (Clemens, 1966), MWC 8859, tooth crown in occlusal (D1), labial (D2), and lingual (D3) views.

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Fig. 5. Representative osteichthyan teeth from the J&M in New Late Cretaceous microvertebrate assemblage from the Campanian-Maastrichtian Williams Fork Formation, northwestern Colorado, USA, and its paleoenvironmental implications

Fig. 5. Representative osteichthyan teeth from the J&M site, Colorado, USA, Williams Fork Formation, Campanian–Maastrichtian, Upper Cretaceous. A, E. Paralbula casei Estes, 1969b. A. MWC 8855, tooth crown in occlusal (A1), basal (A2), and mesial (A3) views. E. MWC 8856, tooth crown in occlusal view. B. cf. Melvius sp., MWC 8867, tooth crown in labial view. C. Pycnodontiformes gen. et sp. indet., MWC 8873, tooth plate fragment in occlusal (C) view. D. Actinopterygii indet., MWC 8867, tooth crown in lateral (D) view. F. Dipnoi indet., MWC 8885, toothplate fragment in lateral view.

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Fig. 7. Representative theropod dinosaur teeth from the J&M in New Late Cretaceous microvertebrate assemblage from the Campanian-Maastrichtian Williams Fork Formation, northwestern Colorado, USA, and its paleoenvironmental implications

Fig. 7. Representative theropod dinosaur teeth from the J&M site, Colorado, USA, Williams Fork Formation, Campanian–Maastrichtian, Upper Cretaceous. A. cf. Richardoestesia sp., MWC 8865, tooth crown in labial view (A1), mesial (A2) and distal (A3) serration detail views. B. Dromaeosauridae indet., MWC 8872, tooth crown fragment in lingual (B1), distal (B2) and mesial (B3) serration detail views. C. Hadrosauridae indet., MWC 8896, tooth crown in occlusal (C1) and lateral (C2) views.

Fig. 6. A in Isolated theropod teeth associated with a sauropod skeleton from the Late Cretaceous Allen Formation of Río Negro, Patagonia, Argentina

Fig. 6. A. Strict consensus tree of 100 most parsimonious trees (CI = 0.238; RI = 0.538; L = 1089) recovered in the cladistic analysis of the dentition-based data matrix with an unconstrained search. B. Strict consensus tree of 100 most parsimonious trees (CI = 0.238; RI = 0.609; L = 669) recovered in the cladistic analysis of the tooth-crown-based data matrix.

Fig. 7 in Isolated theropod teeth associated with a sauropod skeleton from the Late Cretaceous Allen Formation of Río Negro, Patagonia, Argentina

Fig. 7. Results of the discriminant analysis performed at the "group"-level on the whole dataset along the first two canonical axes of maximum discrimination in the dataset with personal measurements of CH (A) and teeth larger than two centimeters (B). A. For 400 teeth belonging to 46 theropod taxa and 12 groupings (PC1 and PC2 account for 38.08% and 30.78% of the total variance, respectively). B. For 725 teeth belonging to 53 theropod taxa and 13 groupings (PC1 and PC2 account for 47.39% and 27.61% of the total variance, respectively). Abbreviations: AL, apical length; CBL, crown base; CBW, crown base width; CH, crown height; MCL, mid crown length; MCW, mid-crown width; MSL, mesial serrated carina length.

Fig. 4 in Isolated theropod teeth associated with a sauropod skeleton from the Late Cretaceous Allen Formation of Río Negro, Patagonia, Argentina

Fig. 4. Abelisaurid tooth of Morphotype III (IIPG-06) from "Dino 1" site (S 39°08'; W 67°40'), Paso Córdoba locality, 14 km southwest of the town of General Roca, Río Negro Province; Allen Formation (middle Campanian–early Maastrichtian, Upper Cretaceous); in labial (A1), lingual (A2), mesial (A3), distal (A4), apical (A5), and basal (A6) views; detail of the distal denticles at the apical three-fourths of the crown height (A7).

Fig. 3 in Isolated theropod teeth associated with a sauropod skeleton from the Late Cretaceous Allen Formation of Río Negro, Patagonia, Argentina

Fig. 3. Abelisaurid tooth of Morphotype II (IIPG-09) from "Dino 1" site S 39°08'; W 67°40'), Paso Córdoba locality, 14 km southwest of the town of General Roca, Río Negro Province; Allen Formation (middle Campanian–early Maastrichtian, Upper Cretaceous); in labial (A1), lingual A2), mesial (A3), distal (A4), apical (A5), and basal (A6) views; detail of the crown apex (A7).

Fig. 1 in Isolated theropod teeth associated with a sauropod skeleton from the Late Cretaceous Allen Formation of Río Negro, Patagonia, Argentina

Fig. 1. Location maps of the study area within the Neuquén Basin (A, B). Geological map indicating the different units recognized in Paso Córdoba (Argentina), star marks collecting of specimens (C). Field photos of the excavation of specimens (D, E).

Fig. 8 in Isolated theropod teeth associated with a sauropod skeleton from the Late Cretaceous Allen Formation of Río Negro, Patagonia, Argentina

Fig. 8. One of the paleoecological interpretations of the Paso Córdoba site. Theropods scavenging the carcass of a sauropod. Artwork by Jorge González, San Salvador de Jujuy, Argentina.

Fig. 5 in Isolated theropod teeth associated with a sauropod skeleton from the Late Cretaceous Allen Formation of Río Negro, Patagonia, Argentina

Fig. 5. Strict consensus tree of two most parsimonious trees (CI = 0.198; RI = 0.457; L = 1314) recovered in the cladistic analysis of the dentition-based data matrix with constrained search and setting the three morphotypes as floating terminals.

Fig. 2 in Isolated theropod teeth associated with a sauropod skeleton from the Late Cretaceous Allen Formation of Río Negro, Patagonia, Argentina

Fig. 2. Abelisaurid tooth of Morphotype I (IIPG-02) from "Dino 1" site (S 39°08'; W 67°40'), Paso Córdoba locality, 14 km southwest of the town of General Roca, Río Negro Province; Allen Formation (middle Campanian–early Maastrichtian, Upper Cretaceous); in labial (A1), lingual (A2), mesial (A3), distal (A4), apical (A5), and basal (A6) views; detail of marginal undulations (A7); mesial (A8) and distal (A9) denticles at the apical three-fourths of the crown height; detail of the mesial denticles at the apical three-fourths of the crown height (A10). Abbreviations: cs, concave surfaces; mca, mesial carina; dca, distal carina; sps, spalled surface; ids, interdenticular sulcus; idsp; interdenticular space.

Fig. 7 in Enamel microstructure of permanent and deciduous teeth of a species of notoungulate Toxodon: Development, functional, and evolutionary implications

Fig. 7. Diagrammatic representation indicating microstructural variation of buccal and lingual enamel from distinct regions of the dental axis in upper (dP4, A–D) and lower (dp4, E, F) deciduous premolars of Toxodon sp. Symbols represent different percentages of enamel zones from the enamel-dentine junction (EDJ) up to theouter enamel surface. Microstructural features are obtained from longitudinal (A, B) and transversal sections (C–E). Illustration based on Lindenau (2005).

Fig. 2 in Enamel microstructure of permanent and deciduous teeth of a species of notoungulate Toxodon: Development, functional, and evolutionary implications

Fig. 2. Enamel microstructure in upper molar of Toxodon sp. from the upper Pleistocene of Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil (southern Coastal Plain, Santa Vitória Formation). Scanning electron micrographs of transversal sections of the ectoloph (A1) and paracone, including the anterior fold (A2–A4). MCN-PV 30077.PHIS-055, M3, general view of enamel exhibiting Schmelzmuster with three enamel types (A1), Hunter-Schreger bands in the enamel of loop from anterior fold on the protocone and modified radial enamel below the dashed line (A2), enamel of outermost loop from anterior fold on the metacone, in opposite position to that observed in A2 (A3, A4). Arrows indicate difference in depth between Hunter-Schreger bands. Dashed line in A1 indicates the morphology of enamel-dentine junction.

Fig. 6 in Enamel microstructure of permanent and deciduous teeth of a species of notoungulate Toxodon: Development, functional, and evolutionary implications

Fig. 6. Diagrammatic representation indicating microstructural variation of enamel in upper permanent molar (A, B) and lower permanent premolar (C) and molar (D–K) of Toxodon sp. A, B. M3. C. p4. D–K. m1–2. Symbols represent different percentages of enamel zones from the enamel-dentine junction EDJ) up to the outer enamel surface. A. Ectoloph (mesial distal). B. Anterior fold (distal). C. Buccal enamel. D. Hypoconulid. E. Meta-entoconid fold mesial loop close to internal portion of fold). F. Meta-entoconid fold (distal loop close to internal portion of fold). G. Ento-hypoconulid fold (mesial loop). Illustration based on Lindenau (2005). H. Ento-hypoconulid fold (distal loop). I. Meta-entoconid fold (distal loop). J. Meta-entoconid fold (innermost area of the distal loop). K. Meta-entoconid fold (internal portion).

Fig. 5 in Enamel microstructure of permanent and deciduous teeth of a species of notoungulate Toxodon: Development, functional, and evolutionary implications

Fig. 5. Diagrammatic representation indicating microstructural variation of buccal enamel in upper (A, B) and lower (C–E) incisors of Toxodon sp. A. I1. B. I2. C, D. i1. E. i3. Areas close to mesial (C) and distal (D) portions of the dental axis. Illustration based on Lindenau (2005). Abbreviation: EDJ, enamel-dentine junction.