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FIGURE 8. A–G in Taxonomic review of the tree frog genus Rhacophorus from the Western Ghats, India (Anura: Rhacophoridae), with description of ontogenetic colour changes and reproductive behaviour

FIGURE 8. A–G. Holotype of Rhacophorus malabaricus (NHM 72.4.17.106), from "Malabar": A. dorsal view; B. ventral view; C. lateral view of head; D. ventral view of hand; E. schematic illustration of webbing on hand; F. ventral view of foot; G. schematic illustration of webbing on foot.

FIGURE 9. A–G in Taxonomic review of the tree frog genus Rhacophorus from the Western Ghats, India (Anura: Rhacophoridae), with description of ontogenetic colour changes and reproductive behaviour

FIGURE 9. A–G. Holotype of Rhacophorus pseudomalabaricus (BNHS 3095), from Andiparai Shola: A. dorsal view; B. ventral view; C. lateral view of head; D. ventral view of hand; E. schematic illustration of webbing on hand; F. ventral view of foot; G. schematic illustration of webbing on foot.

FIGURE 7. A–G in Taxonomic review of the tree frog genus Rhacophorus from the Western Ghats, India (Anura: Rhacophoridae), with description of ontogenetic colour changes and reproductive behaviour

FIGURE 7. A–G. Holotype of Rhacophorus lateralis NHM 1947.7.2.8.38 (ex BMNH 1882.2.10.75), from "Malabar": A. dorsal view; B. ventral view; C. lateral view of head; D. ventral view of hand; E. schematic illustration of webbing on hand; F. ventral view of foot; G. schematic illustration of webbing on foot.

FIGURE 5 in Taxonomic review of the tree frog genus Rhacophorus from the Western Ghats, India (Anura: Rhacophoridae), with description of ontogenetic colour changes and reproductive behaviour

FIGURE 5. Ordination plot of Principal Component Analysis (PCA) for morphometric variables studied in four populations of Rhacophorus calcadensis. Percent variance explained by each PC axis is given in parentheses.

FIGURE 4. A–F in Taxonomic review of the tree frog genus Rhacophorus from the Western Ghats, India (Anura: Rhacophoridae), with description of ontogenetic colour changes and reproductive behaviour

FIGURE 4. A–F. Holotype of Rhacophorus calcadensis, NHM 1947.2.8.43 (ex BMNH 82.2.10.24), from "Calcad" (Kalakkad): A. dorsal view; B. lateral view of head; C. ventral view of hand; D. schematic illustration of webbing on hand; E. ventral view of foot; F. schematic illustration of webbing on foot.

FIGURE 1. A–G in Taxonomic review of the tree frog genus Rhacophorus from the Western Ghats, India (Anura: Rhacophoridae), with description of ontogenetic colour changes and reproductive behaviour

FIGURE 1. A–G. Leaf nest types and multimale mating in the Western Ghats Rhacophorus. A–C. Leaf nest types. A. Type 1: Single leaf rolling—Rhacophorus lateralis; B–C. Type 2: Multiple leaves nest—R. calcadensis, R. malabaricus, R. pseudomalabaricus; D–G. Multimale mating. D–E. R. lateralis on vegetation. F. R. malabaricus on vegetation. G. R. malabaricus on ground.

FIGURE 3. A–H in Taxonomic review of the tree frog genus Rhacophorus from the Western Ghats, India (Anura: Rhacophoridae), with description of ontogenetic colour changes and reproductive behaviour

FIGURE 3. A–H. Rhacophorus of the Western Ghats. A–B. R. calcadensis; C–E. R. lateralis; F–G. R. malabaricus; H. R. pseudomalabaricus.

FIGURE 2. A–D in Taxonomic review of the tree frog genus Rhacophorus from the Western Ghats, India (Anura: Rhacophoridae), with description of ontogenetic colour changes and reproductive behaviour

FIGURE 2. A–D. Photographs showing colour and marking of juveniles and adults in the Western Ghats Rhacophorus. A. R. calcadensis; B. R. lateralis; C. R. malabaricus; D. R. pseudomalabaricus.

opencc-zeroDec 2012View details →

Data from: Remnant Pachira quinata pasture trees have greater opportunities to self and suffer reduced reproductive success due to inbreeding depression

Habitat fragmentation is extensive throughout the world, converting natural ecosystems into fragments of varying size, density and connectivity. The potential value of remnant trees in agricultural landscapes as seed sources and in connecting fragments has formed a fertile area of debate. This study contrasted the mating patterns of bat-pollinated Pachira quinata trees in a continuous forest to those in pasture through microsatellite-based paternity analysis of progeny. The breeding system was determined by analysis of pollen tube growth and seed production from controlled pollinations. Fitness of selfed and outcrossed seed was compared by germination and seedling growth. There was more inbreeding within pasture trees (outcrossing=0.828±0.015) compared with forest trees (0.926±0.005). Pasture trees had fewer sires contributing to mating events, but pollen dispersal distances were greater than those in the forest. Paternity analysis showed variation in outcrossing rates among pasture trees with high proportions of external and self pollen sources detected. A leaky self-incompatibility system was found, with self pollen having reduced germination on stigmas and slower growth rate through the style. Controlled pollinations also showed a varied ability to self among trees, which was reflected in the selfing rates among pasture trees shown by the paternity analysis (0–80% selfing). Self pollination resulted in lower seed set, germination and seedling growth compared with outcrossing. While remnant trees in agricultural landscapes are involved in broader mating patterns, they show increased but varied levels of inbreeding, which result in reduced fitness.

opencc-zeroAug 2021View details →

Flowering synchrony drives reproductive success in a wind-pollinated tree

Synchronized and quasi-periodic production of seeds by plant populations, known as masting, is implicated in many ecological processes, but how it arises remains poorly understood. Flowering and pollination dynamics are hypothesized to provide the mechanistic link for the observed relationship between weather and population‐level seed production. We report the first experimental test of the phenological synchrony hypotheses as a driver of pollen limitation in mast seeding oaks (Quercus ilex). Higher flowering synchrony yielded greater pollination efficiency, which resulted in 2-fold greater seed set in highly synchronized oaks compared to asynchronous individuals. Pollen addition removed the negative effect of asynchronous flowering on seed set. Because phenological synchrony operates through environmental variation, this result suggests that oak masting is synchronized by exogenous rather than endogenous factors. It also points to a mechanism by which changes in flowering phenology can affect plant reproduction of mast-seeding plants, with subsequent implications for community dynamics.

opencc-zeroNov 2022View details →

Dataset for: Variations in the reproductive cycle of Bornean montane tree species along elevational gradients on ultrabasic and non-ultrabasic soils

Although lowland tree species in the ever-wet regions of Southeast Asia are characterised by the supra-annual cycle of reproduction, the reproductive phenology of montane tree species remains poorly understood. In this study, we investigated the reproductive phenology of montane tree species using litter samples that were collected every two weeks from six rainforest sites, consisting of three elevations (1700, 2700, and 3100 m), on Mount Kinabalu, Borneo. At each elevation, one site was on infertile ultrabasic soil and one was on relatively fertile non-ultrabasic soil. We used a composite sample from 10 or 20 litter traps per site and sorted it by species. Therefore, the obtained data captured reproductive phenology in the population of each species rather than in an individual tree. Ten-year time series of flower and fruit litterfall were obtained for 30 and 39 tree species, respectively. Fourier analysis was used to identify the dominant cycle of each time series. The most abundant cycle across species was supra-annual, followed by sub-annual, and annual cycles. Many species at higher elevations showed supra-annual cycles of flower litterfall, whereas species in the 1700 m sites often showed annual or sub-annual cycles regardless of soil type. No systematic differences were found among sites for fruit litterfall. Mechanisms underlying these elevational patterns in the reproductive cycle remain unclear but may include more severe El Niño droughts, lower primary productivity, lower soil fertility, and the absence of some sub-annually or annually reproducing families at higher elevations.