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507 results for “treefrog”
Fig. 7 in A new large green treefrog (Litoria: Pelodryadidae) from western New Guinea, with the description of a new diagnostic character for the Litoria graminea group
Fig. 7. Forest interior at Maja Waterfall, Papua Barat Province, Indonesia, the type locality of Litoria azuroscelis, new species. Photograph: Rainer Günther.
Fig. 5. A in A new large green treefrog (Litoria: Pelodryadidae) from western New Guinea, with the description of a new diagnostic character for the Litoria graminea group
Fig. 5. A, Spectrogram of male Litoria azuroscelis, new species, and B, amplitude spectrum for calls in 5A. Calls recorded at 25°C.
Fig. 6 in A new large green treefrog (Litoria: Pelodryadidae) from western New Guinea, with the description of a new diagnostic character for the Litoria graminea group
Fig. 6. Map of New Guinea with the type locality of Litoria azuroscelis, new species, at the base of the Wandammen Peninsula indicated by a red star.
The effect of urbanisation and local environmental heterogeneity on phenotypic variability of a tropical treefrog
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The effect of biofluorescence on predation upon Cope’s gray treefrog: A clay model experiment
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Data from: Exploring rainforest diversification using demographic model testing in the African foam-nest treefrog (Chiromantis rufescens)
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Data from: Longer days, larger grays: Carryover effects of photoperiod and temperature in gray treefrogs, Hyla versicolor
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Supplementary datasets, data analysis code, and R tutorials for: Phylogenetic analysis of adaptation in comparative physiology and biomechanics: overview and a case study of thermal physiology in treefrogs
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Data from: Treefrogs exploit temporal coherence to form perceptual objects of communication signals
<p>For many animals, navigating their environment requires an ability to organize continuous streams of sensory input into discrete "perceptual objects" that correspond to physical entities in visual and auditory scenes. The human visual and auditory systems follow several Gestalt laws of perceptual organization to bind constituent features into coherent perceptual objects. A largely unexplored question is whether nonhuman animals follow similar Gestalt laws in perceiving behaviorally relevant stimuli, such as communication signals. We used females of Cope's gray treefrog (<em>Hyla chrysoscelis</em>) to test the hypothesis that temporal coherence – a powerful Gestalt principle in human auditory scene analysis – promotes perceptual binding in forming auditory objects of species-typical vocalizations. According to the principle of temporal coherence, sound elements that start and stop at the same time or that modulate coherently over time are likely to become bound together into the same auditory object. We found that the natural temporal coherence between two spectral components of advertisement calls promotes their perceptual binding into auditory objects of advertisement calls. Our findings confirm the broad ecological validity of temporal coherence as a Gestalt law of auditory perceptual organization guiding the formation of biologically relevant perceptual objects in animal behavior.</p>
Data from: Paleotemperatures and recurrent habitat shifts drive diversification of treefrogs across distinct biodiversity hotspots in sub-Amazonian South America
<p><strong>Aim</strong>: We investigate the biogeographic history and diversification in a treefrog lineage distributed in contrasting (open and forested) ecoregions of South America, including three biodiversity hotspots. We evaluate the role of dispersal and whether other factors such as diversity-dependence or paleotemperatures could explain the diversification pattern for this group. Especially focusing on the savanna endemics, we illuminate on processes governing the species assembly and evolution of the Cerrado savanna.</p> <p><strong>Location</strong>: South American ecoregions south of the Amazon (e.g. Atlantic Forest, Cerrado, Araucaria Forest, Pampas, Central and Southern Andes).</p> <p><strong>Taxon</strong>: Boana pulchella group.</p> <p><strong>Methods</strong>: We built the most complete time-calibrated phylogeny for the group to date. We then reconstructed ancestral ranges using the dispersal-extinction-cladogenesis (DEC) model comparing different dispersal scenarios considering distance, adjacency and ecological similarity among regions. A center-of-origin hypothesis in forest versus open ecoregions was also tested. Using biogeographical stochastic mapping, we additionally estimated the contribution of range shifts across different biomes. Lastly, we evaluated several diversification models, including the effect of time, diversity-dependence and temperature-dependence on speciation and extinction rates.</p> <p><strong>Results</strong>: The Boana pulchella group originated during the Early Miocene (~17.5 MYA) and underwent high speciation rates during the Middle Miocene Climatic Optimum, with a decreasing trend following the Miocene Climatic Transition. We found no support for a single ecoregion acting as a center of origin and diversification; instead, we inferred recurrent range shifts with dispersal among dissimilar adjacent ecoregions. Speciation linearly dependent on paleotemperatures, with either no or very low constant extinction rates, best explained the slowdown diversification pattern.</p> <p><strong>Main Conclusions</strong>: Our results support a species assembly of Cerrado savanna in South America during the Miocene with intermittent interchange with rainforest habitats. Past climate changes impacted the rate new species originated with apparently no impact on extinction. Finally, the repeated habitat shifts among open/dry and forested/humid ecoregions, rather than long-term in-situ diversification in single areas, highlights the very dynamic historical interchange between contrasting habitats in South America, possibly contributing to its high species diversity.</p>
Data from: Isolation by instability: historical climate change shapes population structure and genomic divergence of treefrogs in the Neotropical Cerrado savanna
Although the impact of Pleistocene glacial cycles on the diversification of the tropical biota was once dismissed, increasing evidence suggests that Pleistocene climatic fluctuations greatly affected the distribution and population divergence of tropical organisms. Landscape genomic analyses coupled with paleoclimatic distribution models provide a powerful way to understand the consequences of past climate changes on the present-day tropical biota. Using genome-wide SNP data and mitochondrial DNA, combined with projections of the species distribution across the late Quaternary until the present, we evaluate the effect of paleoclimatic shifts on the genetic structure and population differentiation of Hypsiboas lundii, a treefrog endemic to the South American Cerrado savanna. Our results show a recent and strong genetic divergence in H. lundii across the Cerrado landscape, yielding four genetic clusters that do not seem congruent with any current physical barrier to gene flow. Isolation by distance (IBD) explains some of the population differentiation, but we also find strong support for past climate changes promoting range shifts and structuring populations even in the presence of IBD. Post Pleistocene population persistence in four main areas of historical stable climate in the Cerrado seems to have played a major role establishing the present genetic structure of this treefrog. This pattern is consistent with a model of reduced gene-flow in areas with high climatic instability promoting isolation of populations, defined here as "isolation by instability", highlighting the effects of Pleistocene climatic fluctuations structuring populations in tropical savannas.
Phenotypic and genomic diversification with isolation by environment along elevational gradients in a neotropical treefrog
<p><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>Understanding how geographic and environmental heterogeneity drive local patterns of genetic variation is a major goal of ecological genomics and a key question in evolutionary biology. The tropical Andes and inter-Andean valleys are shaped by markedly heterogeneous landscapes, where species experience strong selective processes. We examined genome-wide SNP data together with behavioral and ecological traits (mating calls and body size) known to contribute to genetic isolation in anurans in the emerald-eyed treefrog, <i>Boana platanera</i>, distributed across an environmental gradient in Central Colombia (northern South America). We analyzed the relationships between environmentally (temperature and precipitation) associated genetic and phenotypic differentiation and the potential drivers of isolation by environment along an elevation gradient. We identified candidate SNPs associated with temperature and body size, which follow a clinal pattern of genome-wide differentiation tightly coupled with phenotypic variation: as elevation increases, <i>B. platanera </i>exhibits larger body size and longer call duration with more pulses but lower pulse rate and frequency. Thus, the environmental landscape has rendered a scenario where isolation by environment and candidate loci show phenotypic divergence in this tropical frog along an elevation gradient in the Colombian Andes. Our study sets the basis for evaluating the role of temperature in the genetic structure and local adaptation in tropical treefrogs and its putative effect on life cycle (embryos, tadpoles, adults) along elevation gradients.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p>
Extreme environments filter functionally rich communities of Atlantic Forest treefrogs along altitudinal and latitudinal gradients
<p>Understanding how environmental filtering and biotic interactions structure communities across elevational and latitudinal gradients is still a matter of debate. To provide insight into their relative importance, we explore the mismatch between three dimensions of biodiversity (taxonomic, functional, and phylogenetic), and compare their patterns to null models of random community assembly. We focus on a highly diverse tropical group: the tree frogs (hylids) of the Atlantic Forest of Brazil. For that, we combined geographic distribution data with phylogenetic and trait information for 158 species to produce maps of the three dimensions of diversity. We show that communities of tree frogs of the Hylidae family tend to have high functional richness along the Atlantic Forest, potentially driven by niche partitioning. However, environmental filtering gains importance in extreme environments, both at high elevations and higher latitudes. In these areas of the forest, clustering of both functional and phylogenetic diversity is observed. Trait overdispersion is found in areas of contact between vegetation types, or of adjacent biomes, reflecting the encounter of amphibian species adapted to distinct environmental conditions and landscape configurations. Considering all three dimensions of diversity along with multiple axes of environmental variation allows for a more comprehensive understanding of the processes shaping amphibian community assembly in this biodiversity hotspot.</p>
Ontogeny of risk assessment and escape-hatching performance by red-eyed treefrog embryos in two threat contexts
<p><span>Arboreal embryos of red-eyed treefrogs,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></span><em>Agalychnis callidryas</em><span>, hatch prematurely in response to hypoxia when flooded and mechanosensory cues (MC) in snake attacks, but hatching later improves tadpole survival. We studied ontogenetic changes in risk assessment and hatching performance of embryos in response to flooding and physical disturbance. We hypothesized that risk assessment decreases as hatchling survival improves and hatching performance increases as embryos develop. Because snakes eat faster than embryos asphyxiate, we hypothesized that embryos decide to hatch sooner and hatch faster in response to MC. We video-recorded individual embryos hatching in response to each cue type, then compared the incidence and timing of a series of events and behaviors from cue onset to complete hatching across ages and stimuli. Latency from cue to hatching decreased developmentally in both contexts and was shorter with MC, but the elements contributing to those changes differed.</span><em> </em><span>Hypoxia-assessment involved position changes, which decreased developmentally along with assessment time. MC-assessment<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></span><span>occurred more rapidly, without movement, and decreased</span><span><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>with age. The first stages of hatching, membrane rupture and head emergence, were surprisingly age-independent but faster with MC, congruent with greater effort under more immediate risk. In contrast, body emergence and compression showed ontogenetic improvement consistent with morphological constraints but no cue effect. Both appropriate timing and effective performance of hatching are necessary for continued development. Different stages of the process vary with development and environmental context, suggesting combinations of adaptive context- and stage-dependent behavior, cue-related constraints on information acquisition, and ontogenetic constraints on elements of performance. </span></p>
Data from: Multi-night territorial behavior, chorus attendance, and mating success in red-eyed treefrogs
<p>For many frog species that aggregate around ponds or streams, chorus attendance, the percentage of time or nights a given male is present and actively calling at an aggregation, is the strongest documented predictor of inter-male variation in reproductive success in the wild. Males are, thus, thought to compete via endurance rivalry, where available energetic reserves and individual physiology interact to determine chorus tenure. Frogs often exhibit territorial behavior within these aggregations, and territorial status is likely to influence a male's rate of energy expenditure. While males of several anuran species have been shown to hold territories across nights, it is not well understood whether such calling site fidelity is correlated with chorus attendance or mating success. Using subdermal RFID (PIT) tags, to minimize disturbance to chorus structure, we quantified site fidelity, chorus attendance, and mating success for all male red-eyed treefrogs (<em>Agalychnis callidryas</em>) within a breeding aggregation in Panama across 50 consecutive nights. We found that nearly half of these males held territories across nights, that this cross-night territorial behavior was highly correlated with chorus attendance, and that chorus attendance was, in turn, the strongest predictor of male mating success. Males were most faithful to calling sites containing vegetation contiguous with adjacent sites and were more likely to remain at a site if they were successful in acquiring a mate there on the previous night. To our knowledge, this is the first study linking male site fidelity to chorus attendance and mating success in anurans. While female mate choice is an established driver of lineage diversification and the evolution of sexual signals, agonistic interactions between males at breeding aggregations are well-documented from a wide range of anuran taxa. The relationship between male-male interactions and mating success deserves broader research attention among anuran species.</p>
Data from: Metabolites from the fungal pathogen Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd) reduce Bd load in Cuban treefrog tadpoles
<p><em>Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis</em> (Bd) has been associated with massive amphibian population declines worldwide. Wildlife vaccination campaigns have proven effective for mitigating damage from other pathogens, and there is evidence that adult frogs can acquire resistance to Bd when exposed to killed Bd zoospores and the metabolites they produced.</p> <p>Here, we investigated whether Cuban treefrogs tadpoles (<em>Osteopilus septentrionalis</em>) can gain protection from Bd through exposure to a prophylaxis treatment composed of killed zoospores or soluble Bd metabolites. We used a 2x2 factorial design, crossing the presence or absence of killed zoospores with the presence or absence of Bd metabolites. All hosts were subsequently exposed to live Bd to evaluate susceptibility.</p> <p>Exposure to killed zoospores did not induce a protective response. However, tadpoles exposed to Bd metabolites had significantly lower Bd intensity and prevalence than tadpoles that were not exposed to metabolites.</p> <p>The metabolites Bd produce pose no risk of Bd infection and therefore make an epidemiologically safe prophylaxis treatment, protecting tadpoles against Bd. This work provides a promising potential for protecting amphibians in the wild as a disease management strategy for controlling Bd associated declines.</p>
Data for: Sensory biases in response to novel complex acoustic signals in male and female gray treefrogs, Hyla chrysoscelis
<p>The sensory bias hypothesis proposes that female preferences for male sexual signaling traits evolved in contexts other than mating. Individuals of both sexes may experience similar selection pressures in these contexts, thus males may have similar biases to females for variation in signal traits. We tested this prediction in the gray treefrog, <em>Hyla chrysoscelis</em>, in which males produce simple advertisement calls, but females are more attracted to certain novel complex stimuli. We recorded males' responses to playbacks of both simple advertisement calls and complex calls consisting of the advertisement call with an acoustic appendage (filtered noise, or heterospecific call pulses) either leading or following the call. We tested females' preferences for the same stimuli in phonotaxis tests. We found evidence for a sensory bias in both sexes: males gave more aggressive calls in response to complex stimuli and females sometimes preferred complex over simple calls. These biases were not universal and depended on both temporal order and appendage characteristics, but how these effects manifested differed between the sexes. Ultimately, our approach of studying biases of both sexes in response to novel mating signals will shed light on the origin of mating preferences, and the mechanisms by which sensory biases operate.</p>
Figure 1 in Geographic variation in the acoustic signals of lesser treefrogs Dendropsophus minutus (Anura, Hylidae)
Figure 1. Spectrogram (above) and oscillogram (below) showing the acoustic characteristics of examples of the three note types of the vocal repertoire of Dendropsophus minutus. Recording identity: FNJV_13108 (Table S1). Recordist: Célio Haddad. Coordinates: −47.0697 (longitude), −22.8194 (latitude).
Figure 4 in Geographic variation in the acoustic signals of lesser treefrogs Dendropsophus minutus (Anura, Hylidae)
Figure 4. Variation in frequency bandwidth (PC2) and note duration (s) of Dendropsophus minutus calls as a function of mean annual temperature and annual precipitation. Mean trend lines and confidence intervals (95%) are shown. Each point represents the average acoustic parameter for each note type on each recording (i.e., individual). 2010; Morais et al., 2012; Llusia et al., 2013a; Annibale tics of anuran calls at short (Morais et al., 2012; Llusia et al., et al., 2020). 2013a) and possibly at longer time scales (this study). Call rate often increases with increasing air tempera- High-pitched sounds attenuate more quickly than lowture in anurans as a result of higher metabolic rate and pitched sounds, i.e., high-pitched sounds lose energy fastenergy expenditure (Wells, 2010). For example, in chaco er as they propagate away from the sound source (Brown treefrogs (Boana raniceps) (Cope, 1862), males produce & Riede, 2017). Additionally, high temperatures and low shorter calls, but in greater numbers, as the air tempera- humidity favor sound absorption (Snell-Rood, 2012), ture increases (Guimarães & Bastos, 2003). Given the which impairs sound propagation. We suggest that male recording′s limited duration, we could not measure call lesser treefrogs modulate call bandwidth to optimize sigrates. Yet, we speculate that in warmer temperatures, nal propagation depending on the air temperature. lesser treefrogs produce shorter notes at a higher rate, The call notes of D. minutus were shorter in sites optimizing call transmission while conserving energy with accumulated annual rainfall greater than 2000mm (Lingnau & Bastos, 2007). (Fig. 4D). We already expected that these acoustic signals Here, in addition to note duration, note bandwidth would vary with precipitation since relative humidity (represented by PC2, Table 1), but not note pitch (PC1), modulates the reproduction of many amphibian species decreased with increasing temperature (Fig. 4A). As (Aichinger, 1987; Llusia et al., 2013b). Rain noise can mask shown above, air temperature strongly affects the acous- anuran calls, reduce their acoustic activity (Ospina et al.,
Figure 2 in Geographic variation in the acoustic signals of lesser treefrogs Dendropsophus minutus (Anura, Hylidae)
Figure 2. Geographical scope of the sound recordings samples (n = 87) of the species Dendropsophus minutus in South America. Polygon (beige) represents the entire distribution, according to the spatial data made available by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN). Dots (yellow) represent the locations where the recordings were made. It is noteworthy that some recordings were made at the same geographical point, but with different individuals.
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Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
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The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
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