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460 results for “underlying mechanism”
Data from: Underlying mechanisms and ecological context of variation in exploratory behavior of the Argentine ant, Linepithema humile
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Synaptic and intrinsic mechanisms underlying development of cortical direction selectivity
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Mentalising mechanisms underly strategic coordination in Guinea baboons (Papio papio)
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Data from: LAR1 activates NF-κB signaling pathway by binding to APOC1 mRNA and enhancing its expression: A novel mechanism underlying breast carcinogenesis
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Mechanisms underlying altitudinal and horizontal range contraction: The western black crested gibbon
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The mechanism underlying transient weakness in myotonia congenita
<p>In addition to the hallmark muscle stiffness, patients with recessive myotonia congenita (Becker disease) experience debilitating bouts of transient weakness that remain poorly understood despite years of study. We made intracellular recordings from muscle of both genetic and pharmacologic mouse models of Becker disease to identify the mechanism underlying transient weakness. Our recordings reveal transient depolarizations (plateau potentials) of the membrane potential to -25 to -35 mV in the genetic and pharmacologic models of Becker disease. Both Na<sup>+</sup> and Ca<sup>2+</sup> currents contribute to plateau potentials. Na<sup>+</sup> persistent inward current (NaPIC) through Na<sub>V</sub>1.4 channels is the key trigger of plateau potentials and current through Ca<sub>v</sub>1.1 Ca<sup>2+</sup> channels contributes to the duration of the plateau. Inhibiting NaPIC with ranolazine prevents the development of plateau potentials and eliminates transient weakness <i>in vivo</i>. These data suggest that targeting NaPIC may be an effective treatment to prevent transient weakness in myotonia congenita.</p>
Data from: Trophic mechanisms underlying bentho-demersal community recovery in the north-east Atlantic
1. Bottom trawling is considered one of the greatest and most widespread causes of anthropogenic change in shelf seas, with major and prolonged impacts in areas with a long history of exploitation by fisheries such as the North-Atlantic. Here, signs of recovery following the put into force of regulations are increasingly being reported. 2. We examined the extent to which biological diversity and functionality are restored when fishing pressure is reduced by evaluating changes in species biomass and that of the main functional groups present in the continental platform, as obtained from systematic survey (IBTS) results. Moreover, we examined how this recovery is mirrored in the trophic organization of the affected communities by assessing variations in link density and strength of the main consumer species and investigating whether variations in species richness were paralleled by changes in network properties. Finally, we investigated whether reductions in fishing pressure (fishing mortality) were correlated with the abovementioned variations in community and trophic structure of the bentho-demersal assemblages. 3. Our results corroborate the apparent recovery of North Atlantic fishing stocks and further substantiate the improved welfare of the bentho-demersal assemblages of the Southern Bay of Biscay. Specifically, we found an increase in species richness and in the abundance of most functional groups, especially those more closely related to the benthos with the over time reduction in fishing mortality. Increases in overall species richness were paralleled by an augment in the number of links and a reduction in mean interaction strength connecting the main consumer species with their prey items. This is in accordance with ecological theory and could explain the mechanism by which bentho-demersal assemblages restructure their trophic network towards more stable organizations. 4. 4. Synthesis and applications. Detecting patterns of recovery or change to alternative stable states following stress release is essential to unravel the effects of perturbations and to design effective management strategies. Our study shows that trophic network properties provide a convincing tool to evaluate and perceive recovery patterns. The trends shown in our study appear to be related with the decline in fishing mortality resulting from the enforcement of fisheries regulations in the area. They substantiate the efficiency of these regulations as a guarantee for an ecosystem approach to fisheries management and advocate their enforcement at a wider level as a convincing measure to preserve the sustainability of marine resources and their welfare.17-Jan-2017
Data from: Transcriptomics and in vivo tests reveal novel mechanisms underlying endocrine disruption in an ecological sentinel, Nucella lapillus
Anthropogenic endocrine disruptors now contaminate all environments globally, with concomitant deleterious effects across diverse taxa. While most studies on endocrine disruption (ED) have focused on vertebrates, the superimposition of male sexual characteristics in the female dogwhelk, Nucella lapillus (imposex), caused by organotins, provides one of the most clearcut ecological examples of anthropogenically induced ED in aquatic ecosystems. To identify the underpinning mechanisms of imposex for this 'nonmodel' species, we combined Roche 454 pyrosequencing with custom oligoarray fabrication inexpensively to both generate gene models and identify those responding to chronic tributyltin (TBT) treatment. The results supported the involvement of steroid, neuroendocrine peptide hormone dysfunction and retinoid mechanisms, but suggested additionally the involvement of putative peroxisome proliferator–activated receptor (PPAR) pathways. Application of rosiglitazone, a well-known vertebrate PPARγ ligand, to dogwhelks induced imposex in the absence of TBT. Thus, while TBT-induced imposex is linked to the induction of many genes and has a complex phenotype, it is likely also to be driven by PPAR-responsive pathways, hitherto not described in invertebrates. Our findings provide further evidence for a common signalling pathway between invertebrate and vertebrate species that has previously been overlooked in the study of endocrine disruption.
Data from: Unraveling the mechanisms underlying pulse dynamics of soil respiration in tropical dry forests
Tropical dry forests are already undergoing changes in the quantity and timing of rainfall, but there is great uncertainty over how these shifts will affect belowground carbon (C) cycling. While it has long been known that dry soils quickly release carbon dioxide (CO2) upon rewetting, the mechanisms underlying the so-called 'Birch effect' are still debated. Here, we quantified soil respiration pulses and their biotic predictors in response to simulated precipitation events in a regenerating tropical dry forest in Costa Rica. We also simulated the observed rewetting CO2 pulses with two soil carbon models: a conventional model assuming first-order decay rates of soil organic matter, and an enzyme- catalyzed model with Michaelis–Menten kinetics. We found that rewetting of dry soils produced an immediate and dramatic pulse of CO2, accompanied by rapid immobilization of nitrogen into the microbial biomass. However, the magnitude of the rewetting CO2 pulse was highly variable at fine spatial scales, and was well correlated with the size of the dissolved organic C pool prior to rewetting. Both the enzyme-catalyzed and conventional models were able to reproduce the Birch effect when respiration was coupled directly to microbial C uptake, although models differed in their ability to yield realistic estimates of SOC and microbial biomass pool sizes and dynamics. Our results suggest that changes in the timing and intensity of rainfall events in tropical dry forests will exert strong influence on ecosystem C balance by affecting the dynamics of microbial biomass growth.
Data from: Exploring the mechanisms underlying a heterozygosity-fitness correlation for canine size in the Antarctic fur seal Arctocephalus gazella
Although heterozygosity-fitness correlations (HFCs) are widely reported in the literature, most studies use too few markers to allow the proximate mechanisms to be convincingly resolved. Two competing hypotheses have been proposed: the general effects hypothesis, in which marker heterozygosity correlates with genome-wide heterozygosity and hence the inbreeding coefficient f, and the local effects hypothesis, in which one or more of the markers by chance exhibit associative overdominance. To explore the relative contributions of general and local effects in a free-ranging marine mammal population, we revisited a strong HFC found using nine microsatellite loci for canine tooth size in 84 male Antarctic fur seals Arctocephalus gazella (Hoffman et al. 2010). Increasing the number of markers to 76, we find that heterozygosity is uncorrelated across markers, indicating that inbred individuals are rare or absent. Similarly, while the HFC based on overall heterozygosity is lost, stochastic simulations indicate that when an HFC is due to inbreeding depression, increasing marker number effectively invariably strengthens the HFC. Together these observations argue strongly that the original HFC was not due to inbreeding depression. In contrast, a subset of markers show individually significant effects, and these are non-randomly distributed across the marker panel, being preferentially associated with markers cloned from other species. Using BLAST searches, we were able to locate 94% of loci to unique locations in the dog genome, but the local genes are functionally diverse, and the majority cannot be linked directly to growth. Our results suggest that inbreeding depression contributes little if at all to the relationship between heterozygosity and tooth size, but that instead the primary mechanism involves associative overdominance. These findings contribute to a growing body of evidence suggesting that general effects are likely to be uncommon in natural populations
Heating by Dissipation of Energy from Absorbed Light: Molecular Mechanisms Underlying the Survival Strategy of Polar Algae
<p>The original data, which served as the source material for the scientific article on the polar alga <em>Pediastrum orientale, co</em>llected from Reindeer Lake on Spitsbergen. Consists of datasets obtained using various techniques: fluorescence microscopy (microscope_fluo), fluorescence lifetime microscopy (FLIM), high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), atomic force microscopy (AFM), Raman microspectroscopy (RAMAN), fluorescence lifitime spectroscopy (lifetime) and fluorescence spectroscopy (Fluo).<br><br>HPLC - Nexera LC-40 (Shimadzu, Japan)<br>FLIM - OLYMPUS IX71 confocal microscope MicroTime 200 with SymPhoTime 64 software package (PicoQuant, GmbH, Germany)<br>RAMAN - inVia Reflex confocal Raman microscope with the WiRE 5.5 software package (Renishaw, UK)<br>AFM - JPK Nanowizard 3 system with JPKSMP data processing software (Bruker, USA)<br>Lifetime - FluoTime 300 spectrometer with FluoFit Pro v 4.5.3.0 (PicoQuant, Germany)<br>Microscope_Fluo - Zeiss LSM980 confocal microscope with Airy2 and Elyra7 detectors and ZEN 3.1 software (Zeiss, Germany)<br>Fluo - OLYMPUS IX71 confocal microscope MicroTime 200 system with the spectrograph SR-163 and the Newton 970 EMCCD camera (Andor Technology)<br><br></p> <p> </p> <p> </p>
Mechanism underlying the millennial scale variation of offshore sediment transport in the North Yellow Sea
<p>Sediment cores YC10 (length: 548 cm, water depth: 54 m) and YC26 (length: 435 cm, water depth: 15 m) were collected by hammer drilling on a fishing vessel from the NYS in July 2016. The sediment cores were split lengthwise, described, photographed, and subsampled in the lab. They were sliced into thin sections for trace element analyses at intervals of 4–10 cm according to the age model. The samples were freeze-dried under vacuum, and the fine fraction (< 63 μm) was sieved from the bulk samples for further geochemical analysis. The number of samples for REEs in cores YC10 and YC26 was 71 and 80, respectively, while those for Sr-Nd isotopes were 12 and 14, respectively.</p>
Qualitative analysis of the Best Possible Self intervention: underlying mechanisms that influence its efficacy.
<p>This dataset contains the data regarding the qualitative analysis and quantitative data of 78 participants that enrolled in a study aimed at analyzing the role of the content of the essays of a positive psychology intervention on its efficacy to increase positive affect. </p>
Data: Trait-based food web model reveals the underlying mechanisms of biodiversity-ecosystem functioning relationships
<p>Data and code related to 'Trait-based food web model reveals the underlying mechanisms of biodiversity-ecosystem functioning relationships' to reproduce figures and analyses.</p>
Supplementary Information - Chapter 1. Transcriptomic investigation of the molecular mechanisms underlying resistance to the neonicotinoid thiamethoxam and the pyrethroid lambda-cyhalothrin in Euschistus heros (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae)
<p><span>Laboratory-selected resistant strains of <em>Euschistus heros</em> to thiamethoxam (NEO) and lambda-cyhalothrin (PYR) were recently reported in Brazil. However, the mechanisms conferring resistance to these insecticides in <em>E. heros</em> remain unresolved. We utilized comparative transcriptome profiling and single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) calling of susceptible and resistant strains of <em>E. heros</em> to investigate the molecular mechanism(s) underlying resistance.</span><span> </span><span>The <em>E. heros</em> transcriptome was assembled, generating 91 673 transcripts with a mean length of 720 bp and N50 of 1795 bp. Comparative gene expression analysis between the susceptible (SUS) and NEO strains identified 215 significantly differentially expressed (DE) transcripts. DE transcripts associated with the xenobiotic metabolism were all up-regulated in the NEO strain. The comparative analysis of the SUS and PYR strains identified 204 DE transcripts, including an esterase (esterase FE4), a glutathione-<em>S</em>-transferase, an ABC transporter (ABCC1) and aquaporins that were up-regulated in the PYR strain. We identified 9588 and 15 043 nonsynonymous SNPs in the PYR and NEO strains. One of the SNPs (D70N) detected in the NEO strain occurs in a subunit (α5) of the nAChRs, the target site of neonicotinoid insecticides. Nevertheless, this residue position in α5 is not conserved among insects.</span><span> </span><span>Neonicotinoid and pyrethroid resistance in laboratory-selected <em>E. heros</em> is associated with a potential metabolic resistance mechanism by the overexpression of proteins commonly involved in the three phases of xenobiotic metabolism. Together these findings provide insight into the potential basis of resistance in <em>E. heros</em> and will inform the development and implementation of resistance management strategies against this important pest.</span></p> <p><strong><span>*Published in: </span></strong><em><span>Pest Management Science</span></em><span><span> 79.12 (2023): 5349-5361</span>. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1002/ps.7745">https://doi.org/10.1002/ps.7745</a></span></p>
Transcriptomics Reveal Specific Molecular Mechanisms Underlying Transgenerational Immunity in Manduca sexta
<p class="FirstParagraph">The traditional view of innate immunity in insects is that every exposure to a pathogen triggers an identical and appropriate immune response, and that prior exposures to pathogens do not confer any protective (i.e. adaptive) effect against subsequent exposure to the same pathogen. This view has been challenged by experiments demonstrating that encounters with sub-lethal doses of a pathogen can prime the insect's immune system and thus, have protective effects against future lethal doses. Immune priming has been reported across several insect species, including the red flour beetle, the honeycomb moth, the bumblebee, and the European honeybee, among others. Immune priming can also be trans-generational where the parent's pathogenic history influences the immune response of its offspring. Phenotypic evidence of transgenerational immune priming (TGIP) exists in the tobacco moth <i>Manduca sexta</i> where first instar progeny of mothers injected with the bacterium <i>Serratia marcescens</i> exhibited a significant increase of <i>in-vivo</i> bacterial clearance. To identify the gene expression changes underlying TGIP in <i>Manduca sexta</i>, we performed transcriptome-wide, trans-generational differential gene expression analysis on mothers and their offspring after mothers were exposed to <i>S. marcescens</i>. We are the first to perform transcriptome-wide analysis of the gene expression changes associated with TGIP in this ecologically relevant model organism. We show that maternal exposure to both heat-killed and live <i>S. marcescens</i> has strong and significant trans-generational impacts on gene expression patterns in their offspring, including up-regulation of peptidoglycan recognition protein, toll-like receptor 9, and the antimicrobial peptide cecropin.</p>
Supplementary information files: Gene co-expression network and differential expression analyses of subcutaneous white adipose tissue reveal novel insights into the pathological mechanisms underlying ketosis in dairy cows
<p>Supplementary information files: Gene co-expression network and differential expression analyses of subcutaneous white adipose tissue reveal novel insights into the pathological mechanisms underlying ketosis in dairy cows</p>
Fig. 6 in Astragalus species: Phytochemistry, biological actions and molecular mechanisms underlying their potential neuroprotective effects on neurological diseases
Fig. 6. The antiapoptotic effect of saponins in neurological diseases. They activate the PI3K/Akt survival pathway, promote the phosphorylationdependent inactivation of Bad, which leads to a decrease in caspasedependent neuronal apoptosis. Also, they maintain mitochondria integrity through modulation of p38 and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MEK) signalling pathways, which reduces the cytochrome c release and inhibits caspasedependent apoptosis (Wu et al., 2015).
Fig. 1 in Astragalus species: Phytochemistry, biological actions and molecular mechanisms underlying their potential neuroprotective effects on neurological diseases
Fig. 1. Chemical structures of the major constituents of triterpenoid saponins identified in Astragalus radix extract (Chu et al., 2010).
Fig. 5 in Astragalus species: Phytochemistry, biological actions and molecular mechanisms underlying their potential neuroprotective effects on neurological diseases
Fig. 5. Pathways through which Astragalus polysaccharides (APS) mediates anti-inflammatory effect (Zheng et al., 2020).
ScienceDex guides
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These curated guides explain access requirements, typical timelines, costs, and reuse considerations for widely used research datasets.
Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.