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70 results for “urban water”
Water, energy and carbon fluxes and ancillary meteorological measurements of four different urban landscapes in Phoenix, AZ during 2015
<p>Water, energy and carbon fluxes and ancillary meteorological measurements of four different urban landscapes in Phoenix, AZ during 2015. The measurements were done in three temporal not continuous deployment and in a permanent site as a reference. The urban landscape sites consisted in:</p> <ul> <li>A xeric landscape (XL), with measurements from 01/20/2015 to 03/13/2015.</li> <li>A parking lot (PL), with measurements from 05/19/2015 to 06/30/2015.</li> <li>A mesic landscape (ML), with measurements from 07/08/2015 to 09/18/2015.</li> <li>A reference suburban neighbourhood (REF), with measurements from 01/01/2015 to 12/13/2015.</li> </ul> <p>Water energy and carbon fluxes were processed using the software EdiRe. If additional data or information is needed, please contact the authors.</p> <p>The use of the datasets requires the citation of the next papers:</p> <p>- Templeton, N.P., Vivoni, E.R., Wang, Z-H., and Schreiner-McGraw, A.P. 2018. Quantifying Water and Energy Fluxes over Different Urban Land Covers in Phoenix, Arizona. Journal of Geophysical Research - Atmospheres. 123(4): 2111-2128.</p> <p>-Pérez-Ruiz, E. R., Vivoni, E. R. and Templeton, N. P. 2020. Urban land cover type determines the sensitivity of carbon dioxide fluxes to precipitation in Phoenix, Arizona. PLoS ONE 15(2): e0228537. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0228537</p>
Data from: Urbanization drives genetic differentiation in physiology and structures the evolution of pace-of-life syndromes in the water flea Daphnia magna
Natural and human-induced stressors elicit changes in energy metabolism and stress physiology in populations of a wide array of species. Cities are stressful environments that may lead to differential selection on stress-coping mechanisms. Given that city ponds are exposed to the urban heat island effect and receive polluted run-off, organisms inhabiting these ecosystems might show genetic differentiation for physiological traits enabling them to better cope with higher overall stress levels. A common garden study with 62 Daphnia magna genotypes from replicated urban and rural populations revealed that urban Daphnia have significantly higher concentrations of total body fat, proteins, and sugars. Baseline activity levels of the antioxidant defense enzymes superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione-S-transferase (GST) were higher in rural compared to city populations, yet urban animals were equally well protected against lipid peroxidation. Our results add to the recent evidence of urbanisation-driven changes in stress physiology and energy metabolism in terrestrial organisms. Combining our results with data on urban life history evolution in Daphnia revealed that urban genotypes show a structured pace-of-life syndrome involving both life history and physiological traits, whereas this is absent in rural populations.
Data from: Barriers to access improved water and sanitation in poor peri-urban settlements of Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire
Achieving access to safe water and sanitation still pose major challenges in urban areas of sub-Saharan Africa countries, despite all the progress achieved in the last decade. This study assessed the ability of populations living in poor peri-urban settlements to access improved water and sanitation and identified factors influencing this access, in order to guide sustainable mitigating solutions to address associated health and environmental risks. We conducted a cross-sectional study in six poor peri-urban settlements of Yopougon, the largest municipality of Abidjan. A total of 556 randomly selected households were included. The factors associated with access to improved water and sanitation were identified through explanatory models using multivariate logistic regression. A proportion of 25% of all households assessed did not have access to clean water and 57% lacked improved sanitation. Socioeconomic status and settlement characteristics appear as the main indicators of poor access to reliable water and sanitation in peri-urban settlements. The presence of the household head's wife at home was associated with greater access to clean water (OR = 3.57; 95% CI: 1.74, 7.31), thus highlighting the important role of women in ensuring access to clean water in these specific environments. Household size, education and religion were not significantly associated with the two considered outcomes. Women therefore should be involved at all levels of programming in water promotion in these settlements to improve the population's well-being. While religion does not appear to play an important role in access to water and sanitation, successful interventions should involve religious communities because of their large representation.
Data from: Water availability drives urban tree growth responses to herbivory and warming
1. Urban forests provide important ecosystem services to city residents, including pollution removal and carbon storage. Climate change and urbanization pose multiple threats to these services. However, how these threats combine to affect urban trees, and thus how to mitigate their effects, remains largely untested because multi-factorial experiments on mature trees are impractical. 2. We used a unique urban warming experiment paired with a laboratory chamber experiment to determine how three of the most potentially damaging factors associated with global change for urban and rural trees—warming, drought, and insect herbivory—affect growth of Quercus phellos (willow oak), the most commonly-planted large shade tree in the southeastern US, which is known for its resilience to these potential stressors. 3. In a previous study, we found that the urban heat island effect was associated with reduced growth of Q. phellos and higher abundance of Parthenolecanium scale insects, key pests of oaks in cities. Here, we tested the hypothesis that tree water stress is the mechanism for these effects of warming. We found evidence that water stress is a major, interactive factor reducing urban tree growth, but found no evidence that water stress is associated with Parthenolecanium survival or abundance. Warming and Parthenolecanium only reduced growth in Q. phellos saplings that were simultaneously water stressed. 4. Synthesis and applications. Across many temperate cities worldwide, urban trees grow less than rural trees. Our results point to water stress as the most likely driver for this pattern. Importantly, we found that water stress both reduces tree growth on its own and exacerbates effects of warming and insect pests on tree growth. Therefore, management strategies targeted at increasing tree hydration in cities may reduce effects of these three key stressors that are expected to intensify with further urbanization and climate change.
Seasonal and spatial variation of paraben concentrations in urban coastal waters from freshwater lagoons to the open ocean of Brazil
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Combined Effects of Future Urban Growth and Climate Change on Irrigation Water Demand in Central Arizona
<p>This dataset contains the simulation results of the combined effects of future urban growth and climate change on irrigation water use in the Phoenix Metropolitan Area, central Arizona. The simulation is conducted with the Variable Infiltration Capacity (VIC) model at 1-km, hourly resolution from 1981-2100 and aggregated to 30-yr average in this dataset. </p> <p>The 30-yr average results are compressed and organized into three files: <strong>Baseline</strong>, <strong>ICLUS2050</strong>, and <strong>ICLUS2100</strong>. The Baseline file contains results using the historical land cover map (year 2010). The <strong>ICLUS2050</strong> and <strong>ICLUS2100</strong> contain results using future land cover maps. The filename of modeling results contains the associated land cover and climate change scenario as follows: "fluxes.irri.ICLUS_<em>$YEAR</em>_<em>$LCSCE</em>.<em>$CLSCE.$GCM</em>.nc", where <em>$YEAR</em> is the year of land cover change projection (2050 or 2100), <em>$LCSCE</em> is the land cover change scenario (SSP2 or SSP5), <em>$CLSCE</em> is the climate change scenario (RCP45 or RCP85), and <em>$GCM</em> is the GCM used (eight in total) </p> <p>More details can be found on the associated paper (this record will be updated when the paper is published):</p> <p>Wang, Z., and Vivoni, E.R. 2021. Combined Effects of Future Urban Growth and Climate Change on Irrigation Water Demand in Central Arizona. <em>Journal of the American Water Resources Association (in revision)</em>.</p>
Spatial impact of urban expansion on lake surface water temperature based on the perspective of watershed scale
<p>This is the original data from the article "Spatial impact of urban expansion on lake surface water temperature based on the perspective of watershed-scale"</p>
Selection in the city: Rapid and fine scale evolution of urban eastern water dragons
<p>Oceanic archipelagos have long been treated as a petri dish for studies of evolutionary and ecological processes. Like archipelagos, cities exhibit similar patterns and processes, such as the rapid phenotypic divergence of a species between urban and non-urban environments. However, on a local scale, cities can be highly heterogenous, where geographically close populations can experience dramatically different environmental conditions. Nevertheless, we are yet to understand the evolutionary and ecological implications for populations spread across a heterogenous cityscape. To address this, we compared neutral genetic divergence to quantitative trait divergence within three native riparian and four city park populations of an iconic urban adapter, the eastern water dragon. We demonstrated that selection is likely acting to drive divergence of snout-vent length and jaw width across native riparian populations that are geographically isolated and across city park populations that are geographically close yet isolated by urbanisation. City park populations as close as 0.9 kms exhibited signs of selection driven divergence to the same extent as native riparian populations isolated by up to 114.5 kms. These findings suggest that local adaptation may be occurring over exceptionally small geographic and temporal scales within a single metropolis, demonstrating that city parks can act as archipelagos for the study of rapid evolution.</p>
Dataset for "Additive water uptake of the mixtures of urban atmospheric HULIS and ammonium sulfate, J. Geophys. Res. Atmos."
<p>The hygroscopicity of humic-like substances (HULIS) and their mixtures with ammonium sulfate in various proportions were investigated. The dataset in the Excel sheet contains measured hygroscopic growth factors and parameters derived from them, results of sensitivity analysis considering surfactants, and estimated proportions of multiply charged particles for Zhou et al. in Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres. The dataset is based on the work supported by JSPS KAKENHI JP19H04253, JP20F20397, and JP23H00515.</p> <p>Ruichen Zhou, Sonia Afsana, Chenran Wei, and Michihiro Mochida: Additive water uptake of the mixtures of urban atmospheric HULIS and ammonium sulfate, J. Geophys. Res. Atmos.</p>
Biogeochemical data from two clear-water and two turbid-water urban ponds in Brussels (Belgium) from June 2021 to December 2023
<p>The dataset comprises three files, each containing geo-referenced information with corresponding timestamps. The names of the four ponds are written in French according to the official name defined by Brussels Environment (BE) (i.e. Leybeek, Pêcheries, Tenreuken and Silex).</p> <p>· DATA_Dissolved contains water temperature (°C), Chlorophyll-a concentration (µg L<sup>-1</sup>), oxygen saturation (%O<sub>2</sub>, in %), total suspended matter concentration (TSM, in mg L<sup>-1</sup>), inorganic nutrients (nitrate : NO<sub>3</sub><sup>-</sup>, nitrite : NO<sub>2</sub><sup>-</sup>, ammonium : NH<sub>4</sub><sup>+</sup>, soluble reactive phosphorus : SRP, in µmol L<sup>-1</sup>), partial pressure of CO<sub>2</sub> (pCO<sub>2</sub>, in ppm) , dissolved CH<sub>4</sub> concentration (CH<sub>4</sub>, in nmol L<sup>-1</sup>), N<sub>2</sub>O saturation level (%N<sub>2</sub>O, in %) and <sup>13</sup>C/<sup>12</sup>C ratio of CH<sub>4</sub> (δ<sup>13</sup>C-CH<sub>4</sub>, in ‰) collected from June 2021 to December 2023 in four ponds in Brussels.</p> <p>· DATA_Ebullitive contains wind speed (m s<sup>-1</sup>), water temperature (°C), atmospheric pressure (atm), bubbles flux measured with inverted funnels (mL m<sup>-2</sup> d<sup>-1</sup>), CH<sub>4</sub> content in bubbles (%CH<sub>4</sub>, in %) and <sup>13</sup>C/<sup>12</sup>C ratio of CH<sub>4</sub> (δ<sup>13</sup>C-CH<sub>4</sub>, in ‰) of CH<sub>4</sub> in the bubbles measured with three bubble traps in spring, summer, and fall in 2022 and 2023, totaling 8 days in the Leybeek, Pêcheries, and Tenreuken ponds and 24 days in the Silex pond.</p> <p>· DATA_perturbed_sediments contains <sup>13</sup>C/<sup>12</sup>C ratio of CH<sub>4</sub> (δ<sup>13</sup>C-CH<sub>4</sub>, in ‰) of CH<sub>4</sub> in the bubbles present in the sediment directly sampled with bubble traps by physically perturbing the sediment with a wooden rod the fourth September 2023 in the four ponds.</p> <p><strong>Field sampling and meteorological data</strong></p> <p>Sampling was done from a pontoon, with 60mL polypropylene syringes for gases (CO<sub>2</sub>, CH<sub>4</sub>, N<sub>2</sub>O) and a 2L polyethylene water container for processing at the home laboratory for other variables. Water temperature and %O<sub>2</sub> were measured in-situ with VWR MU 6100H probe. pCO<sub>2</sub> was measured with a Li-Cor Li-840 infrared gas analyser (IRGA) based on the headspace technique with 4 polypropylene syringes (Borges et al., 2019). The Li-Cor 840 IRGA was calibrated before and after each cruise with ultrapure N<sub>2</sub> and a suite of gas standards (Air Liquide Belgium) with CO<sub>2</sub> mixing ratios of 388, 813, 3788 and 8300 ppm. The overall precision of pCO<sub>2</sub> measurements was ±2.0%. Samples for CH<sub>4</sub> and N<sub>2</sub>O were transferred from the syringes with a silicone tube in 60 mL borosilicate serum bottles (Weathon), poisoned with 200 µl of a saturated solution of HgCl<sub>2</sub> and sealed with a butyl stopper and crimped with aluminium cap, without a headspace.</p> <p>Three bubble traps were deployed at 50 cm apart for measuring ebullitive CH<sub>4</sub> flux. The bubble traps consistent in inverted polypropylene funnels (diameter 23.5cm) mounted with 60mL polypropylene syringes and attached with steel rods to a polystyrene float. The volume of gas collected in the funnels was measured every 24 hours with 60mL syringes. The collected gas was stored in pre-evacuated 12 mL vials (Exetainers, Labco, UK) for the analysis of CH<sub>4</sub> concentration and δ<sup>13</sup>C-CH<sub>4</sub>.</p> <p>Wind speed and atmospheric pressure, were retrieved from <a href="https://wow.meteo.be/en" target="_new">https://wow.meteo.be/en</a> for the meteorological station of the Royal Meteorological Institute of St-Lambert (50.8408°N, 4.4234°E) in Brussels, located between 2.5 and 5 kilometers from the surveyed ponds.</p> <p><strong>CH<sub>4</sub> and N<sub>2</sub>O measurements by gas chromatography and </strong><strong>δ</strong><strong><sup>13</sup></strong><strong>C-CH<sub>4</sub> by cavity ring-down spectrometry</strong></p> <p>Measurements of N<sub>2</sub>O and CH<sub>4</sub> concentrations dissolved in water and in the gas samples from bubbles were made with the headspace technique (20mL of ultra-pure N<sub>2</sub>, Air Liquid Belgium, Weiss, 1981) and a gas chromatograph (GC) (SRI 8610C) with a flame ionisation detector for CH<sub>4</sub> (with a methanizer for CO<sub>2</sub>) and electron capture detector for N<sub>2</sub>O calibrated with CO<sub>2</sub>:CH<sub>4</sub>:N<sub>2</sub>O:N<sub>2</sub> gas mixtures (Air Liquide Belgium) with mixing ratios of 1, 10 and 30 ppm for CH<sub>4</sub>, 404, 1018, 3961 ppm for CO<sub>2</sub>, and 0.2, 2.0 and 6.0 ppm for N<sub>2</sub>O. The precision of measurement based on duplicate samples was ±3.9% for CH<sub>4</sub> and ±3.2% for N<sub>2</sub>O.</p> <p>The δ<sup>13</sup>C-CH<sub>4</sub> was measured in gas of the headspace (20mL of synthetic air, Air Liquid Belgium) equilibrated with the water sample (total volume 60mL) for water samples and directly on gas stored in Exetainers for gas samples from the bubble traps. The gas samples were diluted to obtain a final partial pressure of CH<sub>4</sub> in the cavity below 10 ppm to fall within the recommended operational concentration range of the instrument, prior to injection into a cavity ring-down spectrometer (G2201-I, Isotopic Analyzer, Picarro) with a Small Sample Introduction Module 2 (SSIM, Picarro). Data were corrected with curves of δ<sup>13</sup>C-CH<sub>4</sub> as a function of concentration based on two gas standards from Airgas Specialty Gases with certified δ<sup>13</sup>C-CH<sub>4</sub> values of -23.9±0.3 ‰ and -69.0±0.3 ‰.</p> <p><strong>Chlorophyll-a, total suspended matter, and dissolved inorganic nutrients</strong></p> <p>Water was filtered through Whatman GF/F glass microfiber filters (porosity 0.7 µm) with a diameter of 47 mm for total suspended matter (TSM) and Chlorophyll-<em>a</em> (Chl-<em>a</em>). Filters for TSM were dried in the oven at 50C° and filters for Chl-<em>a</em> were kept frozen (-20°C). The weight of each filter was determined before and after filtration of a known volume of water using an Explorer™ Pro EP214C analytical microbalance (accuracy: ±0.1mg) for determination of TSM. Filtered water was stored in 50 mL plastic bottles and frozen (-20°C) for analysis of dissolved nutrients. Chl-<em>a</em> was measured on extracts with 90% acetone by fluorimetry (Kontron model SFM 25) (Yentsch and Menzel, 1963) with a limit of detection of 0.01 µg L<sup>-1</sup>. Ammonium (NH<sub>4</sub><sup>+</sup>) was determined by the nitroprusside-hypochlorite-phenol staining method (Grasshoff and Johannsen, 1972), with a limit of detection of 0.05 µmol L<sup>-1</sup>. Nitrite (NO<sub>2</sub><sup>-</sup>) and nitrate (NO<sub>3</sub><sup>-</sup>) were determined before and after reduction of NO<sub>3</sub><sup>-</sup> to NO<sub>2</sub><sup>-</sup> by a cadmium-copper column, using the Griess acid reagent staining method (Grasshoff and Kremling, 2009), with a detection limit of 0.01 and 0.1 µmol L<sup>-1</sup>, respectively. Soluble reactive phosphorus (SRP) was determined by the ammonium molybdate, ascorbic acid and potassium antimony tartrate staining method (Koroleff, 1983), with a limit of detection of 0.1 µmol L<sup>-1</sup>. Concentration of dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN) was calculated as the sum NH<sub>4</sub><sup>+</sup>, NO<sub>2</sub><sup>-</sup> and NO<sub>3</sub><sup>-</sup> concentrations.</p> <p> </p> <p>Borges, A.V., Darchambeau, F., Lambert, T., Morana, C., Allen, G.H., Tambwe, E., and Bouillon, S.: Variations in dissolved greenhouse gases (CO2, CH4, N2O) in the Congo River network overwhelmingly driven by fluvial-wetland connectivity. Biogeosciences 16 (19), 3801–3834. <a href="https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-16-3801-2019">https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-16-3801-2019</a>, 2019.</p> <p>Grasshoff, K., and Johannsen, H.: A new sensitive and direct method for the automatic determination of ammonia in sea water. ICES J. Mar. Sci. 34 (3), 516–521. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1093/icesjms/34.3.516">https://doi.org/10.1093/icesjms/34.3.516</a>, 1972.</p> <p>Grasshoff, K., Kremling, K., and Ehrhardt, M.: Methods of Seawater Analysis: Determination of Nitrite. John Wiley & Sons, 2009.</p> <p>Koroleff, J.: Determination of total phosphorus by alkaline persulphate oxidation. Methods of Seawater Analysis. Verlag Chemie, Wienheim, pp. 136–138, 1983.</p> <p>Weiss, R. F.: Determinations of carbon dioxide and methane by dual catalyst flame ionization chromatography and nitrous oxide by electron capture chromatography. J. Chromatogr. Sci. 19, 611–616. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1093/chromsci/19.12.611">https://doi.org/10.1093/chromsci/19.12.611</a>, 1981.</p> <p>Yentsch, C.S., and Menzel, D.W.: A method for the determination of phytoplankton chlorophyll and phaeophytin by fluorescence. In: Deep Sea Research and Oceanographic Abstracts, 10. Elsevier, pp. 221–231. <a title="Persistent link using digital object identifier" href="https://doi.org/10.1016/0011-7471(63)90358-9" target="_blank" rel="noopener">https://doi.org/10.1016/0011-7471(63)90358-9</a>, 1963. </p>
Data from: On the role of water table depth and urbanization on groundwater drought susceptibility
<p>Propagation of meteorological drought to groundwater drought is mediated by a range of natural and human-induced drivers. Using long-term (1978–2020)<em> in-situ</em> groundwater level depth (GWD) time series from 2,928 pairs of monitoring wells, this study assesses the role of two such drivers, viz., GWD and urbanization, on groundwater drought characteristics. Results show that locations with deeper GWD often experience less frequent but more intense groundwater droughts with longer average duration. In contrast, urbanization is generally associated with a reduction in groundwater drought duration and an increase in its frequency. Relative to the influence of GWD, urbanization's imprint on groundwater drought characteristics is muted. These findings can aid in improved assessment of groundwater drought risks, and for devising more effective drought adaptation measures.</p>
Impact Evaluation of Urban Water Supply Improvements on Cholera and Other Diarrhoeal Diseases in Uvira, Democratic Republic of Congo
ClinicalTrials.gov study NCT02928341. IPD Sharing: NO. Countries: 1. Publications: 3.
Data from: Barriers to access improved water and sanitation in poor peri-urban settlements of Abidjan, Côte d’Ivoire
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Data from: On the role of water table depth and urbanization on groundwater drought susceptibility
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Selection in the city: Rapid and fine scale evolution of urban eastern water dragons
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Data from: Separating the effects of water quality and urbanization on temperate insectivorous bats at the landscape scale
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Data from: City life on fast lanes: urbanization induces an evolutionary shift towards a faster life style in the water flea Daphnia
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Data from: Water availability drives urban tree growth responses to herbivory and warming
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Data from: Urbanization drives genetic differentiation in physiology and structures the evolution of pace-of-life syndromes in the water flea Daphnia magna
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Evaluating water and energy fluxes across three distinct land cover types in a desert urban environment
Urbanization impacts surface energy and water balances across multiple spatial and temporal scales, which can be particularly important in desert cities where resources are limited. Urban climate observations are limited, especially over a variety of locations that represent urban land cover. To help address the lack of observations over different urban land cover types, a mobile eddy covariance tower (ECT) was deployed at three different locations in the Phoenix metropolitan area, representing a xeric landscape (drip irrigated palo verde trees with gravel), a parking lot, and a mesic landscape (sprinkler irrigated turf grass). In this project, data obtained from the mobile ECT deployments will be coupled with data from an eddy covariance tower managed by CAP LTER in the Maryvale suburb of Phoenix, Arizona. Data is processed to obtain energy and water fluxes, which are controlled by land surface characteristics, over the four distinct land cover types.
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Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.