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Figs 10–12. Macroteleia brevigaster Masner, 1976 in Parasitoid wasps new to Britain (Hymenoptera: Platygastridae, Eurytomidae, Braconidae & Bethylidae)

Figs 10–12. Macroteleia brevigaster Masner, 1976, ♀. 10. Dorsal habitus. 11. Lateral view. 12. Fore wing. Specimen numbers BMNH(E)968239 and BMNH(E)968240. Scale bars all 1 mm. © Natural History Museum, London.

Figs 20–25 in Parasitoid wasps new to Britain (Hymenoptera: Platygastridae, Eurytomidae, Braconidae & Bethylidae)

Figs 20–25. Schizoprymnus collaris (Thomson, 1874), ♀, lectotype. 20. Lateral mesosoma. 21. Fore wing. 22. Lateral metasoma. 23. Hind wing. 24. Thomson's locality label. 25. Other labels. Scale bars all 1 mm. © Natural History Museum, London.

Figs 4–6 in Parasitoid wasps new to Britain (Hymenoptera: Platygastridae, Eurytomidae, Braconidae & Bethylidae)

Figs 4–6. Macroteleia atrata Kozlov & Kononova, 1987, ♀. 4. Dorsal habitus. 5. Lateral view. 6. Fore wing. Specimen number BMNH(E)968238. Scale bars all 1 mm. © Natural History Museum, London.

Figs 1–3 in Parasitoid wasps new to Britain (Hymenoptera: Platygastridae, Eurytomidae, Braconidae & Bethylidae)

Figs 1–3. Fidiobia hispanica Popovici & Buhl, 2010. 1. Dorsal habitus, ♀. 2. Host egg with half emerged ♀. 3. Fragment of old Andricus kollari gall showing cavity - a vacated cell of Synergus umbraculus – containing beetle eggs, the true host of F. hispanica. Body length of wasp c. 0.8 mm. © Ovidiu Popovici.

Figs 13–14. Sycophila binotata Fonscolombe, 1832 in Parasitoid wasps new to Britain (Hymenoptera: Platygastridae, Eurytomidae, Braconidae & Bethylidae)

Figs 13–14. Sycophila binotata Fonscolombe, 1832, ♀. 13. Lateral habitus. 14. Fore wing. Specimen number BMNH(E)969430. Scale bars both 1 mm. © Natural History Museum, London.

Fig. 1 in The first Cenozoic roproniid wasp from the Paleocene of Menat, France (Hymenoptera: Proctotrupoidea)

Fig. 1. Paleoropronia salamonei gen. et sp. nov., holotype (MNHN.F.A57266), right fore wing. A. Photograph. B. Photograph under alcohol. C. Reconstruction. Scale bars: A–B = 1 mm; C = 0.5 mm.

Fig. 4 in The first Cenozoic roproniid wasp from the Paleocene of Menat, France (Hymenoptera: Proctotrupoidea)

Fig. 4. Paleoropronia salamonei gen. et sp. nov., holotype (MNHN.F.A57266). A. Pterostigma. B. Detail of cuticle of the pterostigma. Scale bars: A = 200 µm; B = 20 µm.

Fig. 3 in The first Cenozoic roproniid wasp from the Paleocene of Menat, France (Hymenoptera: Proctotrupoidea)

Fig. 3. Paleoropronia salamonei gen. et sp. nov., holotype (MNHN.F.A57266). A. Right fore wing base. B. Head and thorax. Scale bars: 1 mm.

Fig. 2 in The first Cenozoic roproniid wasp from the Paleocene of Menat, France (Hymenoptera: Proctotrupoidea)

Fig. 2. Paleoropronia salamonei gen. et sp. nov., holotype (MNHN.F.A57266), SEM photograph of habitus (arrow = first metasomal segment). Scale bar: 2 mm.

Fig. 31. A–B in Synopsis of the parasitoid wasp genus Cotesia Cameron, 1891 (Hymenoptera: Braconidae: Microgastrinae) in Australia, with the description of seven new species

Fig. 31. A–B. Cotesia urabae Austin & Allen, 1989, paratype, ♀ (WINC). A. Habitus in dorsal view. B. Fore wing. C–E. Cotesia vestalis (Haliday, 1834), ♀ (WINC). C. Head in dorsal view and anteromesoscutum. D. Propodeum and dorsal metasoma E. Fore wing.

Fig. 34. A in Synopsis of the parasitoid wasp genus Cotesia Cameron, 1891 (Hymenoptera: Braconidae: Microgastrinae) in Australia, with the description of seven new species

Fig. 34. A. Fore wing terminology, abbreviation: pt = pterostigma. B. General morphological terminology, abbreviations: ams = anteromesoscutum, mt = metanotum, pp = propodeum, sc = scutellum (also referred to as the mesoscutellum), sd = scutellar disk, ss = scutellar sulcus, T1 = first metasomal tergite, T2 = second metasomal tergite, T3 = third metasomal tergite.

Fig. 28 in Synopsis of the parasitoid wasp genus Cotesia Cameron, 1891 (Hymenoptera: Braconidae: Microgastrinae) in Australia, with the description of seven new species

Fig. 28. Cotesia rufiventris (Bingham, 1906), paralectotype, ♀ (NHMUK). A. Mesosoma in dorsal view and T1–3 B. Habitus in dorsal view and fore wing C. Habitus in lateral view.

Fig. 27 in Synopsis of the parasitoid wasp genus Cotesia Cameron, 1891 (Hymenoptera: Braconidae: Microgastrinae) in Australia, with the description of seven new species

Fig. 27. Cotesia ruficrus (Haliday, 1834), ♀ (ANIC 32 130230) A. Habitus in lateral view. B. Habitus in dorsal view. C. Fore wing.

Fig. 25 in Synopsis of the parasitoid wasp genus Cotesia Cameron, 1891 (Hymenoptera: Braconidae: Microgastrinae) in Australia, with the description of seven new species

Fig. 25. Cotesia reidarum sp. nov., holotype, ♀ (QM T246703). A. Habitus in dorsal view. B. Habitus in lateral view. C. Head in dorsal view. D. Head in anterior view. E. Propodeum. F. Fore wing.

Fig. 22 in Synopsis of the parasitoid wasp genus Cotesia Cameron, 1891 (Hymenoptera: Braconidae: Microgastrinae) in Australia, with the description of seven new species

Fig. 22. Cotesia ocellata sp. nov., holotype, ♀ (SAMA 32-44404). A. Head in dorsal view and anteromesoscutum. B. Habitus in lateral view. C. T1–3. D. Habitus in dorsal view. E. Head in anterior view. F. Mesoscutum and propodeum. G. Fore wing.

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Phylogenomics indicates Amazonia as the major source of Neotropical swarm-founding social wasp diversity

The Neotropical realm harbors unparalleled species richness and hence has challenged biologists to explain the cause of its high biotic diversity. Empirical studies to shed light on the processes underlying biological diversification in the Neotropics are focused mainly on vertebrates and plants, with little attention to the hyperdiverse insect fauna. Here, we use phylogenomic data from ultraconserved element (UCE) loci to reconstruct for the first time the evolutionary history of Neotropical swarm-founding social wasps (Hymenoptera, Vespidae, Epiponini). Using maximum likelihood, Bayesian, and species tree approaches we recovered a highly resolved phylogeny for epiponine wasps. Additionally, we estimated divergence dates, diversification rates, and the biogeographic history for these insects in order to test whether the group followed a "museum" (speciation events occurred gradually over many millions of years) or "cradle" (lineages evolved rapidly over a short time period) model of diversification. The origin of many genera and all sampled extant Epiponini species occurred during the Miocene and Plio-Pleistocene. Moreover, we detected no major shifts in the estimated diversification rate during the evolutionary history of Epiponini, suggesting a relatively gradual accumulation of lineages with low extinction rates. Several lines of evidence suggest that the Amazonian region played a major role in the evolution of Epiponini wasps. This spatio-temporal diversification pattern, most likely concurrent with climatic and landscape changes in the Neotropics during the Miocene and Pliocene, establishes the Amazonian region as the major source of Neotropical swarm-founding social wasp diversity.

Figure 15 in New species of Australian arid zone chelonine wasps from the genera Phanerotoma and Ascogaster (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) informed by the 'Bush Blitz' surveys of national reserves

Figure 15. Distribution map: Ascogaster brevivena sp. nov., grey circle; Ascogaster ferruginegaster sp. nov., black triangle; Ascogaster prolixogaster sp. nov., grey triangle; Ascogaster rubriscapa sp. nov., black square.

Figure 13 in New species of Australian arid zone chelonine wasps from the genera Phanerotoma and Ascogaster (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) informed by the 'Bush Blitz' surveys of national reserves

Figure 13. Phanerotoma nigriscapulata sp. nov.: (a) habitus, lateral, paratype, scale line = 1 mm; (b) head, anterior, holotype, scale line = 0.5 mm; (c) mesosoma, dorsal, paratype, scale line = 1 mm; (d) fore wing, paratype, scale line = 1 mm.

Figure 2 in New species of Australian arid zone chelonine wasps from the genera Phanerotoma and Ascogaster (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) informed by the 'Bush Blitz' surveys of national reserves

Figure 2. Tree resulting from the Bayesian phylogenetic analysis of the COI data for the genus Ascogaster. Numbers on branches show posterior probabilities. Abbreviations: (a) PTP analysis; (b) GMYC (single); (c) GMYC (multi); (d) morphology.

Figure 3 in New species of Australian arid zone chelonine wasps from the genera Phanerotoma and Ascogaster (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) informed by the 'Bush Blitz' surveys of national reserves

Figure 3. Tree resulting from the Bayesian phylogenetic analysis of the COI data for the genus Phanerotoma. Numbers on branches show posterior probabilities. Abbreviations: (a) PTP analysis; (b) GMYC (single); (c) GMYC (multi); (d) morphology.