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Fig.3 in A taxonomic revision of the Palaearctic members of the Formica rufa group (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) - the famous mound-building red wood ants
Fig.3: Formica lugubris, gyne; paramedian surface of the dorsum of first gaster tergite. The transverse microsculpture is as weak as in Formica rufa, but the density of pubescence and microfoveolae is much higher.
F in A taxonomic revision of the Palaearctic members of the Formica rufa group (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) - the famous mound-building red wood ants
F ig. 21: Data of 49 samples from of E Saxony / Germany with Formica rufa (white rhombs), Formica polyctena × rufa (black squares), and F. polyctena (white dots). The first canonical vector of a three-class LDA, separating the parental species and considering 12 morphological characters, is plotted against the percentage of F. polyctena alleles determined by BAPS clustering (with K = 5) of 19 microsatellite markers (from SEIFERT & al. 2010, changed).
Figs.5-13 in A taxonomic revision of the Palaearctic members of the Formica rufa group (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) - the famous mound-building red wood ants
Figs.5-13: (5-ussu) Formica ussuriensis sp.n., worker, holotype, head. (6-ussu) Formica ussuriensis sp.n., worker, holotype, lateral. (7-ussu) Formica ussuriensis sp.n., gyne, head; note the more trapezoid head shape. (8-aqui) Formica aquilonia, gyne, head; note the more rounded head shape. (9-prat) Formica pratensis, worker, neotype, head; note the more reticulate microsculpture of central vertex compared with Formica lugubris (Figs.14, 15), producing a matt surface appearance. (10-prat) Formica pratensis, worker, neotype, lateral aspect. (11-prat) Formica pratensis, gyne, P morph, lateral; almost no setae on head, mesosoma, and first gaster tergite. (12-prat) Formica pratensis, gyne, N morph, lateral; many setae on head, mesosoma, and first gaster tergite. (13-kupy) Formica kupyanskayae, gyne, head.
Fig.33 in A taxonomic revision of the Palaearctic members of the Formica rufa group (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) - the famous mound-building red wood ants
Fig.33: Principal component analysis of gynes of Formica paralugubris (black dots), Formica lugubris morph A1 (squares), F. lugubris morph A3 (triangles), and Formica helvetica sp.n. (rhombs). Eight phenotypic characters were considered. The placement of the four entities within the plot is similar to that in workers (Fig. 32).
Fig. 38 in A taxonomic revision of the Palaearctic members of the Formica rufa group (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) - the famous mound-building red wood ants
Fig. 38: Schematic presentation of hybridization and reticulate evolution in Palaearctic Formica rufa group ants as it is apparent in the younger evolutionary history. The arrows connecting the main branches indicate the direction of gene flow after backcrossing of hybrids – for example, brown arrows directed from Formica pratensis to Formica lugubris indicate that Formica pratensis × lugubris hybrids have backcrossed with F. pratensis. Examples of both uni- and bidirectional gene flow are shown. The number of arrows is proportional to the supposed frequency of hybridization or backcrossing. Formica paralugubris is likely to be of hybridogenous origin. For details, see the main text.
Fig. 4 in A taxonomic revision of the Palaearctic members of the Formica rufa group (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) - the famous mound-building red wood ants
Fig. 4: Formica pratensis, gyne; paramedian surface of the dorsum of first gaster tergite. The strength of transverse mi- croripples is at maximum within the Formica rufa group and pubescence density comparable with Formica lugubris.
Fig. 37 in A taxonomic revision of the Palaearctic members of the Formica rufa group (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) - the famous mound-building red wood ants
Fig. 37: Worker nest-sample means of a linear discriminant analysis separating Formica aquilonia (squares), Formica lugubris (triangles), and Formica rufa (discs). The 10 and nine worker individuals of the hybrid samples F. lugubris × rufa (black rhombs) were run as wild-cards. Ten phenotypic characters and a total of 165 nest samples with 794 individuals of the three species compared were considered.
Fig.27 in A taxonomic revision of the Palaearctic members of the Formica rufa group (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) - the famous mound-building red wood ants
Fig.27: Classification by four variants of NC-clustering of 75 nest samples of workers of Formica aquilonia (grey bars) and 10 nest samples of Formica ussuriensis sp.n. (black bars). The mean error of four exploratory data analyses is 0.6%. Eight phenotypic characters were considered.
Fig. 31 in A taxonomic revision of the Palaearctic members of the Formica rufa group (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) - the famous mound-building red wood ants
Fig. 31: Nest-sample means of a linear discriminant analysis and principal component analysis of Formica lugubris complex gynes considering eight phenotypic characters; Formica helvetica sp.n. (white dots), F. lugubris morph A1 (black squares), F. lugubris morph A3 (squares with white center). The means were calculated from 28, 38, and 18 individuals for each entity.
Fig. 28 in A taxonomic revision of the Palaearctic members of the Formica rufa group (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) - the famous mound-building red wood ants
Fig. 28: Classification by three variants of NC-clustering of 225 nest samples of workers of Formica lugubris (black bars) and 76 nest samples of Formica pratensis (grey bars). The mean error of three analyses is 0.2%. Ten phenotypic characters were considered. The small, well separated sub-branch in the F. lugubris cluster represents Fennoscandian nest samples containing exclusively Hippie morph workers.
Fig. 32 in A taxonomic revision of the Palaearctic members of the Formica rufa group (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) - the famous mound-building red wood ants
Fig. 32: Nest-sample means of the first and second principal component of workers of Formica paralugubris (black dots), Formica lugubris morph A1 (squares), F. lugubris morph A3 (triangles), and Formica helvetica sp.n. (rhombs). Eleven phenotypic characters were considered.
Data from: Widespread hybridization within mound-building wood ants in Southern Finland results in cytonuclear mismatches and potential for sex-specific hybrid breakdown
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Data from: Strong but taxon-specific responses of termites and wood-nesting ants to forest regeneration in Borneo
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Data from: Sex allocation conflict between queens and workers in Formica pratensis wood ants predicts seasonal sex ratio variation
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Data from: Thermal tolerance in two wood ant species and their hybrids
<p>Local populations can cope with rising temperatures, if they have adaptive potential to face the new thermal regime. Hybridization with a closely related lineage is one potential source of adaptive genetic variability and an outstanding question is whether hybridization could help contemporary populations to adapt in the face of current environmental change. We investigate thermal adaptation by testing for differences in cold and heat tolerances between Finnish populations of two mound-building wood ants, Formica polyctena and Formica aquilonia, and their naturally occurring hybrids. The results showed that parental individuals differed in both cold and heat tolerances and expressed thermal limits which reflect the global distributions of the parental species, in support to the thermal adaptation hypothesis. However, hybrids could not combine the thermal tolerance of both parental species as they were equally heat-tolerant to F. polyctena, but not equally cold-tolerant to F. aquilonia. Intriguingly, body weight had a significant role in thermal tolerance, with heavier ants coping better with higher temperatures. These results contribute to understanding the outcomes of hybridization and the potential that species possess in coping with environmental change. Wood ants are keystone species in the boreal forests and important for healthy forest ecosystems, but they are threatened by increasing global temperatures and habitat destruction. Our findings help to understand how these species may respond to global climate change.</p>
Data from: Colony-level differences in the scaling rules governing wood ant compound eye structure
Differential organ growth during development is essential for adults to maintain the correct proportions and achieve their characteristic shape. Organs scale with body size, a process known as allometry that has been studied extensively in a range of organisms. Such scaling rules, typically studied from a limited sample, are assumed to apply to all members of a population and/or species. Here we study scaling in the compound eyes of workers of the wood ant, Formica rufa, from different colonies within a single population. Workers' eye area increased with body size in all the colonies showing a negative allometry. However, both the slope and intercept of some allometric scaling relationships differed significantly among colonies. Moreover, though mean facet diameter and facet number increased with body size, some colonies primarily increased facet number whereas others increased facet diameter, showing that the cellular level processes underlying organ scaling differed among colonies. Thus, the rules that govern scaling at the organ and cellular levels can differ even within a single population.
Data from: Wood ants produce a potent antimicrobial agent by applying formic acid on tree-collected resin
Wood ants fight pathogens by incorporating tree resin with antimicrobial properties into their nests. They also produce large quantities of formic acid in their venom gland, which they readily spray to defend or disinfect their nest. Mixing chemicals to produce powerful antibiotics is common practice in human medicine, yet evidence for the use of such "defensive cocktails" by animals remains scant. Here, we test the hypothesis that wood ants enhance the antifungal activity of tree resin by treating it with formic acid. In a series of experiments, we document that (i) tree resin had much higher inhibitory activity against the common entomopathogenic fungus Metarhizium brunneum after having been in contact with ants, while no such effect was detected for other nest materials; (ii) wood ants applied significant amounts of endogenous formic and succinic acid on resin and other nest materials; and (iii) the application of synthetic formic acid greatly increased the antifungal activity of resin, but had no such effect when applied to inert glass material. Together, these results demonstrate that wood ants obtain an effective protection against a detrimental microorganism by mixing endogenous and plant-acquired chemical defenses. In conclusion, the ability to synergistically combine antimicrobial substances of diverse origins is not restricted to humans and may play an important role in insect societies.
Fig. 3 in Changes In The Structure Of Nest Complexes Of The Red Wood Ants Formica Rufa And F. Polyctena (Hymenoptera, Formicidae) In Urban Forests
Fig. 3. Dynamics of changes in total volume (3, A) and number of anthills (3, B) in nest complexes by year of observation. 2017 is not included in the graphs due to the low number of nest complexes observed in that year.
Figure 4 in Effects of genetic relatedness, spatial distance, and context on intraspecific aggression in the red wood ant Formica pratensis (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)
Figure 4. Neighbor-joining tree of genetic distances of the COI gene for F. pratensis sampled from nine colonies. Numbers on the nodes show the bootstrap values (>50%) and the numbers and the abbreviations at the end of the branches denote the localities and the nest IDs, respectively.
Figure 5 in Effect of mound size on intranest thermoregulation in the red wood ants Formicarufa and F. polyctena (Hymenoptera, Formicidae)
Figure 5. Diagram of the range of illumination of nests of different shapes for F. rufa and F. polyctena in different types of forests.
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Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
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DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.