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opencc-by-4.0Nov 2022View details →

Figures 9–12 in Protocol for the in vitro rearing of Frieseomelitta varia workers (Hymenoptera: Apidae: Meliponini)

Figures 9–12. Creation of a larval capture device: (9) arrow A indicates the toothpick and B indicates the antiseptic string or line fitted to the toothpick; (10) arrow indicates an adhesive tape (any tape can be used); (11) arrow indicates the tape was wrapped around the toothpick, securing the thread; (12) larvae capture device (larvae are C-shaped and fit perfectly with the line capture method).

Fig. 10 in Gut anatomy of the worker caste of Neotropical genera Cylindrotermes Holmgren and Hoplotermes Light (Infraorder Isoptera, Termitidae)

Fig. 10. Hoplotermes amplus worker gut in situ: (a) detail of stomodeal valve insertion, (b) dorsal, (c) right, (d) ventral and (e) left views; (f) detail of enteric-valve insertion in dorsal view (P4 and P5 removed, arrow: enteric-valve insertion). Gray area indicates mesenteric tissue; c: crop; M: mesenteron; MT: mesenteric tongue, i: isthmus, P1: first proctodeal segment (ileum); P3: third proctodeal segment (paunch); P4: fourth proctodeal segment (colon); P5: fifth proctodeal segment (rectum).

Fig. 7 in Gut anatomy of the worker caste of Neotropical genera Cylindrotermes Holmgren and Hoplotermes Light (Infraorder Isoptera, Termitidae)

Fig. 7. Cylindrotermes sapiranga: (a) detail of gizzard armature (small arrow: crop pectinate scales), (b) enteric valve, with one of the cushions outlined (large arrow: proximal pad, small arrow: distal portion).

Fig. 9 in Gut anatomy of the worker caste of Neotropical genera Cylindrotermes Holmgren and Hoplotermes Light (Infraorder Isoptera, Termitidae)

Fig. 9. Hoplotermes amplus worker: (a) detail of gizzard armature (small arrow: crop pectinate scales), (b) enteric valve (large arrows: cushions).

Fig. 2 in Gut anatomy of the worker caste of Neotropical genera Cylindrotermes Holmgren and Hoplotermes Light (Infraorder Isoptera, Termitidae)

Fig. 2. Cylindrotermes caata: (a) detail of gizzard armature (small arrow: crop pectinate scales), (b) enteric valve, with one of the cushions outlined (large arrow: proximal pad, small arrow: distal portion).

opencc-by-4.0Oct 2019View details →

Fig. 2 in Chemical control of leaf-cutting ants: how do workers disperse toxic bait fragments onto fungus garden?

Fig. 2. Pellet fragment distribution onto the fungus garden, with and without active ingredients. A2, B2, C2: fragment distribution with ultraviolet light. A1 and A2: pellets without active ingredient. B1 and B2: pellets with sulfluramid. C1 and C2: pellets with with different action modes. A1, B1, C1: fragment distribution without ultraviolet light indoxacarb. Treatment followed the same letter is not significantly different.

opencc-by-4.0Nov 2016View details →

Fig. 3 in The trade-off between the transmission of chemical cues and parasites: behavioral interactions between leaf-cutting ant workers of different age classes

Fig. 3. Mean ± s.e. frequencies that young and old ants were observed giving or receiving allogrooming during a 15 s observation period.

opencc-by-4.0Nov 2016View details →

Fig. 2 in The trade-off between the transmission of chemical cues and parasites: behavioral interactions between leaf-cutting ant workers of different age classes

Fig. 2. Mean ± s.e. frequencies that young and old ants were: (a) observed selfgrooming and (b) observed engaged in mandible scraping with another ant, during a 15 s observation period.

opencc-by-4.0Nov 2016View details →

Fig. 1 in The trade-off between the transmission of chemical cues and parasites: behavioral interactions between leaf-cutting ant workers of different age classes

Fig. 1. Overall activity levels. Mean ± s.e. frequencies that young and old ants were: (a) observed engaging in one of the focal behaviors and (b) observed engaged in antennation with another ant, during a 15 s observation period.

Fig. 4 in Light affects the homing ability of Solenopsis invicta (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) foraging workers

Fig. 4. The effect of white, blue, yellow, and red light, as well as total darkness (black) on time-to-trail-formation of workers of red imported fire ant, Solenopsis invicta (mean + standard error). Results for time-to-trail-formation in yellow light were significantly faster than for black (dark) and by inference white and blue are also faster than black. Time-to-trail-formation under white light was significantly different from red and by inference white was also faster than black. Red and black time-to-trail-formation results were not significantly different. *P <0.01 and **P <0.001.

Fig. 2 in Light affects the homing ability of Solenopsis invicta (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) foraging workers

Fig. 2. The importance of a fixed light source to foraging red imported fire ants, Solenopsis invicta. Time-to-trail-formation was recorded with a light source that changed sequentially to 1 of 4 symmetrically placed light sources or a single light source that was moved in a circle planar to the colony tray in 90° increments at 1 rpm. Bars represent mean time-to-trail-formation + standard error, ***P <0.0001. By inference, the mean time-to-trail-formation for the single light rotation was longer than the fixed light control.

Fig. 1 in Light affects the homing ability of Solenopsis invicta (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) foraging workers

Fig. 1. Effect of light on the time-to-trail-formation by the red imported fire ant, Solenopsis invicta. The time-to-trail-formation is shown for a single light source in a light sealed room versus the same room with no light. Bars represent mean time-to-trail-formation + standard error, ***P <0.0001.

Fig. 3 in Light affects the homing ability of Solenopsis invicta (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) foraging workers

Fig. 3. The effect of illumination intensity on time-to-trail-formation is shown for workers of red imported fire ant, Solenopsis invicta. The time-to-trail-formation (mean + standard error, N = 6) of the 22 Lux light intensity was significantly shorter than the time-to-trail-formation in the dark. The 3 other light intensities evaluated had lower mean and SE values than the 22 Lux intensity. Therefore, by inference, time-to-trail-formation for light intensities, 312, 140, and 1 Lux were also shorter than the time-to-trail-formation in the dark. ***P <0.0001.

opencc-by-4.0Sep 2021View details →

Fig. 1. Cumulative Solenopsis invicta worker ant mortality among Solenopsis invicta virus 3 in Diet with sucrose ameliorates Solenopsis invicta virus 3 (Solinviviridae: Invictavirus) infection in Solenopsis invicta (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) worker ants

Fig. 1. Cumulative Solenopsis invicta worker ant mortality among Solenopsis invicta virus 3-infected and -uninfected colonies provided a diet of crickets (Acheta domesticus) and either supplemented (open symbols) or not supplemented (solid symbols) with a 10% sucrose solution. Analysis of Variance by treatment was conducted for d 21 values and found to be significant (F = 10.0; df = 3,14; P <0.0009). Scheffe's multiple comparison procedure was used to separate the means. Symbols with the same letter are not statistically different.

opencc-by-4.0Sep 2021View details →

Fig. 2. Solenopsis invicta virus 3 in Diet with sucrose ameliorates Solenopsis invicta virus 3 (Solinviviridae: Invictavirus) infection in Solenopsis invicta (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) worker ants

Fig. 2. Solenopsis invicta virus 3 genome equivalents per ng RNA from dead Solenopsis invicta worker ants among Solenopsis invicta virus 3-infected and -uninfected colonies provided a diet of crickets (Acheta domesticus) and either supplemented (open symbols) or not supplemented (solid symbols) with a 10% sucrose solution. Solenopsis invicta virus 3 was not detected in the Solenopsis invicta virus 3-uninfected group. Student's t-test was conducted to compare the virus quantity in colonies with and without the sucrose supplement by d. Solenopsis invicta virus 3 genome equivalents per ng RNA was greater significantly in colonies without sugar supplementation on d 12 (t = 2.5; df = 9; P <0.033) and 19 (t = 2.4; df = 9; P <0.037).

opencc-by-4.0Apr 2020View details →

Fig. 1 in Flight distance and return capacity of Polistes lanio lanio (Hymenoptera: Vespidae) workers

Fig. 1. Polistes lanio lanio (Hymenoptera: Vespidae) in a nest afer being marked and released at predetermined points at the Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro campus in Seropédica, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.

Fig. 7 in The fossil record of early tetrapods: Worker effort and the end-Permian mass extinction

Fig. 7. Species discovery curves for several groups of fossil organisms show substantial differences in form. All discovery curves are shown as percentages, even though final totals, in 2003, are very different: trilobites (n = 4126), early tetrapods (n = 515), dinosaurs (n = 694), fossil birds (n = 221), and fossil mammals of North America (n = 3340). The horizontal line marks the "half life" of the discovery curve, the date by which half the currently valid taxa had accumulated. Data from these sources: trilobites (Tarver et al. 2007), dinosaurs (Benton 2008), fossil birds (Fountaine et al. 2008), fossil mammals (Alroy 2002).

Fig. 2 in The fossil record of early tetrapods: Worker effort and the end-Permian mass extinction

Fig. 2. Perceptions of early tetrapod diversity at three points in research time, 1900, 1950, and 2000. Total numbers of valid species are indicated per series; the 1900 data distribution differs significantly from those for 1950 and 2000, but the 1950 and 2000 distributions do not differ significantly (see text).

Fig. 1 in The fossil record of early tetrapods: Worker effort and the end-Permian mass extinction

Fig. 1. Discovery curve of valid early tetrapod species (i.e., tetrapods, excluding Lissamphibia and Amniota), plotted against publication year. Species determined as synonymous or dubious in recent revisions are excluded. The curves show proportions through time, rising to 100% of current knowledge, for all early tetrapods (n = 528) and two major sub−divisions, temnospondyls (n = 368), and lepospondyls (n = 85).

Fig. 6 in The fossil record of early tetrapods: Worker effort and the end-Permian mass extinction

Fig. 6. Cumulative discovery curve of species of early tetrapods showing the relative completeness for each of the eight stratigraphic series, divided into two panels, from Upper Devonian to Middle Permian (A), and Upper Permian to Upper Triassic (B), plotted against decades in research time. The horizontal line marks the "half life" of the discovery curve, the date by which half the currently valid taxa had accumulated. Numbers of taxa per series are: Upper Devonian (17), Lower Carboniferous (25), Upper Carboniferous (108), Lower Permian (125), Middle Permian (36), Upper Permian (20), Lower Triassic (100), Middle Triassic (46), Upper Triassic (5), Jurassic (5), Cretaceous (1).