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FIG. 7 in Brachiopods, crustaceans, vertebrates, and charophytes from the Devonian Ly Hoa, Nam Can and Dong Tho formations of Central Vietnam

FIG. 7. — Vukhuclepis lyhoaensis Janvier, Tong-Dzuy, Ta Hoa & Doan Nhat, 1997, Ly Hoa Formation,?Lower Devonian, Ly Hoa, Quang Binh Province, Vietnam: A, posterior dorsolateral plate (PDL) in dorsal view and posterior median dorsal (PMD) plates in ventral view (BT 207i and 207j, respectively); B, same specimens as in A, after preparation by transfer on resin, and with an associated posterolateral plate (PL): posterior dorsolateral plate (PDL) in ventral view and and posterior median dorsal (PMD) plates in dorsal view. Photographed in immersion in water. Scale bar: 5 mm.

FIG. 18. — A-I, Corbicularia noongdensis n in Brachiopods, crustaceans, vertebrates, and charophytes from the Devonian Ly Hoa, Nam Can and Dong Tho formations of Central Vietnam

FIG. 18. — A-I, Corbicularia noongdensis n. sp., middle part of the Nam Can Formation, Givetian-Frasnian, Noong De (Bactelemi) Pass, Ky Son District, Nghe An Province, Vietnam; A-C, three ventral valve interiors, latex casts (BT 231a, b and c, respectively); D, dorsal side of an articulated shell, latex cast (BT 231d); E-G, three ventral valve internal moulds (BT 231e, f and g, respectively); H, I, two dorsal valve interiors, latex cast and internal mould (BT 231h and i, respectively); J-O, Holynetes caurongensis n. sp., lower part of the Dong Tho Formation, Givetian, Cau Rong, Minh Hoa District, Quang Binh Province, Vietnam; J, ventral valve exterior, latex cast (BT 231j); K, L, dorsal side of two articulated shells, latex casts (BT 231k and l, respectively); M, ventral valve interior (BT 231m); N, O, two incomplete dorsal interiors, latex casts (BT 231n and o, respectively). Scale bar: 5 mm.

FIG. 6 in Brachiopods, crustaceans, vertebrates, and charophytes from the Devonian Ly Hoa, Nam Can and Dong Tho formations of Central Vietnam

FIG. 6. — Vukhuclepis lyhoaensis Janvier, Tong-Dzuy, Ta Hoa & Doan Nhât, 1997, Ly Hoa Formation,?Lower Devonian, Ly Hoa, Quang Binh Province, Vietnam: A, camera lucida drawings of the anterior ventrolateral plate BT 207e (Fig. 5A), completed by information from the counterpart of the specimen and the contralateral AVL plate, in ventral (A1), dorsal (A2) and lateral (A3) views, and brachial recess in posterior view (A4); B, right anterior ventrolateral plate, impression of the lateral lamina of the specimen in Figure 5C (BT 207g); C, left anterior dorsolateral plate in lateral view (BT 207f; ADL, Fig. 5A2). Abbreviations: bra, brachial recess; cbr, possibly endoskeletal crest on the lateral wall of the brachial recess; grc, groove for the "Chang's organ"; itca1, itca2, anterior and posterior branches of the anterior internal transverse crest; oaMV, overlap areal of the median ventral plate; oaPL, overlap area for the posterolateral plate; oaPVL, overlap area for the posterior ventrolateral plate; ppc, prepectoral corner; rid, ridges on the anterior surface of the foremost branch of the anterior internal transverse crest;?sut, possible suture between the spinal and AVL plate, or sensoryline groove. Scale bar: 1 mm.

FIG. 17 in Brachiopods, crustaceans, vertebrates, and charophytes from the Devonian Ly Hoa, Nam Can and Dong Tho formations of Central Vietnam

FIG. 17. — Locality map: A, Muong Xen area, Nghe An Province (MX 1, brachiopod locality of Noong De Pass); B, Quy Dat and Cau Rong areas, Quang Binh Province (CR1, antiarch and charophyte-bearing locality of Cau Rong; CR2, brachiopod-bearing locality of Cau Rong; BN1, brachiopod locality of Ba Nuong).

FIG. 20. — Sycidium haikouense Z.Wang, 1976 in Brachiopods, crustaceans, vertebrates, and charophytes from the Devonian Ly Hoa, Nam Can and Dong Tho formations of Central Vietnam

FIG. 20. — Sycidium haikouense Z.Wang, 1976, lower part of the Dong Tho Formation,Givetian,Cau Rong,Minh Hoa District,Quang Binh Province, Vietnam, elastomer cast of an utricle (BT 208c); A, apical view; B, lateral view. Scale bars: 0.1 mm.

FIG. 13 in Brachiopods, crustaceans, vertebrates, and charophytes from the Devonian Ly Hoa, Nam Can and Dong Tho formations of Central Vietnam

FIG. 13. — Sarcopterygii gen. et sp. indet., Ly Hoa Formation,?Lower Devonian, Ly Hoa, Quang Binh Province, Vietnam, imprint of a cheek plate or an opercular with remnants of cosmine along the margins (BT 207n), photograph in immersion in water (A) and camera lucida drawing (B). Cosmine stippled. Abbreviation: s, small socket in the ventral margin. Scale bar: 10 mm.

FIG. 10 in Brachiopods, crustaceans, vertebrates, and charophytes from the Devonian Ly Hoa, Nam Can and Dong Tho formations of Central Vietnam

FIG. 10. —?Holonematidae gen. et sp. indet., Ly Hoa Formation,?Lower Devonian, Ly Hoa, Quang Binh Province, Vietnam, left suborbital plate in external (A) and internal (B) views (BT 207l): A1, B1, photographs in immersion in water; A2, B2, camera lucida drawings. Abbreviations: ar, anterior vertical ridge; cusoa, anterior cutaneous sensory pit; ioc, infraorbital section of the postorbital sensory-line groove; orbn?, presumed orbital notch; sorg, supraoral groove; th, crescentiform dermal bone thickening supporting the palatoquadrate. Scale bar: 10 mm.

FIG. 1 in Brachiopods, crustaceans, vertebrates, and charophytes from the Devonian Ly Hoa, Nam Can and Dong Tho formations of Central Vietnam

FIG. 1. — Locality map of the Ly Hoa area, Central Vietnam: A, location of the Ly Hoa area; B, geological map of the Ly Hoa area (from Janvier et al. 1997, modified); C, detailed map of the outcrops and quarries in the vicinity of the Ly Hoa pass. 1, "locality 1", near the Da Nhay natural monument; 2, "locality 2", bomb impact crater along the Ha Tinh-Quang Binh road; 3, outcrop along the roadcut of the Ly Hoa Pass; 4, active quarries, yielding notably Vukhuclepis? galeaspid, petalichthyid, and phyllocarid remains; 5, abandoned quarries, with ferruginous layers yielding antiarch and youngolepidid remains.

FIG. 14 in Brachiopods, crustaceans, vertebrates, and charophytes from the Devonian Ly Hoa, Nam Can and Dong Tho formations of Central Vietnam

FIG. 14. — Youngolepididae gen. et sp. indet., Ly Hoa Formation,?Lower Devonian, Ly Hoa, Quang Binh Province, Vietnam, toothbearing bone from the dermopalatine-ectopterygoid series or from the coronoid series (BT 207o), photograph (A) and camera lucida drawing (B). Abbreviations: dtc, denticles on the lateral margin; pld, plicidentine of polyplocodont type; pt, pit for tusk insertion; t, tusk. Scale bar: 5 mm.

FIG. 5. — A, B in Pliocene brachiopods from north-western Africa

FIG. 5. — A, B, Gryphus sp. (LP-MNHN B.38671), SEM micrographs; A, transverse section of the entire shell showing the acicular primary layer (top) underlain by the secondary layer of anvil-shaped fibres, passing into the prismatic tertiary layer; B, section of the shell showing two puncta filled with pyrites, fibres near the canals bent outward; C, D, Terebratula sp. (LP-MNHN B.38316), SEM micrographs; C, transverse section of the shell showing the boundary of the acicular primary and fibrous secondary layers; D, section of the secondary layer showing fibres in oblique and longitudinal section, visible (left) modification of fibres near a punctum. Scale bars: 20 µm.

FIG. 2 in Pliocene brachiopods from north-western Africa

FIG. 2. — Aphelesia bipartita (Brocchi, 1814); A-H, ventral, dorsal, lateral and anterior views of complete specimens, Draria, Algeria (LP-MNHN B.38645); I-L, ventral, dorsal, lateral and anterior views of complete specimen, Mustapha supérieur (Algiers), Algeria (LP- MNHN B.38648); M, interior view of dorsal valve, Bab El Oued, Algeria (LP-MNHN B.38658). Scale bars: 1 cm.

FIG. 31 in Silurian and Devonian brachiopods from Severnaya Zemlya (Russian Arctic)

FIG. 31. — Selected transverse serial sections, illustrating the development of internal structures in Greenfieldia orbiculata n. sp. (N 63/12991). Measurements: length 10.9 mm, width 9.1 mm, thickness 9.2 mm; loc. 2, bed 66, Samojlovich Formation. Numerical designations are the same as on Fig. 11. Scale bar: 2.7 mm.

FIG. 30 in Silurian and Devonian brachiopods from Severnaya Zemlya (Russian Arctic)

FIG. 30. — Selected transverse serial sections, illustrating the development of internal structures in Hyattidina remota n. sp. (N 60/12991). Measurements: length 6.8 mm, width 8.4 mm, thickness 5.0 mm; loc. 13, bed 48, Golomyannyj Formation. Numerical designations are the same as on Fig. 11. Scale bar: 5 mm.

FIG. 29 in Silurian and Devonian brachiopods from Severnaya Zemlya (Russian Arctic)

FIG. 29. — Selected transverse serial sections, illustrating in the development of internal structures in Grebenella laciniatus n. sp. (N 82/12991). Measurements: length 6.8 mm, width?, thickness?; loc. 20399, Rusanov or Al'banov formations. Numerical designations are the same as on Fig. 11. Scale bar: 1.6 mm.

FIG. 28. — Grebenella laciniatus n in Silurian and Devonian brachiopods from Severnaya Zemlya (Russian Arctic)

FIG. 28. — Grebenella laciniatus n. sp.; A, ventral view; B, dorsal view; C, lateral view; D, posterior view of a complete shell (N 79/12991), loc. 21581, Severnaya Zemlya or Pod''mnaya formations; E, ventral view; F, dorsal view; G, lateral view; H, anterior view of a complete shell (holotype N 78/12991); I, ventral interior with dental lamellae and muscle field (N 80/12991), Severnaya Zemlya or Pod''emnaya formations; J, enlarged external surface of a ventral valve, showing concentric growth lines with the impressions of the spines (N 81/12991), loc. 20399, Rusanov or Al'banov formations. Scale bars: A-D, 5 mm; E-H, 3 mm; I, J, 2 mm.

FIG. 4. — A-L in Pliocene brachiopods from north-western Africa

FIG. 4. — A-L, Terebratula sp., ventral, dorsal, lateral and anterior views of complete specimens, Had Mramer, Morocco (LP-MNHN B.38316); M-O, Gryphus sp.; M, N, dorsal and lateral views of complete specimen, Mustapha inférieur (Algiers), Algeria (LP-MNHN B.38671); O, dorsal view of complete specimen, Aïn Benian, Algeria (LP-MNHN B.38666). Scale bars: A-L, 1 cm; M-O, 5 mm.

FIG. 7 in Pliocene brachiopods from north-western Africa

FIG. 7. — Megerlia eusticta (Philippi, 1836); A-H, Oued Zat, Morocco (LP-MNHN B.38317), ventral, dorsal, lateral and anterior views of complete specimens, (H) anterior view slightly oblique; I, J, between Mustapha Aïssat and Bir Mourad Raïs, Algeria (LP-MNHN B.38669), SEM micrograph of ventral view of complete specimen (I) and enlarged fragment (J) to show details of ornamentation. Scale bars: A-H, 1 cm; I, J, 2 mm.

FIG. 24. — A in Silurian and Devonian brachiopods from Severnaya Zemlya (Russian Arctic)

FIG. 24. — A, Eohowellella sp., ventral view of a pedicle valve (N 64/12991), loc. 2, bed 79, Samojlovich Formation; B- F, Reticulariopsis talenti Lenz & Johnson, 1985; B, ventral view; C, dorsal view; D, lateral view; E, posterior view of a complete shell (N 65/12991); F, posterior view of a complete shell (N 66/12991), showing delthyrium, loc. 21581, Severnaya Zemlya or Pod''emnaya formations. Scale bar: A, 5 mm; B-E, 2 mm; F, 2.5 mm.

FIG. 27 in Silurian and Devonian brachiopods from Severnaya Zemlya (Russian Arctic)

FIG. 27. — Selected transverse serial sections, illustrating the development of internal structures in Undispirifer? obsoletiplicatus n. sp.; A, ventral valve (N 76/12991), length 17.3 mm, width 12.0? mm; B, dorsal valve (N 77/12991), length 14.7 mm, width 19.9 mm; loc. 21581, Severnaya Zemlya or Pod''emnaya formations. Numerical designations are the same as on Fig. 11. Scale bar: 2.3 mm.

FIG. 22. — A-D, Hyattidina remota n in Silurian and Devonian brachiopods from Severnaya Zemlya (Russian Arctic)

FIG. 22. — A-D, Hyattidina remota n. sp.; A, ventral view; B, dorsal view; C, anterior view of a complete shell (holotype N 58/12991); D, lateral view of a complete shell (N 59/12991), loc. 13, bed 48, Golomyannyj Formation; E-H, Greenfieldia orbiculata n. sp.; E, ventral view; F, dorsal view; G, lateral view; H, anterior view of a complete shell (holotype N 62/12991), loc. 2, bed 66, Samojlovich Formation; I, Meristina? norilica (Nikiforova in Nikiforova & Andreeva, 1961), ventral view of a complete shell (N 61/12991), loc. 13, bed 27, Srednij Formation; J-M, Dubaria tenera Nikiforova & T. Modzalevskaya, 1968; J, ventral view; K, dorsal view; L, lateral view; M, anterior view of a complete shell (N 57/12991), loc. 13, bed 89, Vodopad Formation. Scale bars: A-C, E-H, 5 mm; D, J-M, 3 mm; I, 6 mm.