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980 results for “Coping”
How adaptive capacity shapes the Adapt, React, Cope Response to climate impacts: insights from small-scale fisheries
<p>As the impacts of climate change on human society accelerate, coastal communities are vulnerable to changing environmental conditions. The capacity of communities and households to respond to these changes (i.e., their adaptive capacity) will determine the impacts of climate and co-occurring stressors. To date, empirical evidence linking theoretical measures of adaptive capacity to community and household responses remains limited. Here we conduct a global meta-analysis examining how metrics of adaptive capacity translate to human responses to change (Adapt, React, Cope Response) in 22 small-scale fishing case studies from 20 countries (n=191 responses). Using both thematic and Qualitative Comparative Analysis, we evaluate how responses to climate, environmental, and social change were influenced by domains of adaptive capacity. Our findings show that adaptive responses at the community level only occurred in situations where the community had Access to Assets, in combination with other domains including Diversity and Flexibility, Learning and Knowledge, and Natural Capital. In contrast, Access to Assets was nonessential for adaptive responses at the household level. Adaptive households demonstrated Diversity and Flexibility when supported by strong Governance or Institutions and were able often able to substitute Learning and Knowledge and Natural Capital with one another. Standardized metrics of adaptive capacity are essential to designing effective policies promoting resilience in natural resource-dependent communities and understanding how social and ecological aspects of communities interact to influence responses. Our framework describes how small-scale fishing communities and households respond to environmental changes and can inform policies that support vulnerable populations.</p>
Data from: Ornament complexity is correlated with sexual selection: (a comment on Raia et al., "Cope's rule and the universal scaling law of ornament complexity")
Raia et al. propose that the evolution of the shape and complexity of animal ornaments (e.g., deer antlers) can be explained by interspecific variation in body size and is not influenced by sexual selection. They claim to show that ornament complexity is related to body size by an 0.25-power law and argue that this finding precludes a role for sexual selection in the evolution of ornament complexity. However, their study does not test alternative hypotheses and mismeasures antler shape allometry by omitting much of the published data. We show that an index of sexual selection (sexual size dimorphism) is positively correlated with size-corrected antler complexity and that the allometric slope of complexity is substantially greater than 0.25, contra Raia et al. We conclude that sexual selection and physical constraints both affect the evolution of antler shape.
Data from: Do larger individuals cope with resource fluctuations better? An artificial selection approach
Size determines the rate at which organisms acquire and use resources but it is unclear what size should be favoured under unpredictable resource regimes. Some theories claim smaller organisms can grow faster following a resource pulse, whereas others argue larger species can accumulate more resources and maintain growth for longer periods between resource pulses. Testing these theories has relied on interspecific comparisons, which tend to confound body size with other life-history traits. As a more direct approach, we used 280 generations of artificial selection to evolve a 10-fold difference in mean body size between small- and large-selected phytoplankton lineages of the green microalga Dunaliella tertiolecta, while controlling for biotic and abiotic variables. We then quantified how body size affected the ability of this species to grow at nutrient-replete conditions and following periods of nitrogen or phosphorous deprivation. Overall, smaller cells showed slower growth, lower storage capacity and poorer recovery from phosphorous depletion, as predicted by the "fasting endurance hypothesis". However, recovery from nitrogen limitation was independent of size – a finding unanticipated by current theories. Phytoplankton species are responsible for much of the global carbon fixation and projected trends of cell size decline could reduce primary productivity by lowering the ability of a cell to store resources.
Data from: Characterization of stress coping style in Senegalese sole (Solea senegalensis) juveniles and breeders for aquaculture
The aim of this work was to characterize stress coping styles of Senegalese sole (Solea senegalensis) juveniles and breeders and to select an operational behavioural screening test (OBST) that can be used by the aquaculture industry to classify and select between behavioural phenotypes in order to improve production indicators. A total of 61 juveniles and 59 breeders were subjected to five individual behavioural tests and two grouping tests. At the end of the individual tests, all animals were blood sampled in order to measure cortisol, glucose and lactate. Three tests (restraining, new environment and confinement) characterized the stress coping style behaviour of Senegalese sole juveniles and breeders and demonstrated inter-individual consistency. Further, the tests when incorporated into a principal components analysis (PCA) (i) identified two principal axes of personality traits: 'fearfulness-reactivity' and 'activity-exploration', (ii) were representative of the physiological axis of stress coping style, and (iii) were validated by established group tests. This study proposed for the first time three individual coping style tests that reliably represented proactive and reactive personalities of Senegalese sole juveniles and breeders. In addition, the three proposed tests met some basic operational criteria (rapid testing, no special equipment and easy to apply and interpret) that could prove attractive for fish farmers to identify fish with a specific behaviour that gives advantages in the culture system and that could be used to establish selection-based breeding programmes to improve domestication and production.
Data from: Effect of cadmium accumulation on the performance of plants and of herbivores that cope differently with organic defenses
Some plants are able to accumulate in their shoots metals at levels that are toxic to most other organisms. This ability may serve as a defence against herbivores. Therefore, both metal-based and organic defences may affect herbivores. However, how metal accumulation affects the interaction between herbivores and organic plant defences remains overlooked. To fill this gap, we studied the interactions between tomato (Solanum lycopersicum), a model plant that accumulates cadmium, and two spidermite species, Tetranychus urticae and Tetranychus evansi that, respectively, induce and suppress organic plant defences, measurable via the activity of trypsin inhibitors. We exposed plants to different concentrations of cadmium and measured its effects on mites and plants. In the plant, despite clear evidence for cadmium accumulation, we did not detect any cadmium effects on traits that reflect the general response of the plant, such as biomass, water content, and carbon/nitrogen ratio. Still, we found effects of cadmium upon the quantity of soluble sugars and on leaf reflectance, where it may indicate structural modifications in the cells. These changes in plant traits affected the performance of spider mites feeding on those plants. Indeed, the oviposition of both spider mite species was higher on plants exposed to low concentrations of cadmium than on control plants, but decreased at concentrations above 0.5 mM. Therefore, herbivores with contrasting responses to organic defences showed a similar hormetic response to metal accumulation by the plants. Additionally, we show that the induction and suppression of plant defences by these spider-mite species was not affected by the amount of cadmium supplied to the plants. Furthermore, the effect of cadmium on the performance of spider mites was not altered by infestation with T. urticae or T. evansi. Together, our results suggest no interaction between cadmium-based and organic plant defences, on our system. This character may be useful for plants living in heterogeneous environments, as they may use one or the other defence mechanism, depending on their relative performance in each environment.
Data from: Divergence in strategies for coping with winter embolism among co-occurring temperate tree species: the role of positive xylem pressure, wood type and tree stature
1. In temperate ecosystems, freeze-thaw events are an important environmental stress that can induce severe xylem embolism (i.e. clogging of conduits by air bubbles) in overwintering organs of trees. However, no comparative studies of different adaptive strategies among sympatric tree species for coping with winter embolism have examined the potential role of the presence or absence of embolism refilling by positive xylem pressure. 2. We evaluated the degree of winter embolism and hydraulic architecture traits in 22 deciduous angiosperm tree species typical of temperate forest sites in NE China. Co-occurring trees growing in a local botanical garden were used to minimize variation caused by differences in proximal environmental conditions and to ensure that interspecific variation reflected genetic differences between species. 3. Four functional groups with potentially different strategies for coping with winter embolism were compared: positive xylem pressure generating species (PXP) that are all diffuse-porous, except a semi-ring-porous species, large (LDP) and small (SDP) statured diffuse-porous tree species that are unable to generate positive xylem pressure, and ring-porous species (RP). 4. The PXP group exhibited nearly full recovery from winter embolism in contrast to the other three groups, which showed persistent and relatively high degrees of hydraulic dysfunction during the subsequent growing season. The absence of a functional trade-off between hydraulic efficiency and safety against freeze-thaw induced embolism in the PXP group and the presence of a trade-off in the other three groups, suggests that the ability to generate root or stem pressure for embolism refilling may partially free some temperate tree species from adaptive constraints imposed by winter embolism formation. 5. Efficient winter embolism reversal by positive pressure in PXP species did not distinguish them from their non-xylem pressure-generating LDP counterparts in terms of various measures of xylem hydraulic efficiency during the growing season. Divergence in the ability to refill winter embolism through generation of positive xylem pressure implies a series of functional trade-offs that may partially explain the co-existence of these two types of temperate tree species.
Data from: Can newts cope with the heat? Disparate thermoregulatory strategies of two sympatric species in water
Many ectotherms effectively reduce their exposure to low or high environmental temperatures using behavioral thermoregulation. In terrestrial ectotherms, thermoregulatory strategies range from accurate thermoregulation to thermoconformity according to the costs and limits of thermoregulation, while in aquatic taxa the quantification of behavioral thermoregulation have received limited attention. We examined thermoregulation in two sympatric newt species, Ichthyosaura alpestris and Lissotriton vulgaris, exposed to elevated water temperatures under semi-natural conditions. According to a recent theory, we predicted that species for which elevated water temperatures pose a lower thermal quality habitat, would thermoregulate more effectively than species in thermally benign conditions. In the laboratory thermal gradient, L. vulgaris maintained higher body temperatures than I. alpestris. Semi-natural thermal conditions provided better thermal quality of habitat for L. vulgaris than for I. alpestris. Thermoregulatory indices indicated that I. alpestris actively thermoregulated its body temperature, whereas L. vulgaris remained passive to the thermal heterogeneity of aquatic environment. In the face of elevated water temperatures, sympatric newt species employed disparate thermoregulatory strategies according to the species-specific quality of the thermal habitat. Both strategies reduced newt exposure to suboptimal water temperatures with the same accuracy but with or without the costs of thermoregulation. The quantification of behavioral thermoregulation proves to be an important conceptual and methodological tool for thermal ecology studies not only in terrestrial but also in aquatic ectotherms.
FIGURE 13 in A review of East and Central African species of Letheobia Cope, revived from the synonymy of Rhinotyphlops Fitzinger, with descriptions of five new species (Serpentes: Typhlopidae)
FIGURE 13. Distribution of the Letheobia somalica complex in Ethiopia and Eritrea.
FIGURE 10 in A review of East and Central African species of Letheobia Cope, revived from the synonymy of Rhinotyphlops Fitzinger, with descriptions of five new species (Serpentes: Typhlopidae)
FIGURE 10. Distribution of the East African species of Letheobia.
FIGURE 6 in Redescription of Allobates brunneus (Cope) 1887 (Anura: Aromobatidae: Allobatinae), with a description of the tadpole, call, and reproductive behavior
FIGURE 6. View of oral disc of a stage 39 tadpole of Allobates brunneus from lot INPA-H 10043.
FIGURE 3 in Redescription of Allobates brunneus (Cope) 1887 (Anura: Aromobatidae: Allobatinae), with a description of the tadpole, call, and reproductive behavior
FIGURE 3. Ventral view of hand (A) and foot (B) of Allobates brunneus male INPA-H 10139.
FIGURE 4 in Redescription Of Leptophis cupreus (Cope) (Serpentes, Colubridae), A Rare South American Colubrine Snake
FIGURE 4: Leptophis cupreus. Left hemipenis of ICN 390: (A) sulcate and (B) asulcate sides.
FIGURE 1 in The tadpole of Hypsiboas latistriatus (Caramaschi & Cruz, 2004), a species of the Hypsiboas polytaenius (Cope, 1870) clade (Amphibia, Anura, Hylidae)
FIGURE 1. Brejo da Lapa. (Mariane Targino Rocha).
FIGURE 6 in A lost species or the loss of stripes? The case of Contomastix lizards from Cabo Polonio, Uruguay, with observations on C. lacertoides (Duméril & Bibron) and Cnemidophorus grandensis Cope (Squamata, Teiidae)
FIGURE 6. Holotype of Cnemidophorus grandensis ANSP 9593 (Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil).
THE IMPORTANCE OF POSITIVE AND NEGATIVE RELIGIOUS COPING STYLES IN MENTAL HEALTH AMONG BULLIED AND NON-BULLIED STUDENTS IN INDONESIA
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Figure 9 from: Niemiller ML, Cannizzaro AG, Sawicki TR, Culver DC (2024) A new species of Stygobromus Cope, 1872 (Amphipoda, Crangonyctidae) from a hypotelminorheic seepage spring in Washington, D.C., USA. Subterranean Biology 48: 117-146. https://doi.org/10.3897/subtbiol.48.112984
Figure 9 Distribution of Stygobromus anacostensis sp. nov. and other S. tenuis group species in the Washington D.C. area, USA
Figure 8 from: Niemiller ML, Cannizzaro AG, Sawicki TR, Culver DC (2024) A new species of Stygobromus Cope, 1872 (Amphipoda, Crangonyctidae) from a hypotelminorheic seepage spring in Washington, D.C., USA. Subterranean Biology 48: 117-146. https://doi.org/10.3897/subtbiol.48.112984
Figure 8 Stygobromus anacostensis sp. nov., Allotype female, 5.3 mm (USNM 1606903): A coxa and basis of pereopod 7 showing placement of bifurcate sternal gill B uropod 1 C uropod 2 D uropod 3 E telson. Scale bars: 0.5 mm (A–C); 0.25 mm (D, E).
Figure 6 from: Niemiller ML, Cannizzaro AG, Sawicki TR, Culver DC (2024) A new species of Stygobromus Cope, 1872 (Amphipoda, Crangonyctidae) from a hypotelminorheic seepage spring in Washington, D.C., USA. Subterranean Biology 48: 117-146. https://doi.org/10.3897/subtbiol.48.112984
Figure 6 Stygobromus anacostensis sp. nov., Holotype male, 5.9 mm (USNM 1606902): A epimera 1–3 B pleopod 1 (coupling spines and clothes pin seta enlarged) C uropod 1 (posteromedial protuberance enlarged) D uropod 2 E uropod 3 F telson. Scale bars: 0.25 mm.
Figure 4 from: Niemiller ML, Cannizzaro AG, Sawicki TR, Culver DC (2024) A new species of Stygobromus Cope, 1872 (Amphipoda, Crangonyctidae) from a hypotelminorheic seepage spring in Washington, D.C., USA. Subterranean Biology 48: 117-146. https://doi.org/10.3897/subtbiol.48.112984
Figure 4 Stygobromus anacostensis sp. nov., Holotype male, 5.9 mm (USNM 1606902): A gnathopod 1 (palm and dactyl enlarged) B gnathopod 2 (rastellate seta, palm and dactyl enlarged). Scale bar: 0.5 mm.
Figure 7 from: Niemiller ML, Cannizzaro AG, Sawicki TR, Culver DC (2024) A new species of Stygobromus Cope, 1872 (Amphipoda, Crangonyctidae) from a hypotelminorheic seepage spring in Washington, D.C., USA. Subterranean Biology 48: 117-146. https://doi.org/10.3897/subtbiol.48.112984
Figure 7 Stygobromus anacostensis sp. nov., Allotype female, 5.3 mm (USNM 1606903): A antenna 2 B gnathopod 1 (palm and dactyl enlarged) C gnathopod 2 (rastellate seta, palm and dactyl enlarged). Scale bars: 0.25 mm (A); 0.5 mm (B, C).
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