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Figs. 1–7. Ocladius dianthi, larva. 1 in Morphologic Characters Of The Immature Stages Of Ocladius Dianthi Marshall (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Ocladiinae), With Phylogenetic Implications

Figs. 1–7. Ocladius dianthi, larva. 1) habitus, lateral; 2) head, dorsal; 3) head, ventral; 4) antenna; 5) clypeus and labrum; 6) epipharynx; 7) mandible. Scales, 1 = 1 mm; 2, 3 = 0.5 mm; 4–7 = 0.1 mm.

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Figs. 8–11. Ocladius dianthi, larva. 8 in Morphologic Characters Of The Immature Stages Of Ocladius Dianthi Marshall (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Ocladiinae), With Phylogenetic Implications

Figs. 8–11. Ocladius dianthi, larva. 8) maxilla and labium, ventral; 9) maxilla, dorsal; 10) spiracles (a, thorax; b, AIV; c, AVIII); 11) pedal area. Scales = 0.1 mm.

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Figs. 12–16. Ocladius dianthi, larva. 12 in Morphologic Characters Of The Immature Stages Of Ocladius Dianthi Marshall (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Ocladiinae), With Phylogenetic Implications

Figs. 12–16. Ocladius dianthi, larva. 12) TIIII, AI, one side, dorsolateral; 13) detail of cuticle; 14) AIV, one side, dorsolateral and ventral; 15) AVII,VIII, one side, dorsolateral; 16) AIX,X, caudal. Scales, 12, 14–16 = 0.5 mm; 13 = 0.1 mm.

Figure 7 in Characterization of the orchid bee Euglossa viridissima (Apidae: Euglossini) and a novel cryptic sibling species, by morphological, chemical, and genetic characters

Figure 7. Geographical distribution of tridentate Euglossa dilemma sp. nov. (black) and predominantly bidentate Euglossa viridissima (white) as inferred from recent baiting assays (circles) as well as museum material (diamonds). Note lack of E. viridissima in the south-eastern part (Costa Rica) of the range. Museum material included paratypes of E. dilemma and additional specimens of one or both species in the collections of D. W. Roubik, T. Eltz (CTE), G. Gerlach (CGG), the Zoologische Staatssammlung München (ZSM), the Smithsonian Institution (SI), and the Snow Entomological Collection (SEC). Only unambiguous and non-redundant localities were plotted. Localities of baiting assays are (from west to east): Chamela (Jalisco, Mexico), El Chote (Veracruz, Mexico), Ayozinthepec (Oaxaca, Mexico), Monte Pio and Poza Azul (both Veracruz, Mexico), Tuxtla Gutiérrez, Esquintla, Tapachula, Ocosingo and Palenque (all Chiapas, Mexico), Atasta (Campeche, Mexico), Retalhuleu (Guatemala), Lacanjá (Chiapas, Mexico), Escarcega (Campeche, Mexico), El Remate (Campeche, Mexico), Chablekal, Xmatkuil (Yucatán, Mexico), Tikal (Guatemala), San Crisanto (Yucatán, Mexico), Chetumal and Coba (both Quintana Roo, Mexico), Chinandega, Chacocente, Escameca Grande, Jinotega, Ometepe and Las Pampas (all Nicaragua), and Area de Conservación Guanacaste (Costa Rica).

Figure 6 in Characterization of the orchid bee Euglossa viridissima (Apidae: Euglossini) and a novel cryptic sibling species, by morphological, chemical, and genetic characters

Figure 6. Chronogram showing divergence times and phylogenetic relationships of selected lineages in the genus Euglossa and the sibling species Euglossa dilemma sp. nov. and E. viridissima. The tree topology corresponds to that obtained via Bayesian methods. Bayesian posterior probabilities and parsimony bootstrap values are shown for the sister species only. Divergence times were obtained via penalized likelihood using the fossil-calibrated molecular clock procedures described in Ramírez et al. (2010b). The maximum and minimum age estimates for the MRCA of E. dilemma and E. viridissima correspond to the molecular clock analyses in which the MRCA of the genus Euglossa was assigned a fossil calibration of 20 and 15 Myr, respectively.

Figure 2 in Characterization of the orchid bee Euglossa viridissima (Apidae: Euglossini) and a novel cryptic sibling species, by morphological, chemical, and genetic characters

Figure 2. Allele size distribution of Euglossa viridissima- like males from the Yucatán peninsula, Mexico, at the microsatellite locus ann02. Overall, bidentate males (grey bars) had significantly smaller allele sizes than tridentate individuals (black bars), and there was little overlap in allele size. The seven individuals indicated as red circles were also tridentate, but had been clustered with bidentate males in the analysis of perfume similarity (see Fig. 1), lacking HNDB. These seven individuals had the third (central) mandibular tooth significantly displaced towards the tip of the mandible (nearer to the distal tooth, see Fig. 3B), unlike in other tridentate males. Their ann02 allele size suggests that they in fact belong to the bidentate lineage. See text for further explanation.

Figure 4 in Characterization of the orchid bee Euglossa viridissima (Apidae: Euglossini) and a novel cryptic sibling species, by morphological, chemical, and genetic characters

Figure 4. Results of a PCA of 15 morphological variables measured in male Euglossa viridissima and Euglossa dilemma sp. nov. Components 1 and 3, which showed significant differences between the species, are used for this two-dimensional representation. Note that E. dilemma shows slightly less variability and is essentially nested within E. viridissima morphospace. Centroids of distributions are shown.

Figure 3. A in Characterization of the orchid bee Euglossa viridissima (Apidae: Euglossini) and a novel cryptic sibling species, by morphological, chemical, and genetic characters

Figure 3. A, Euglossa viridissima-like males attracted to a bait dish at Xmatkuil, Yucatán, Mexico. B, mandibular morphology of males of tridentate Euglossa dilemma sp. nov., and tridentate and bidentate males of E. viridissima. The position of the central mandibular tooth in tridentate individuals is expressed as the ratio of the distance between the distal and the central tooth to the distance between the central and the basal tooth. Means and standard deviations are given.

Figure 1 in Characterization of the orchid bee Euglossa viridissima (Apidae: Euglossini) and a novel cryptic sibling species, by morphological, chemical, and genetic characters

Figure 1. Differences in the chemical composition of tibial perfumes between tridentate (black circles) and bidentate (grey circles) Euglossa viridissima-like males as revealed by a multidimensional scaling (MDS) analysis. Only tridentate males contained HNDB. Tridentate males without HNDB are highlighted (red symbols).

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FIGURE 2. Interpretative images illustrating morphological terms and measured characters. A in Four new species and a ribosomal phylogeny of Rhabdopleura (Hemichordata: Graptolithina) from New Zealand, with a review and key to all described extant taxa

FIGURE 2. Interpretative images illustrating morphological terms and measured characters. A, part of creeping tube (ct) of an unidentified Rhabdopleura (NIWA 158518) from Kermadec Ridge, with flat lateral margin (flm), faint oblique fusellar sutures and two ringed erect tubes (et) produced directly from the frontal surface of a creeping tube. B, distal end of an erect tube of Rhabdopleura francesca n. sp. (NIWA 158157), showing a vertical series of ring-like fuselli (f), the rim of each comprising a curled fusellar collar (fc). Tube diameter (td) is measured between fusellar collars; fusellus height (fh) is the distance between the bases of a pair of fusellar collars. C, transmitted-light image of part of a principal ('creeping') tube of R. emancipata n. sp. (NIWA 161211) showing a young zooid with contracted arm tentacles (at), stomach (st), rectum (r) and cephalic shield (cs), part of which is concealed by the reddish-brown stolon (black stolon or pectocaulus). D, aperture of an erect tube of R. francesca n. sp.; note the smooth-surfaced interior devoid of vertical fusellar fibrils. E, part of a creeping tube of an unidentified Rhabdopleura (NIWA 90267) from Cavalli Seamount with frontal fusellar sutures (fs, two arrowed). The white lines show the zigzag (zz) portion of the sutures (note the proximalwards shift to the left), with zigzags rendered as straight lines between points of intersection, regardless of suture curvature, to obtain measured angles (one example shown). F, close-up of part of R. francesca n. sp. (NIWA 158157) showing chains of dark 'dormant buds' (db) lying upon short stretches of the black stolon (bs); walls of enveloping creeping tubes almost invisible in image.

FIGURE 14 in Capreolucanus yanxui Qi & Zhou, new species, the third species of the genus from Yunnan (China) based on morphological and molecular characters (Coleoptera: Lucanidae: Lucaninae)

FIGURE 14. Natural habitats of Capreolucanus species. A, Daweishan National Nature Reserve, Pingbian County, Yunnan, the natural habitat of C. yanxui Qi & Zhou, new species; B, the mountains of Longchuan County, Yunnan, the natural habitat of C. sicardi Didier, 1928.

FIGURE 11 in Capreolucanus yanxui Qi & Zhou, new species, the third species of the genus from Yunnan (China) based on morphological and molecular characters (Coleoptera: Lucanidae: Lucaninae)

FIGURE 11. Habitus of Capreolucanus species in dorsal view. A–C, C. yanxui Qi & Zhou, new species (paratypes); A, male, 17.4 mm, Pingbian, Yunnan; B, male, 16.1 mm, Pingbian, Yunnan; C, female, 17.6 mm, Pingbian, Yunnan; D–H, C. sicardi Didier, 1928; D, male, 20.1 mm, Longchuan, Yunnan; E, male, 14.6 mm, Yingjiang, Yunnan; F, female, 16.6 mm, Yingjiang, Yunnan; G, female, 17.7 mm, Yingjiang, Yunnan; H, female, 17.8 mm, Lushui, Yunnan. Scale bar = 10.0 mm.

FIGURE 10 in Capreolucanus yanxui Qi & Zhou, new species, the third species of the genus from Yunnan (China) based on morphological and molecular characters (Coleoptera: Lucanidae: Lucaninae)

FIGURE 10. The different life stages of Capreolucanus yanxui Qi & Zhou, new species. A, the egg (photo by Xu Yan); B, the second instar larva (photo by Xu Yan); C, the third instar larva (photo by Xu Yan); D, the pupa (photo by Yun-Chuan Xu); E, the male large-sized adult after eclosion (photo by Xu Yan); F, the unexpectedly death male large-sized adult after eclosion (photo by Yun-Chuan Xu).

FIGURE 6 in Capreolucanus yanxui Qi & Zhou, new species, the third species of the genus from Yunnan (China) based on morphological and molecular characters (Coleoptera: Lucanidae: Lucaninae)

FIGURE 6. Aedeagus details of Capreolucanus species. A–I, S, C. yanxui Qi & Zhou, new species. A–C, S, holotype; D–I, paratypes; J–R, T, C. sicardi Didier, 1928; A–R, aedeagus (flagellum not included); S–T, apex of flagellum. B, E, H, K, N, Q, dorsal view; C, F, I, L, O, R, lateral view; A, D, G, J, M, P, ventral view. Scale bar for A–R = 1.0 mm, for S–T = 0.2 mm.

FIGURE 8 in Capreolucanus yanxui Qi & Zhou, new species, the third species of the genus from Yunnan (China) based on morphological and molecular characters (Coleoptera: Lucanidae: Lucaninae)

FIGURE 8. Female canthus (A–F), clypeolabrum (G–L), and mentum (M–R) of Capreolucanus species. A–B, G–H, M–N, C. yanxui Qi & Zhou, new species (paratypes); C–F, I–L, O–R, C. sicardi Didier, 1928. A–L, dorsal view; M–R, ventral view. Scale bar = 0.2 mm.

FIGURE 5 in Capreolucanus yanxui Qi & Zhou, new species, the third species of the genus from Yunnan (China) based on morphological and molecular characters (Coleoptera: Lucanidae: Lucaninae)

FIGURE 5. Aedeagus of Capreolucanus species in ventral view. A–C, C. yanxui Qi & Zhou, new species. A, holotype; B–C, paratypes; D–F, C. sicardi Didier, 1928. Scale bar = 1.0 mm.

FIGURE 13 in Capreolucanus yanxui Qi & Zhou, new species, the third species of the genus from Yunnan (China) based on morphological and molecular characters (Coleoptera: Lucanidae: Lucaninae)

FIGURE 13. Phylogenetic analysis and mitochondrial genome traits of Capreolucanus yanxui Qi & Zhou, new species. A, Summary of pairwise distances based on COX1 fragment between stag beetles C. yanxui Qi & Zhou, new species (Cya samples) and C. sicardi (Csi samples). Outgroup: Prismognathus davidis (Pda). Phylogenetic trees were constructed using ML and BI. Topology came from BI analysis, with numbers on each branch indicating Bayesian posterior probabilities (BBP)/ML bootstrap values. B, Mitochondrial genome traits of C. yanxui Qi & Zhou, new species.

FIGURE 3 in Capreolucanus yanxui Qi & Zhou, new species, the third species of the genus from Yunnan (China) based on morphological and molecular characters (Coleoptera: Lucanidae: Lucaninae)

FIGURE 3. Male canthus (A–F), clypeolabrum (G–L) and mentum (M–R) of Capreolucanus species. A–C, G–I, M–O, C. yanxui Qi & Zhou, new species; A, G, M, holotype; B–C, H–I, N–O, paratypes; D–F, J–L, P–R, C. sicardi Didier, 1928. A–L, dorsal view; M–R, ventral view. Scale bar = 0.2 mm.

FIGURE 7 in Capreolucanus yanxui Qi & Zhou, new species, the third species of the genus from Yunnan (China) based on morphological and molecular characters (Coleoptera: Lucanidae: Lucaninae)

FIGURE 7. Female habitus of Capreolucanus species. A–C, C. yanxui Qi & Zhou, new species (paratype, 19.4 mm, Pingbian, Yunnan, China); D–F, C. sicardi Didier, 1928 (19.0 mm, Yingjiang, Yunnan, China); G–I, C. zhuchuangi Wang, 2020 (16.8 mm, Bo Kluea, Nan, Thailand, photo by Wuttipon Pathomwattananurak). A, D, G, dorsal view; B, E, H, lateral view; C, F, I, ventral view. Scale bar = 10.0 mm.

FIGURE 2 in Capreolucanus yanxui Qi & Zhou, new species, the third species of the genus from Yunnan (China) based on morphological and molecular characters (Coleoptera: Lucanidae: Lucaninae)

FIGURE 2. Male head details of Capreolucanus species in dorsolateral view. A–B, C. yanxui Qi & Zhou, new species; A, holotype; B, paratype; C–D, C. sicardi Didier, 1928; A, C, large sized; B, D, small sized.