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1,047 results for “Salamanders”
Growth model used in Guzy et al. Increased growth rates of stream salamanders following forest harvesting
<p>Timber harvesting can influence headwater streams by altering stream productivity, with cascading effects on the food web and predators within, including stream salamanders. Although studies have examined shifts in occupancy or abundance following timber harvest, few examine sublethal effects such as changes in growth and demography. To examine the effect of upland harvesting on growth of the stream-associated Ouachita dusky salamander (<em>Desmognathus brimleyorum</em>), we used capture-mark-recapture over three years at three headwater streams embedded in intensely managed pine forests in west-central Arkansas. The pine stands surrounding two of the streams were harvested, with retention of a 14 and 21 m-wide forested stream buffer on each side of the stream, whereas the third stream was an unharvested control. At the two treatment sites, measurements of newly-metamorphosed salamanders were on average 4.0 and 5.7 mm larger post-harvest compared to pre-harvest. We next assessed the influence of timber harvest on growth of post-metamorphic salamanders with a hierarchical von Bertalanffy growth model that included an effect of harvest on growth rate. Using measurements from 839 individual <em>D. brimleyorum</em> recaptured between 1 and 6 times (total captures n=1,229) we found growth rates to be 1.4 times higher post-harvest. Our study is among the first to examine responses of individual stream salamanders to timber harvesting and we discuss mechanisms that may be responsible for observed shifts in growth. Our results suggest timber harvest that includes retention of a riparian buffer (i.e., Streamside Management Zone) may have short term positive effects on juvenile stream salamander growth, potentially offsetting negative sublethal effects associated with harvest.</p>
FIGURE 2 in A new moss salamander, genus Nototriton (Caudata: Plethodontidae), from the Cordillera de Talamanca, in the Costa Rica-Panama border region
FIGURE 2. Bayesian phylogenetic inference of the relationships of Nototriton costaricense sp. nov. within the N. picadoi species group based on the 16S, cyt b, and COI mitochondrial DNA genes. Bayesian posterior probabilities (multiplied by 100) are shown above the branch; maximum likelihood bootstrap values from the RAxML analysis are shown below the branches. Asterisks represent support of 100. The scale bar refers to the estimated substitutions per site.
FIGURE 1 in A new moss salamander, genus Nototriton (Caudata: Plethodontidae), from the Cordillera de Talamanca, in the Costa Rica-Panama border region
FIGURE 1. Map showing the type locality for Nototriton costaricense sp. nov. (red star) in the Cordillera de Talamanca. The localities for the other known members of the N. picadoi species group are shown for comparison. The green area indicates the suitable area for Nototriton.
FIGURE 4 in A new moss salamander, genus Nototriton (Caudata: Plethodontidae), from the Cordillera de Talamanca, in the Costa Rica-Panama border region
FIGURE 4. Images demonstrating the dorsal, lateral, and ventral aspects of the holotype of Nototriton costaricense sp. nov. Photographs taken by BK.
Traversing the Great Lakes: Post-glacial colonization by a widespread terrestrial salamander
<p><strong>Aims:</strong> Glacial retreat at the end of the Pleistocene epoch opened vast expanses of emergent habitat in the northern hemisphere that were colonized by opportunistic taxa. However, species that undergo post-glacial expansion may have originated from one or several glacial refugia. We inferred the post-glacial expansion history of the Eastern Red-backed Salamander (<em>Plethodon cinereus</em>), a fully terrestrial species with a vast distribution despite severe dispersal limitations. Previous studies indicated populations south of the glacial boundary at the eastern and western limits of the distribution were closely related, suggesting either multiple refugia or an extraordinary post-glacial expansion event.</p> <p><strong>Location:</strong> Eastern North America.</p> <p><strong>Taxon:</strong> <em>Plethodon cinereus</em> (Green, 1818), Caudata: Plethodontidae.</p> <p><strong>Methods: </strong>We collected ddRAD-seq data from 106 individuals throughout the distribution of <em>P. cinereus</em>. We estimated phylogeographic structure, including finer-scale structure among the post-glacial populations. To test the origins and routes of colonization, we used ecological niche modeling, population trees, and analyses of directional range expansion.</p> <p><strong>Results: </strong>Analyses supported our hypothesis of a southeastern glacial refugium, with northward expansion along the Eastern Seaboard prior to westward invasion into the Great Lakes region, including southwestern expansion into unglaciated areas at the western end of the distribution. However, a distinct subgroup in the northwestern portion of the range raises the possibility of a second refugium near the ice-free Driftless Area.</p> <p><strong>Main conclusions:</strong> Based on our results, we hypothesize a southeastern refugium from which most of today's northern populations undertook extensive post-glacial colonization. Our results indicate a geographically non-linear colonization history for <em>P. cinereus</em>.</p>
Range-wide salamander densities reveal a key component of terrestrial vertebrate biomass in eastern North American forests
<p>Characterizing the population density of species is a central interest in ecology. Eastern North America is the global hotspot for biodiversity of plethodontid salamanders, an inconspicuous component of terrestrial vertebrate communities, and among the most widespread is the eastern red-backed salamander, <em>Plethodon cinereus</em>. Previous work suggests population densities are high with significant geographic variation, but comparisons among locations are challenged by lack of standardization and failure to accommodate imperfect detection. We present results from a range-wide monitoring network that accounts for detection uncertainty using systematic survey protocols and robust quantitative models. We analyzed mark-recapture data from 19 study areas across the range. Estimated salamander densities ranged from 1950 to 34300 salamanders/ha, with a median of 9965 salamanders/ha. We compare these results to previous estimates for <em>P. cinereus </em>and other abundant terrestrial vertebrates. We demonstrate that overall biomass of <em>P. cinereus</em>, a secondary consumer, is of similar or greater magnitude to widespread primary consumers such as white-tailed deer and Peromyscus mice, and 2-3 orders of magnitude greater than common high-biomass omnivorous species and other secondary consumer species. Our results add empirical evidence that <em>P. cinereus</em> specifically, and amphibians in general, are an outsized component of terrestrial vertebrate communities in temperate ecosystems.</p>
FIGURE 7 in Two new species of lotic breeding salamanders (Amphibia, Caudata, Hynobiidae) from western Japan
FIGURE 7. Dorsal (A) and lateral (B) views of a full-grown larva (Stage 62) of Hynobius sematonotos n. sp. from Higashihiroshima-shi, Hiroshima Prefecture (type locality). Dorsal (C), lateral (D), and ventral (E) views of a full-grown larva (Stage 63) of Hynobius oyamai n. sp. from Kitakyushu-shi, Fukuoka Prefecture (type locality). Scale bar shows 10 mm.
FIGURE 4 in Two new species of lotic breeding salamanders (Amphibia, Caudata, Hynobiidae) from western Japan
FIGURE 4. Dorsal and ventral views of male holotype (KUHE 30218) of Hynobius sematonotos n. sp. A, B), male holotype (KUHE 27267) of Hynobius oyamai n. sp. (C, D), and supposed topotypic male specimen (KUHE 28637) of H. naevius from Tara-cho, Saga Prefecture. Scale bar shows 50 mm.
FIGURE 3. Phylogenetic relationships among 26 in Two new species of lotic breeding salamanders (Amphibia, Caudata, Hynobiidae) from western Japan
FIGURE 3. Phylogenetic relationships among 26 Hynobius species and Salamandrella keyserlingii based on the complete cyt b gene estimated by maximum likelihood method. Numbers on the branches indicate ML bootstrap values.
FIGURE 2 in Two new species of lotic breeding salamanders (Amphibia, Caudata, Hynobiidae) from western Japan
FIGURE 2. Plot of first against second canonical variates from CAN for three species. Open circle: sp. A (=H. sematonotos n. sp.); open diamond: sp. B (=H. oyamai n. sp.); closed triangle: H. naevius. A=males; B=females.
FIGURE 5 in Two new species of lotic breeding salamanders (Amphibia, Caudata, Hynobiidae) from western Japan
FIGURE 5. vomerine teeth series of male holotype (KUHE 30218) of Hynobius sematonotos n. sp. (A), male holotype (KUHE 27267) of Hynobius oyamai n. sp. (B), and supposed topotypic male specimen (KUHE 28637) of H. naevius (C) from Taracho, Saga Prefecture. Scale bar indicates 1 mm.
FIGURE 5 in Re-evaluation of the Wehrle's salamander (Plethodon wehrlei Fowler and Dunn) species group (Caudata: Plethodontidae) using genomic data, with the description of a new species
FIGURE 5. Principle components analysis of the Plethodon wehrlei species group estimated from 3RAD data. A. Principle component (PC1) 1 vs. PC2; B. PC2 vs. PC3.
FIGURE 1 in Re-evaluation of the Wehrle's salamander (Plethodon wehrlei Fowler and Dunn) species group (Caudata: Plethodontidae) using genomic data, with the description of a new species
FIGURE 1. Location of Wehrle's salamander (Plethodon wehrlei) species group tissue sample collections used in Cyt-b and/or 3RAD analyses. Yellow-spotted wehrlei: closed stars are both; the open star with a dot is 3RAD only. Northern wehrlei: closed circles are both, and open circles are Cyt-b only. P. punctatus: closed squares are both and open squares are Cyt-b only. jacksoni: closed triangle is both. P. dixi: closed asterisk is both. Southern wehrlei: closed diamonds are both, and the open diamond is Cyt-b only.
FIGURE 4 in Re-evaluation of the Wehrle's salamander (Plethodon wehrlei Fowler and Dunn) species group (Caudata: Plethodontidae) using genomic data, with the description of a new species
FIGURE 4. NeighborNet phylogenetic network of the Plethodon wehrlei species group estimated from 3RAD data.
FIGURE 3 in Re-evaluation of the Wehrle's salamander (Plethodon wehrlei Fowler and Dunn) species group (Caudata: Plethodontidae) using genomic data, with the description of a new species
FIGURE 3. Maximum likelihood phylogeny of the Wehrle's salamander (Plethodon wehrlei) species group estimated from 3RAD data. All edges had a bootstrap support of 100.
FIGURE 7 in Re-evaluation of the Wehrle's salamander (Plethodon wehrlei Fowler and Dunn) species group (Caudata: Plethodontidae) using genomic data, with the description of a new species
FIGURE 7. Type series of Plethodon pauleyi sp. nov. after preservation in 70% ethanol. From picture left to right are the holotype (MVZ 291261), allotype (MVZ 291260), and 4 paratypes (MVZ 291259, 291262, 291263, & 291264, respectively). Photographs shown at same scale and white scale bar is 10 mm. All photographs by Keith Ray.
FIGURE 10 in A revision of Hynobius stejnegeri, a lotic breeding salamander from western Japan with a description of three new species (Amphibia, Caudata, Hynobiidae)
FIGURE 10. Map of western Japan showing distributional range of Hynobius stejnegeri and three new species. Range hatched by black: H.guttatus sp. nov.; range hatched by orange: H. tsurugiensis sp. nov.; range hatched by green: H. kuishiensis sp. nov.; range hatched by red: H. stejnegeri. Areas colored by brown and blue within the distributional range of H. kuishiensis sp. nov. indicate the ranges of the Ishizuchi-Kuishi lineage and the Oda lineage, respectively.
FIGURE 9 in A revision of Hynobius stejnegeri, a lotic breeding salamander from western Japan with a description of three new species (Amphibia, Caudata, Hynobiidae)
FIGURE 9. Egg sacs of Hynobius guttatus sp. nov. (A) from Gifu Prefecture, H. tsurugiensis sp. nov., (B) from Mt. Tsurugi, H. kuishiensis sp. nov., (C) from Mt. Kuishi, and H. stejnegeri from Asakura-shi, Fukuoka Prefecture (D). Egg sacs A and D were laid in captive condition. Dorsal and lateral views of a full-grown larva (Stage 62–64) of Hynobius guttatus sp. nov. (E, F), H. tsurugiensis sp. nov. (G, H), H. kuishiensis sp. nov. (I), H. stejnegeri (J, K). Localities are same as those of egg sacs, respectively.
FIGURE 8 in A revision of Hynobius stejnegeri, a lotic breeding salamander from western Japan with a description of three new species (Amphibia, Caudata, Hynobiidae)
FIGURE 8. Vomerine teeth series of male holotype (T2804) of Hynobius guttatus sp. nov. (A); female holotype (T2096) of H. tsurugiensis sp. nov. (B); male holotype (KUHE18035) of H. kuishiensis sp. nov. (C); and a male specimen (KUHE 28007) of H. stejnegeri (D) from Yamato-cho, Kumamoto Prefecture.
FIGURE 6 in A revision of Hynobius stejnegeri, a lotic breeding salamander from western Japan with a description of three new species (Amphibia, Caudata, Hynobiidae)
FIGURE 6. Plot of first against second (A, C) or third (B, D) canonical variates from CANDISC for five lineages in males (A, B) and females (C, D). Closed circles: the Chubu-Kinki lineage; Open triangles: the Tsurugi lineage; Closed squares: the Ishizuchi-Kuishi lineage; Open diamonds: the Oda lineage; Open inverted triangles: H. stejnegeri sensu stricto.
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Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
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DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.