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917 results for “Theorie”
Data from: Punishment as a means of competition: implications for strong reciprocity theory
Strong negative reciprocity, that is, sanctions imposed on norm violators at the punisher's own expense, has powerful cooperation-enhancing effects in both real-life and experimental game situations. However, it is plausible that punishment may obtain alternative roles depending on social context and the personality characteristics of participants. We examined the occurrence of punishing behavior among 80 subjects in a strongly competitive Public Goods game setting. Despite the punishment condition, the amount of the contributions decreased steadily during the game. The amount of contributions had no significant effect on received and imposed punishments. The results indicate that certain social contexts (in this case, intensive competition) exert modifying effects on the role that punishment takes on. Subjects punished each other in order to achieve a higher rank and a financially better outcome. Punishment primarily functioned as a means of rivalry, instead of as a way of second-order cooperation, as strong reciprocity suggests. These results indicate the need for the possible modification of the social conditions of punishment mechanisms described by the strong reciprocity theory as an evolutionary explanation of human cooperation.
Data from: A fuzzy-set-theory-based approach to analyze species membership in DNA barcoding
Reliable assignation of an unknown query sequence to its correct species remains a methodological problem for the growing field of DNA barcoding. While great advances have been achieved recently, species identification from barcodes can still be unreliable if the relevant biodiversity has been insufficiently sampled. We here propose a new notion of species membership for DNA barcoding - fuzzy membership, based on fuzzy set theory - and illustrate its successful application to four real datasets (bats, fishes, butterflies and flies) with more than 5000 random simulations. Two of the datasets comprise especially dense species/population level samples. In comparison with current DNA barcoding methods, the newly proposed minimum distance (MD) plus fuzzy set approach, and another computationally simple method, "best close match", outperform two computationally sophisticated Bayesian and BootstrapNJ methods. The new method proposed here has great power in reducing false positive species identification compared with other methods when conspecifics of the query are absent from the reference database.
Data from: Evidence that metallic proxies are unsuitable for assessing the mechanics of microwear formation and a new theory of the meaning of microwear
Mammalian tooth wear research reveals contrasting patterns seemingly linked to diet: irregularly-pitted enamel surfaces, possibly from consuming hard seeds, vs. roughly-aligned linearly-grooved surfaces, associated with eating tough leaves. These patterns are important for assigning diet to fossils, including hominins. However, experiments establishing conditions necessary for such damage challenge this paradigm. Lucas et al. (2013) slid natural objects against enamel, concluding anything less hard than enamel would rub, not abrade, its surface (producing no immediate wear). This category includes all organic plant matter. Particles harder than enamel, with sufficiently angular surfaces, could abrade it immediately, prerequisites that silica/silicate particles alone possess. Xia et al. (2015) countered with experiments using brass and aluminium balls. Their bulk hardness was lower than enamel, but the latter was abraded. We examined the ball exteriors to address this discrepancy. The aluminium was surfaced by a thin rough oxide layer harder than enamel. Brass surfaces were smoother, but work-hardening during manufacture gave them comparable or higher hardness than enamel. We conclude that Xia et al.'s results are actually predicted by the mechanical model of Lucas et al. To explain wear patterns, we present a new model of textural formation, based on particle properties and presence/absence of silica(tes).
Data from: The effect of neighborhood size on effective population size in theory and in practice
The distinction between the effective size of a population (Ne) and the effective size of its neighborhoods (Nn) has sometimes become blurred. Ne reflects the effect of random sampling on the genetic composition of a population of size N, whereas Nn is a measure of within-population spatial genetic structure and depends strongly on the dispersal characteristics of a species. Although Nn is independent of Ne, the reverse is not true. Using simulations of a population of annual plants, it was found that the effect of Nn on Ne was well approximated by Ne=N/(1−FIS), where FIS (determined by Nn) was evaluated population wide. Nn only had a notable influence of increasing Ne as it became smaller (less than or equal to16). In contrast, the effect of Nn on genetic estimates of Ne was substantial. Using the temporal method (a standard two-sample approach) based on 1000 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), and varying sampling method, sample size (2–25% of N) and interval between samples (T=1–32 generations), estimates of Ne ranged from infinity to <0.1% of the true value (defined as Ne based on 100% sampling). Estimates were never accurate unless Nn and T were large. Three sampling techniques were tested: same-site resampling, different-site resampling and random sampling. Random sampling was the least biased method. Extremely low estimates often resulted when different-site resampling was used, especially when the population was large and the sample fraction was small, raising the possibility that this estimation bias could be a factor determining some very low Ne/N that have been published.
Data from: Plastic senescence in the honey bee and the disposable soma theory
The demonstration of life span plasticity in natural populations would provide a powerful test of evolutionary theories of senescence. Plastic senescence is not easily explained by mutation accumulation or antagonistic pleiotropy but is a corollary of the disposable soma theory. The life span differences among castes of the eusocial Hymenoptera are potentially some of the most striking and extreme examples of life span plasticity. Although these differences are often assumed to be plastic, this has never been demonstrated conclusively because differences in life span may be caused by the proximate effects of different levels of environmental hazard experienced by castes. Here age-dependent and age-independent components of instantaneous mortality rates of the honey bee (Apis mellifera) were estimated from published life tables for natural and seminatural populations to determine whether differences in life span between queens and workers and between different types of workers are indeed plastic. These differences in life span were found to be due to differences in the rate of actuarial senescence, which correlate positively with the rate of extrinsic mortality, in accordance with the central prediction of evolutionary theories of senescence. Although all three evolutionary theories of senescence could in principle explain such plastic senescence, given differential gene expression between castes or life stages, only the disposable soma theory adequately explains the adaptive regulation of somatic maintenance in response to different environmental conditions that appears to underlie life span plasticity.
Data from: Costs and benefits of polyandry in a placental poeciliid fish Heterandria formosa are in accordance with the parent-offspring conflict theory of placentation
In viviparous species, a conflict over maternal resource allocation may arise between mothers and embryos, between siblings, and between maternal and paternal genes within an embryo due to relatedness asymmetries. We performed two experiments to study the effects of polyandry and brood relatedness on offspring growth in a placental fish (Heterandria formosa). Polyandry was beneficial as it increased the probability of pregnancy, possibly to avoid genetic incompatibility. However, females mated to four males produced offspring that had a longer maturation time than those of monandrous females. When within-brood relatedness was manipulated, the size of the newborn offspring decreased with time in low relatedness treatment, while in highly related broods offspring size was constant. Low within-brood relatedness may lead to less cooperative offspring in terms of resource extraction from the mother, which may lead to impaired development during gestation. Offspring conflict may thus reduce the benefits of polyandry in viviparous species.
Data from: A positive genetic correlation between hypoxia tolerance and heat tolerance supports a controversial theory of heat stress
We used quantitative genetics to test a controversial theory of heat stress, in which animals overheat when the demand for oxygen exceeds the supply. This theory, referred to as oxygen- and capacity-limited thermal tolerance, predicts a positive genetic correlation between hypoxia tolerance and heat tolerance. We demonstrate the first genetic correlation of this kind in a model organism, Drosophila melanogaster. Genotypes more likely to fly under hypoxic stress (12% O2) were also more likely to fly under heat stress (39°C). This finding prompts new questions about mechanisms and limits of adaptation to heat stress.
Role of Berry phase theory for describing orbital magnetism: From magnetic heterostructures to topological orbital ferromagnets
<p>Data for related publication</p>
Facet classification: Exploring the boundaries between theory and methodology
<p>Although facet analysis is a long established approach to information organization, and 'it has dominated what has be termed "modern classification theory"', doubt has been cast on whether it is a true theory of information science, or merely a sophisticated methodology for its organization and management. The paper will examine the extent to which a case can be made for the theoretical validity of facet analysis, and, to a lesser degree, what features distinguish classification research proper from a strictly practical process of compiling subject retrieval tools.</p><p>Although it can be argued that facet analysis is to a degree pragmatically derived, it is based on logical principles, and the structures created by it can be represented in formal languages; that characteristic, and Ranganathan's mathematical education and mode of thought, give it some credibility as a scientific theory. </p><p>Nevertheless the basis for the identification and selection of fundamental categories is more intuitive, and it has elements in common with social science research tools, such as grounded theory. The relationship between faceted classification and grounded theory has already been discussed, but without reference to contemporary interpretations of facet analysis, which will be examined here. The use of classification as a form of content analysis which helps to expose theory in other domains has also been explored and it seems profitable to take further the idea that a methodology of this kind is necessarily a theory in its own right.</p>
Resultados da aplicação das técnicas codificação aberta e axial (Grounded Theory)
<p>Resultados da aplicação das técnicas codificação aberta e axial (Grounded Theory)</p>
THE THEORY OF THE ORIGIN OF ONOMATOPOEIC WORDS.
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CRITICAL ASSESSMENT OF THE THEORY AND PRACTICE OF QUALITIES, TYPES AND COMMUNICATION IN EDUCATIONAL MANAGEMENT AND LEADERSHIP AND ITS APPLICABILITY IN THE CONTEXT OF LEADING PUBLIC COMPULSORY SCHOOLS IN UZBEKISTAN.
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THE ROLE OF J. SEARLE IN THE FORMATION OF THE THEORY OF SPEECH ACTS
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Singlets in gauge theories with fundamental matter - data release
<p>This release contains all data and metadata used to prepare the publication <a href="https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2304.07191">Singlets in gauge theories with fundamental matter</a>.</p><p>Further details are given in the file README.md.</p>
Dataset for "Linear theory analysis and one-dimensional hybrid simulations of high-frequency EMIC waves in a dipole magnetic field"
<p>Processed dataset to produce the figures in the manuscript</p>
Implementation of Artificial Intelligence from The Perspective of Activity Theory to Determine Contradictions in The Sales Process with The Etom Framework
<p><span>This research is a continuation of previous research that discusses the relationship between the Marketing process based on the General Procedure of the Sales or Marketing process with Activity Theory (AT) for the development of Artificial Intelligence (AI). The previous discussion requires a deeper understanding of contradictions in business process frameworks. In this case, the eTOm (enhanced Telecom Operational Map) Business Framework is used, especially in telecommunication companies. Thus, quantitative research will be obtained so that there is the potential for contradictions to arise from the socio-cultural side based on AT.</span></p> <p><span>AT in the design methodology is used on a collaborative scale. The activity system is intended to systematically understand the eTOM business framework, which has been built historically and relates to each other in its design towards the use of AI technology. By using AT as a theoretical framework, it's hoped that it will offer a wealthy holistic know-how of ways humans collaborate, i.e., perform useful collective activities, with the assistance of state-of-the-art tools, in this case, AI, withinside the complicated dynamic surroundings of contemporary-day organizations.</span></p>
The simulation data of paper "Modeling the inner part of the jet in M87: confronting jet morphology with theory"
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DIFFERENT APPROACHES TO THE THEORY OF USING VIDEO MATERIALS IN ENGLISH CLASSES
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Simulation Data and postprocessing code for "Two-Dimensional Nonlocal Eshelby's Inclusion Theory: Eigenstress-Driven Formulation and Applications"
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Data for "Photoinduced hydrogen dissociation in thymine predicted by coupled cluster theory"
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Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.